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PubMedDate not supplied

Small area analysis of low birth weight.

Birthweight is a broad indicator of health and socio-economic development in a population. This study was designed to examine small area patterns in the incidence of low birthweight in Dublin for the years 1986-89 and to explore the relationship between low birthweight and socio-economic factors. A number of district electoral divisions with a significantly raised incidence of low birthweight were identified. These were mainly in areas with a high proportion of local authority housing. There was significant positive correlation between the incidence of low birthweight and male unemployment, percentage of population in social classes 5 & 6 and proportion of population covered by medical cards, and a significant negative correlation with percentage of population in social classes 1 & 2 and number of cars per house. Forward stepwise multiple regression showed that the proportion of population covered by medical cards was the best predictor of low birthweight, but it only explained 22% of the total variance. These findings are consistent with previous work published in the international literature and provide evidence of an association between socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health in Dublin.

Employment↗
PubMed2006

Where do we belong? Urban adolescents' struggle for place and voice.

Through a telling of key events in the history of the "Teen Action Center" (TAC), a drop-in youth center located in downtown "Unionville," this story demonstrates how 'youth' is an important diversity category. The community conflict highlighted in this story centers around the 1997 arrest of TAC's Executive Director and two youth leaders (all Puerto Rican) because a small group of Latino and African-American youth was smoking cigarettes on the sidewalk in front of the Center. This conflict brings into focus divergent views on where Unionville's youth of color belong in the city, both physically and figuratively. The lessons learned in this story have wide application as Unionville, and other cities undergoing demographic transformation and economic decline, are likely to continue to experience these types of clashes, where the dominant paradigm of economic development overrides the realities, rights, and interests of marginalized groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of geographic variations in pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators implantation rates.

Despite the established therapeutic efficacy of pacemakers (PMs) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), marked geographic and national variations in their implant rates have been documented. Tabulation of implant rates and identification of variation patterns are of only modest significance as many factors influence geographic variations. This study examined statistical data regarding implant rates and analyzed the determinants behind these variations. The results showed: (1) the implantation rate of PMs and ICDs depends heavily on national economic status and demographics. (2) Economic factors are an important determinant of implant rates, though high rates were observed in countries with modest economic resources and highly educated physicians and populations. (3) Evaluation of PM and ICD implant rates per million of an overall population, unless based on demography, can lead to significant inaccuracy when comparing different regions and countries. Adjustment of implant rates consistent with demographic parameters is required. (4) Evaluation of the implant rate as appropriate, greater or less than expected in a given country can be achieved by calculation of a "reference" implant rate, and then by its comparison with the actual implant rate. Questions remaining after this analysis are: (1) How do variations in PM and ICD implant rate relate to quality of life, morbidity, and survival? (2) Will overall patient outcomes benefit from a greater implant rate, and is a higher implant rate cost-effective? (3) Should each country attempt to reach a "reference" implant rate, independent of its approach to medicine and level of economic development? These questions can only be answered by prospective randomized trials that allow the development of recommendations based on national needs and resources.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

[The health sector in the multisectorial planning for food and nutrition].

The limited success of the health unisectorial action for the solution of the nutritional problems of the population led to the recognition of the necessity of coordinating the work of many sectors. The most important responsibilities of the health sector in the process of the multisectorial food and nutrition planning are discussed: morail and technical leadership during the promotion and development of the process: diagnosis of the nutritional problems; definition of the biological reference terms; promotion and participation in the design, initiation, operation and evaluation of food and nutrition multisectorial systems; participation in the formulation of socio-economical development objectives; evaluation of the food and nutrition policies, and follow-up and evaluation of the projects they may generate; active participation and support of resources for the development of the process; implementation and execution of the sectoral activities; research; participation in nutritional planning aspects for disaster situations, and planning of the nutritional activities of the health sector.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health indicators of a population in an agro-industrial complex of southern Cameroon].

An agro-industrial program involving sugar cane farming was established in Mbandjock (Cameroon) in the 1960's. We studied the impact of this development project on the health of the population by determining the prevalence and distributions of the major parasitic diseases according to district, ethnic origin, age and sex. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, in the study area, economic development was not associated with deteriorating health conditions. Indeed, the incidence of parasitic disease was lower in Mbandjock than in surrounding areas. Second, imported diseases (loaiasis and schistosomiasis for example) did not develop locally despite the large population concentrations created by the implantation of the agro-industrial complex. Third, endemic parasitic diseases (malaria, onchocerciasis and intestinal infection by helminths or protozoan) were found only in a few districts. Thus, integrated control measures should be taken in these areas as a priority.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Receiving shadows: governance and liminality in the night-time economy.

This paper focuses upon the emergence of the night-time economy both materially and culturally as a powerful manifestation of post-industrial society. This emergence features two key processes: firstly a shift in economic development from the industrial to the post-industrial; secondly a significant orientation of urban governance involving a move away from the traditional managerial functions of local service provision, towards an entrepreneurial stance primarily focused on the facilitation of economic growth. Central to this new economic era is the identification and promotion of liminality. The State's apparent inability to control these new leisure zones constitutes the creation of an urban frontier that is governed by commercial imperatives.

Commerce↗
PubMed1998

Service needs and networks of rural women with HIV/AIDS.

Despite the fact that one of every 16 women with AIDS in the United States lives in a rural area, little is known about their demographic and epidemiologic characteristics, service needs, social support networks, or service utilization patterns. This article reports key findings from case studies of services to rural women with HIV/AIDS in southwest Georgia, northwest Mississippi, southeastern South Carolina, south Texas, and south-central Washington. Despite the growing numbers of HIV-positive women in these areas, many primary care physicians lack training in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection in women, and multidisciplinary protocols for the "shared care" of HIV-positive pregnant women are still being developed. Concerns about confidentiality and the lack of health insurance and transportation pose major access barriers. The findings suggest a need for new kinds of rural initiatives that embed HIV prevention and care into broader programs of educational and economic development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The practice of community family therapy.

This paper presents a summary of the basic theories and methods of Community Family Therapy (CFT), a relatively new therapeutic approach developed in response to the need for effective intervention in treating low-income, urban families. CFT operates outside of the traditional therapeutic box, successfully combining family therapy techniques with developmental and motivational theories, community mental health, social work, economic development, and community mobilization strategies. CFT utilizes a dualistic approach in which both client and therapist become involved with the same three levels of engagement. Specifically, the client strives for: (a) personal and family change and growth-level 1, (b) accessing community resources-level 2, and (c) leadership development and civic action-level 3. Also, CFT calls upon therapists to strive for: (a) personal growth and maturation-level 1, (b) collaboration with community resources for professional support-level 2, and (c) operation as a "citizen therapist," through civic action and volunteer services-level 3.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1991

Religion as a cultural phenomenon, and national mortality rates from heart disease.

An hypothesis is developed which proposes that mortality rates from heart disease are a function of a nation's dominant religious tradition, with predominantly Catholic countries having lower rates than the more Protestant countries. The hypothesis was tested on data from 24 economically developed Western countries. A significant inverse relationship of -0.588 was found between the proportion of Catholics in the 24 nations and mortality rates from heart disease, which supports the hypothesis.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2003

Antalya consensus on perinatal care: the report of the 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine for Developing Countries, 1-5 October 2002, Antalya, Turkey.

The goal of antenatal care is to help the mother to maintain her well-being and achieve a healthy outcome for herself and her infant. Education about pregnancy, child-bearing and childrearing is an important part of antenatal care. Because of the perception that pregnancy is a physiologic event, even today lots of women do not seek medical care until a problem occurs during their pregnancy. There are still unacceptable differences in the extent of perinatal problems in developed and developing countries. Over the last century almost all countries have accepted antenatal care principles. However, insufficiency of resources and a lack of women's compliance have proved to be obstacles in developing countries and have compelled the application of various standard programs. Unfortunately, these programs are not sufficiently effective in preventing and treating maternal mortality. A safe pregnancy and delivery is a human right. Maternal mortality and morbidity should not be ranked with other diseases, because child bearing is not a disease. For this reason a global ethical consideration imposes an obligation upon society to avoid these almost totally preventable deaths. Ensuring access to family planning is an important way of decreasing maternal death. Maternal morbidity and mortality as well as perinatal mortality can be reduced through the synergistic effect of combined interventions, without first attaining high levels of economic development. These interventions include: education for all, universal childbirth, access to family planning services, attendance at birth by professional health workers, access to good quality care in case of complications, and policies that raise women's social and economic status and increase their access to property and the labor force.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2005

Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India.

Waste is an unavoidable by product of human activities. Economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cities, have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment in most cities of the developing world. Municipal corporations of the developing countries are not able to handle increasing quantities of waste, which results in uncollected waste on roads and in other public places. There is a need to work towards a sustainable waste management system, which requires environmental, institutional, financial, economic and social sustainability. This study explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste (MSW) management and estimates the cost of waste management in Mumbai, India. Two alternatives considered in the paper are community participation and public private partnership in waste management. Data for the present study are from various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and from the private sector involved in waste management in Mumbai. Mathematical models are used to estimate the cost per ton of waste management for both of the alternatives, which are compared with the cost of waste management by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). It is found that the cost per ton of waste management is Rs. 1518 (35 US dollars) with community participation; Rs. 1797 (41 US dollars) with public private partnership (PPP); and Rs. 1908 (44 US dollars) when only MCGM handles the waste. Hence, community participation in waste management is the least cost option and there is a strong case for comprehensively involving community participation in waste management.

Cities↗
PubMed1995

Editorial.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Crime↗
PubMed1992

Economic-impact study seen as vehicle to spur growth, deter tax.

A new report commissioned by Pennsylvania's Delaware Valley Hospital Council to quantify hospitals' value to the five-county area in services, salaries and other economic benefits could serve as ammunition for economic development leaders to help attract new businesses and by the region's hospitals in defense of their property-tax exemptions.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed2003

Population, development, and waste management in Botswana: conceptual and policy implications for climate change.

Based on government and other relevant documentation, this paper explores the conceptual linkage between population, development, and waste management in Botswana and the implications of this relationship for global climate change. Population is increasing, albeit at a decreasing rate. Spatially, the population is becoming more and more concentrated as the rates and level of urbanization increase. Economic growth has remained consistently high. The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development are having a noticeable imprint on the environment in the form of increased waste generation. Poor waste management poses a real threat to environmental sustainability in general and climate change in particular because of inadequate technology, weak institutional mechanisms to enforce regulations, and low levels of sensitization among the public to deal with the problem. Mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the negative effects of waste management on climate change.

Botswana↗
PubMed1998

Emergency medicine in Thailand.

Typical of developing countries, Thailand, located in Southeast Asia, is only beginning to consider the importance of emergency medicine and prehospital care. Medical emergencies in Thailand have traditionally had relatively high rates of occurrence and are currently increasing in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization, yet no formal emergency care training for physicians or prehospital care workers exists.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1994

The practice of clinical nutrition in a developing nation.

Recently the academic community has been charged with nutrition malpractice for allegedly spending billions of dollars in international nutrition research and failing to make a difference. Looking at this issue from a field perspective one would conclude that notable progress has been made and is being made on a daily basis. The analysis presented is based on my experience as a clinical nutritionist in Chile, a developing country in transition. It points out the issues and some of the answers by using selected examples of what can be accomplished by integrated health, nutrition, and educational interventions. The results have been a dramatic decline in infant and childhood malnutrition and mortality rates and the emergence of a pattern of mortality that closely resembles that of developed countries. The specific nutritional problems of hospitalized patients are discussed and the benefits of enteral nutritional support are presented. Preventive strategies are emphasized; they require wide coverage of basic human needs and community participation. Nutritional improvement is a prerequisite for economic development and is only possible if individuals and institutions are committed to making this happen. Critical dilemmas facing clinical nutritionists in developing countries are addressed.

Chile↗