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PubMedDate not supplied

Folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and etoposide after curative resection for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy with etoposide, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil (ELF) in gastric cancer patients undergoing previous surgery with a curative intent. METHODOLOGY: The clinical outcome of 49 patients with resected gastric cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy was compared with that of 85 surgically treated historical controls who did not receive any adjuvant treatment. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of six cycles of daily 1-hour intravenous infusions of folinic acid 100 mg/m2 and 5-FU 400 mg/ m2, and a 2-hour infusion of etoposide 100 mg/m2, for three days every 28 days. RESULTS: The 5-year relapse-free survival was 32% in the adjuvant arm and 27% in the control arm (p = 0.6). At the last follow-up, there were 32 deaths in the adjuvant arm and 60 in the control arm. The median duration of survival was respectively 23 and 19 months, and the 5-year survival rates were 34% and 29% (p = 0.4). The chemotherapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that ELF adjuvant treatment is a safe and well tolerable combination chemotherapy in patients with resected gastric cancer, but it does not seem to improve prognosis in comparison with historical controls.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological and health effects on electric and magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies].

While the enormous benefits of using electricity in everyday life and health care are unquestioned, during the past 20 years the general public has become increasingly concerned about potential adverse health effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies (ELF). Such exposures arise mainly from the transmission and use of electrical energy at the power frequencies of 50/60 Hz. The international scientific community is addressing the associated health issues through in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, although present research results are often contradictory. The purpose of this paper is to provide information about the possible impacts of exposure to electric and magnetic field at ELF frequencies on health within the community and the workplace. Information comes from recent research studies on this subject and from epidemiological pooled studies recently reviewed by eminent authorities.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased levels of IGF-1 and beta2-microglobulin in epithelial lining fluid of preterm newborns developing chronic lung disease. effects of rhG-CSF.

UNLABELLED: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in regulating the Th-1/Th-2 balance, favoring the development of the Th-2 compartment which enhances fibrosis, one of the main characteristics of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) in premature newborns. Limited data is available concerning a possible association between early epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of IGF-1 (total and free forms), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), beta2-microglobulin and subsequent development of CLD in preterm neonates. If neutropenic, preterm neonates are frequently treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). The objective of the study was to correlate ELF concentrations of IGF-1 and beta2 microglobulin during the first week of life both in non-neutropenic and in rhGCSF-treated neutropenic preterm neonates, with subsequent development in CLD. Thirty preterm neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (6 with neutropenia) were studied. Eleven out of 24 non-neutropenic preterm infants (46%) and all of the six neutropenic subjects (100%) developed CLD. With the exception of first day values, there was a clear similarity in the behaviors of assayed molecules between non-neutropenic and neutropenic patients developing CLD. Non-neutropenic patients without CLD showed significantly lower values of free IGF-1 and beta2M both on days 1 and 3. Total IGF-I and cell counts were different only on the 3rd day. CONCLUSIONS: 1) the mechanisms leading to CLD might be mediated by high levels of IGF-family molecules soon after birth 2) beta2M could be a marker of increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity with potential inflammatory properties 3) G-CSF treatment induces an increased synthesis of IGF-1 molecules by cells recruited in the lung, with possible enhancement of the fibrogenic mechanisms.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on reproduction of female mice and development of offsprings].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMFs) on pregnant mice and development of offsprings. METHODS: Female mice were exposed to 50 Hz, 1.2 mT electromagnetic fields during the whole pregnant period (8 h/d). The body weight of dams, delivery and development of offsprings were observed and measured. RESULTS: The increase of body weight of exposed dams (29.0%) was significantly slower than that of the control group (47.8%) during late pregnancy period (P < 0.05). The producing rate of exposed group was 60% of that of control group. Miscarriage, fetal loss and externally malformed fetus appeared in exposed group. The average number of offsprings of each exposed mouse was significantly decreased (11 +/- 1.6 vs 7 +/- 2.0, P < 0.05) and 11 for control group. Regarding the development of offspring, the body weight of prenatally exposed offsprings was increased more slowly than that of the control in the first two weeks after birth (P < 0.05). Developmental manifestations including eye opening [(252 +/- 24) h] and tooth eruption [(336 +/- 19) h] presented later in exposed offspring [(226 +/- 12), (319 +/- 15) h, respectively] (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exposure to ELF EMFs during pregnancy period can cause adverse effects on pregnancy of female mice and development of offsprings.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMed1991

[Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in human environment and the risk of cancer in the light of epidemiological studies-- based on the literature].

Numerous reports suggest that there is a relationship between the increased incidence of cancer and congenital defects in children on one hand and exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at the place of habitation on the other. Some authors suggest that electromagnetic fields persisting in flats, produced by home electric installations, various forms of their execution and external electric power lines may enhance the occurrence of cancer. Living flat buildings are generally remote from electric power lines. They are, however, supplied with electric power by means of trafo stations. The maximum averaged values for 356 living flats in Denver, Colorado, were 14 V/m for the electric component and 0.25 microT for the magnetic component of the field. Besides, various household devices supplied with power from the mains also produce ELF EM fields. From the available epidemiological data it can be concluded that the relationship between exposure to ELF EM fields and increased incidence of cancer has not been unequivocally proved. The estimated risk remains within 0.9-3.2 range.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Alveolo-capillary permeability following multiple trauma--monitoring by bronchoalveolar lavage].

In trauma patients (ISS greater than 40 points) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as the first clinical measurements was performed within the first 6 hours after admission to hospital. Thereafter BAL was carried out once per day, using 100 ml NaCl 0.9% (10 x 10 ml). BAL-protein-concentrations (i.e. albumin) were converted to epithelial lining fluid (ELF) according to Rennard, using urea as an internal standard. The limitations of this method were taken into account. The alveolo-capillary permeability (ACP) was described by the quotient of the protein concentrations in ELF and plasma. Progressive lung failure (ARDS) was defined using the criteria given by Murray. Lung contusion was an exclusion criteria. The study period was 14 days. This study evaluated data from 12 patients (m: 10, f: 2; age 30.4 (17-52); ISS 63.4). Five patients developed a progressive lung failure ("+ARDS"--age 32.2; ISS 71.5), 7 patient suffered no pulmonary failure during intensive care ("-ARDS")--age 29.5; ISS 59.2). No patient died in the course of the study. An increased ACP for albumin (combined endothelial-epithelial disturbance) was detectable for both +ARDS- und -ARDS-patients after the 6th hour, reaching a maximum around the 24th hour. +ARDS-patients showed a significant higher ACP. Further, beginning from the 48th hour to the 4th day, the ACP value for -ARDS-patients again dropped to a physiologic range. The degree of the increased ACP depends on the size of the marker protein, but it is independent of pulmonary hemodynamics. It is of value for the prediction of ARDS within 24 hours and for monitoring of pulmonary damage in posttraumatic course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

New developments in the treatment of gastric carcinoma.

The recent successes being achieved with combination chemotherapy regimens, such as FAMTX (fluorouracil [5-FU], doxorubicin, methotrexate), EAP (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin), and ELF (etoposide, leucovorin, 5-FU), strongly indicate that gastric cancer is chemosensitive. With these regimens, objective remission rates of more than 50% were recorded, including approximately 10% complete remissions (CRs). Moreover, some of these CRs were histopathologically confirmed. The finding that locally advanced disease (LAD) and technically unresectable disease could be rendered resectable by preoperative chemotherapy (EAP) was important. Thirty-six patients with LAD had been treated in a phase II trial with preoperative EAP, inducing 24 (70%) overall remissions (two clinical CRs, six pathologic CRs, 16 partial remissions [PRs] in 35 evaluable patients. Twenty-one patients were disease-free after chemotherapy with or without second-look surgery. The median survival time was 18 months for all patients and 24 months for disease-free patients. At 30+ months, 21% of all patients are still living disease-free. The expected survival of patients with unresectable LAD is approximately 4 to 6 months without any treatment and 6 to 9 months with standard chemotherapy. Compared with the latter results, the preoperative use of effective regimens (eg, EAP) seems to improve prognosis of patients with LAD. Moreover, such a multimodal approach may increase the number of long-term survivors among patients with resectable gastric cancer, especially those whose stage indicates a high risk of relapse (stages IIIa or IIIb). However, partly because of the severe toxicities (myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting), a considerable number of patients cannot be treated with these new regimens for the following reasons: Two of three patients with gastrointestinal disease are older than 60 years. Nontumorous diseases of the cardiovascular system, kidney, and others are frequent in this age group and may complicate or even prevent treatment with aggressive regimens. Considering the predominantly palliative treatment intentions in far advanced (metastasized) gastric cancer, regimens with low toxicities and acceptable activity should be preferred. For these reasons, we developed and investigated the combination ELF in a phase II trial in elderly patients (greater than 65 years) and in patients with cardiac risks who could not be treated with anthracyclines. The overall response rate in 51 evaluable patients was 53% (27 of 51) including six clinical CRs (12%). The median remission duration was 9.5 months and the median survival time was 11 months. Tolerability was excellent. Only 16% and 4% of patients, respectively, experienced WHO grades 3 and 4 leukopenia. Nausea/vomiting and mucositis/stomatitis were mild.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Biological influences of electromagnetic fields].

In recent years some people expressed concern about possible health effects of electric and magnetic fields produced by exposure to extremely low frequency bands (ELF: less than 300 Hz). This was first mentioned by epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological method has several limitations that are difficult to overcome. One problem is the detection of relationships when the risk ratios are relatively low. Another obstacle may be how to define 'strength' of magnetic or electric fields. In animal studies, there have been published several papers that melatonin was depressed by exposure to magnetic fields. Levels of photon energy at the ELF bands are extremely low, hence it provides difficulty how to elucidate the 'positive' experimental results in terms of biophysical mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fluorescence-based signal amplification technology.

The ELF alkaline phosphate substrate can be used to fluorescently label a wide variety of biological targets. This substrate yields a bright, photostable yellow-green fluorescent precipitate at the site of enzymatic activity. ELF labeling can be as much as 40 times as bright and hundreds of times as photostable as labeling with conventional fluorophores and yields signals capable of very fine submicroscopic resolution. Signal development is also extremely rapid, making the signal amplification technology well suited for applications such as RNA in situ hybridization.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of secretion of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in experimental silicosis. Acute and subacute effects of cristobalite exposure in the rat.

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) a cytokine having potent mitogenic activity for epithelial and mesenchymal cells, may play a role in the lung remodeling of silicosis. Lung macrophages are among the major cells producing TGF-alpha in a lung tissue. A pivotal event in the cascade of pathologic events leading to pulmonary silicosis is the interaction between inhaled silica and macrophages. TGF-alpha may be critical in directing the proliferation of type II pneumocytes that characterize silicosis. An inhalation model of brief exposure of pathogen-restricted male rats to 25 mg/M3 cristobalite, a highly reactive form of silicon dioxide was used to study experimental silicosis. This model is characterized by a rapid, intense, and sustained increase in macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in both alveolar and interstitial compartments of the lung. TGF-alpha was measured in an A431 cell proliferation assay made specific with the use of anti-TGF-alpha neutralizing antiserum in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and conditioned media harvested from cultured alveolar and interstitial macrophages. Soluble TGF-alpha levels found in ELF were slightly elevated above control values during the exposure period, then increased 5-fold during the 20 weeks after the 8-day exposure period. Secretion of TGF-alpha by macrophages was elevated during exposure to cristobalite but then fell during the early post exposure period. Marked elevations in TGF-alpha secretion from both interstitial and alveolar macrophages (10- and 12-fold, respectively) occurred 8-16 weeks after cessation of exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Amount of pollen has an effect on the systemic and local levels of soluble ICAM-1 in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

We investigated whether the amount of antigen has an effect on the systemic and local levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) in patients with pollinosis, and assessed its biologic significance. The levels of subjective symptoms and sICAM-1 in sera and nasal epithelial lining fluids (ELF) from 14 subjects with pollinosis (allergic group) and eight healthy subjects (control group) were measured from pre- to postseason in 1993 (total pollen count: 10,854/cm2) and 1994 (total pollen count: 415/cm2), and the results were compared with each other among the four groups. The levels of subjective symptoms and sICAM-1 in ELF from the allergic group significantly increased during the season in both 1993 and 1994. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the levels of those in 1993 and those in 1994 during the season. The levels of sICAM-1 in sera from the allergic group were significantly upregulated during the seasons and postseasons only in 1993, and there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the levels in 1993 and those in 1994 during the postseason. We conclude that amount of pollen has an influence on the local and systemic levels of sICAM-1, as well as the scores of subjective symptoms, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Use of magnetic therapy for treatment of early symptoms of vascular-type vibration syndrome in forestry workers].

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the use of magnetic fields (ELF-MF) of therapeutic parameters in the treatment of early symptoms of vascular-type vibration syndrome in forestry workers. The study covered 96 forestry workers, and the control group was composed of 29 sawyers who underwent a simulated treatment. Each worker was granted sick leave and applied 20 procedures by employing an Aplhatron 4100 device under the ambulatory conditions. The outcome of the treatment was evaluated directly after the last procedure and 3 months later. A diversified positive influence on individual subjective and objective pathological changes in regard to both direct and late effects was observed. The abatement of subjective disorders right after termination of the treatment was observed in 67.7% and objective disorders in 57.3%. A long-term improvement (after 3 months) was found in a smaller proportion of persons as the abatement of subjective disorders was reported by 59.3% while objective disorders persisted in 43.7%. The results obtained prove that the application of variable magnetic fields (ELF-MF) of therapeutic parameters is useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of pathological changes during the period of prodromal symptoms and early pathological changes in vascular-type vibration syndrome induced by local magnetic vibrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Detection of ligands in regions anatomically connected to neurons expressing the Eph receptor Bsk: potential roles in neuron-target interaction.

Neuron-target interaction is a key feature in the establishment of neuronal networks. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have shown that at the time of target innervation, Bsk, an eph family receptor, is expressed at high levels in several brain regions including the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and retina. To study whether the ligands are expressed in the target tissues, we investigated the expression of Bsk ligands using a ligand-affinity probe, Bsk-AP, which consisted of the extracellular domain of Bsk fused in frame with a human placental alkaline phosphatase. These analyses showed that the ligands were expressed at high levels in the developing septum, hypothalamus, olfactory neural epithelium, and tectum. In situ hybridization studies revealed that at least three different factors were responsible for the Bsk-AP binding. In the septum, Elf-1, Lerk3 (Eff-2), and AL-1/Lerk7 were transcribed. In the hypothalamus, AL-1/Lerk7 was the ligand detected by Bsk-AP. In the olfactory system, high levels of Lerk3 were detected in the sensory neurons. Both Elf-1 and AL-1/Lerk7 were present in the tectum. These ligand-positive areas are known to be anatomically connected to Bsk-expressing regions. These observations strongly suggest that Bsk and the ligands participate in neuron-target interactions in multiple systems and provide support for their involvement in topographic projection.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

A T cell controlled molecular pathway regulating the IgH locus: CD40-mediated activation of the IgH 3' enhancer.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination and regulation of IgH expression levels are processes suggested to be controlled by the IgH 3' enhancer. Here we demonstrate that CD40 or IgM receptor stimulation of primary B cells results in transactivation of this enhancer. 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NIP)-BSA induction of a K46 B cell line expressing a chimeric NIP-specific CD40 single chain receptor results in a ligand receptor-dependent response of a 3' enhancer ETS/AP-1 minimal promoter construct. Gel retardation analysis and genomic footprinting experiments reveal that CD40 or IgM induction recruits NFAB (nuclear factors of activated B cells) to the ETS/AP-1 motif. While IgM signalling recruits c-Fos, JunB and Elf-1 (NFAB-I), only JunB and Elf-1 were observed following CD40 signalling (NFAB-II). CD40 signalling, however, induces a Fos family-related partner for JunB, which may account for the transcriptional activity observed by NFAB-II in K46 cells. We propose a model whereby CD40 and IgM receptor-mediated signalling converge in the process of 3' enhancer activation in B lymphocytes. Our data provide a putative molecular explanation as to why CD40L-deficient mice, and possibly patients with hyper-IgM syndrome, are unable to undergo T cell-dependent class switch recombination but respond properly upon lipopolysaccharide-induced switch recombination.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene induced thymic lymphoma/leukemia in mice.

Several epidemiological investigations have suggested an increased incidence of lymphoma, leukemia, and brain tumor in residents living near power transmission lines. However, some observers failed to confirm such a positive correlation. To evaluate the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on leukemogenesis, an experimental animal model was used, in which thymic lymphoma/leukemia was induced by dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) injected subcutaneously into the interscapular region of newborn mice within 24 h after birth. Beginning at the second week of age, 165 mice were exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field at 1 mT, 3 h/day, 6 days/week for 16 weeks, and 155 animals exposed to sham conditions. All surviving animals were killed by cervical dislocation at the age of 32 weeks and were examined pathologically. The results showed that the incidences of advanced thymic lymphoma, complicated with lymphomatous leukemia, were 21.8 and 23.9% in the two groups, respectively, without statistically significant differences. But dense metastatic infiltration by lymphoma cells into liver in the field exposure group greater (50%) than that in the sham-exposure group (16.2%) was observed (chi 2 = 9.847, P < 0.01). To determine whether ELF acts as a tumor promoter, further experiments are required.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1996

Teratogen update: electromagnetic fields.

Public concern is increasing about the potential health effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) naturally present or generated by electrical appliances and those of very low frequency (VLF) fields, like those generated by video display terminals (VDTs). There are arguments in favour of EMFs being biologically active but no mechanism has been identified that explains the link between EMFs and bioeffects. More than 50 studies on exposures of animals to EMFs have been performed within the last few years. Although there were a few statistically significant effects in the studies reviewed, no replicable results were found among laboratories. The extent of effects observed, if any, was always low, and deserves further investigation before relevance to humans can be considered. Human data reviewed concern the potential reproductive effects (mainly) spontaneous abortions, low birthweight, and congenital malformations) of exposure to various sources of EMFs: maternal residence, heated waterbeds, electric blankets, and ceiling heating coils, occupational exposure (mainly video display terminals), and magnetic resonance imaging. The totality of the evidence that is thus far available provides no convincing evidence to indicate that low frequency EMFs of the sort that might be met in occupational or daily life exposures does any harm to the human reproductive process. It is suggested that those counseling pregnant women follow the guidelines established by WHO in agreement with the International Non-ionizing Radiation Committee. This group does not consider that the results of published studies provide a basis for restricting human exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Treatment of patients with advanced gastric carcinoma with the combination of etoposide plus oral tegafur modulated by uracil and leucovorin. A phase II study of the ONCOPAZ Cooperative Group.

BACKGROUND: Both the biochemical modulation and the continuous administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have achieved promising results in patients with gastric carcinoma. Conversely, several studies on gastric carcinoma have demonstrated that the combination of etoposide (VP-16), leucovorin (LV), and 5-FU (ELF) is efficacious and moderately toxic. UFT is a combination of uracil and tegafur (ftorafur) in a 4:1 molar ratio. It can be administered orally for several weeks, thus stimulating the effects of a continuous infusion of 5-FU. Its combination with LV increased the efficacy of UFT. We conducted a Phase II study on patients with gastric carcinoma using the combination VP-16-LV-UFT. This combination is administered mainly orally (p.o) and could yield a good response rate and low toxicity. METHODS: Forty-six patients with bidimensionally measurable disease were entered into the study. Patients received VP-16 100 mg/m2 IV on Day 1 and 200 mg/ m2 p.o. on Days 2 and 3; LV 500 mg/m2 administered intravenously (i.v.) on Day 1, followed by p.o. LV 15 mg every twelve hours on Days 2 to 14. Patients also received UFT p.o. 390 mg/m2/day on Days 1 to 14. Treatment was repeated every 28 days for a minimum of 3 courses per patient. All courses were given on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: Four patients (9%) had a complete response, and 12 a partial response (26%) for an overall response rate of 35% (95% confidence interval: 22-51%). The median duration of response was 10 months. The median overall survival was 9 months. The main side effects were gastrointestinal. Grade 3 to 4 toxicity was encountered as follows: diarrhea in 17% of the patients, nausea/vomiting in 11%, anemia in 13%, mucositis and leukopenia in 4% each, and thrombocytopenia in 2%. One patient died of sepsis and neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS: VP-16-LV-UFT has an activity comparable to that of other schemes and a low incidence of side effects. Furthermore, since it is administered mainly orally, hospitalization is avoided, which makes this scheme suitable for patients with advanced gastric carcinoma.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Mortality among workers in the geothermal power plants at Larderello, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Since the early 1990s various European electricity companies have set up a research program, named EURELEX, devoted to the development of a comprehensive and validated title-occupation--job-exposure matrix (i.e., an instrument to assess exposures from occupations and jobs), in order to estimate and quantify past exposure to a number of potentially carcinogenic agents plus a few selected other toxic substances. The EURELEX program was first applied in Italy to a cohort of geothermal workers in Larderello, Tuscany. METHODS: The cohort mortality study comprised 4,237 men who had worked at the geothermal power plant between 1950 and 1990. Vital status and death certificates were obtained from registration offices in the municipality of birth or death. Particular attention was paid to neoplastic effects of exposure to asbestos, largely used in the past for pipeline insulating purposes. The matrix allowed the workers to be subdivided into several categories according to estimated absestos exposure. Smoking information was not available. RESULTS: No excess mortality was found for all causes and total cancer mortality. A small excess of pleural cancer (2 obs. vs. 1.4 exp.) was not statistically significant. The effect of other agents included in the matrix was also examined: the small excess of leukemia among those exposed to solvents prior to 1963 (year of benzene ban in Italy) did not reach the level of statistical significance. No cases of leukemia were found among the workers presumed to have been exposed to important ELF electromagnetic fields. CONCLUSION: The study provides reassuring information on a large cohort of a unique geothermal power plant since no significant excess mortality for asbestos related cancers was observed. Furthermore, it represents a useful application and validation of a comprehensive job-exposure matrix for the electric industry in Europe.

Asbestos↗