SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Development Policy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Nutritional surveillance.

The concept of nutritional surveillance is derived from disease surveillance, and means "to watch over nutrition, in order to make decisions that lead to improvements in nutrition in populations". Three distinct objectives have been defined for surveillance systems, primarily in relation to problems of malnutrition in developing countries: to aid long-term planning in health and development; to provide input for programme management and evaluation; and to give timely warning of the need for intervention to prevent critical deteriorations in food consumption. Decisions affecting nutrition are made at various administrative levels, and the uses of different types of nutritional surveillance information can be related to national policies, development programmes, public health and nutrition programmes, and timely warning and intervention programmes. The information should answer specific questions, for example concerning the nutritional status and trends of particular population groups.Defining the uses and users of the information is the first essential step in designing a system; this is illustrated with reference to agricultural and rural development planning, the health sector, and nutrition and social welfare programmes. The most usual data outputs are nutritional outcome indicators (e.g., prevalence of malnutrition among preschool children), disaggregated by descriptive or classifying variables, of which the commonest is simply administrative area. Often, additional "status" indicators, such as quality of housing or water supply, are presented at the same time. On the other hand, timely warning requires earlier indicators of the possibility of nutritional deterioration, and agricultural indicators are often the most appropriate.DATA COME FROM TWO MAIN TYPES OF SOURCE: administrative (e.g., clinics and schools) and household sample surveys. Each source has its own advantages and disadvantages: for example, administrative data often already exist, and can be disaggregated to village level, but are of unknown representativeness and often cannot be linked with other variables of interest; sample surveys provide integrated data of more or less known representativeness, but sample sizes usually do not allow disaggregation to, for example, specific villages. A combination of these sources, with a capability for ad hoc surveys (formal or informal) is often the best solution. Finally, much depends on adequate facilities for data analysis, even though simple, comprehensible data outputs are what is required. Intersectoral cooperation is needed to provide realistic options for the decision-making process.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

The policy implications of gender mainstreaming for healthcare research in the EU.

Scientific and technological progress in the life sciences and modern biotechnology is continuing at a breathtaking pace. At the same time, the potential implications for individuals and society are giving rise to intense debate. This article gives a background to the European Institute of Women's Health (EIWH) and the work of the organisation in contributing to and developing policy at a European level. We will identify the policy issues related to gender-based healthcare research arising from the EU 6th Framework Programme for Research, which was introduced this year, and the implications for the EU Public Health Strategy. Additionally, the issues of personalized medicine and the promise of biotechnology for improved medicines and healthcare will be addressed from a gender perspective. What are the prospects in the medium and long term? How can we best address the ethical and socio-economic implications?

Economics, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed2006

The development of West Nile virus safety policies by Canadian blood services: guiding principles and a comparison between Canada and the United States.

To address the emerging threat of West Nile virus (WNV) to the blood supply, Canadian Blood Services (CBS) made a series of policy decisions that were either similar to those adopted in the United States or more stringent than policies formulated in the United States at the same time. More stringent Canadian policies included the development of an in-house WNV RNA assay, the stockpiling of frozen plasma components in the winter for transfusion in WNV-affected areas in the summer, a special recruitment campaign for red blood cell collections before the start of the 2003 WNV season, and an inventory exchange (ie, WNV-tested for untested red blood cells) initiated 2 weeks after the onset of WNV screening, as well as the implementation of targeted individual-donation WNV testing on August 2, 2004, in the absence of any positive donors or clinical cases of WNV infection in Canada. The general principles that guided CBS decision making with regard to WNV safety included application of the precautionary principle, harmonization with policies in the United States, a consideration of logistic issues, compliance with Health Canada requests, responsiveness to public expectations about transfusion safety, and transparency in decision making with timely communication to stakeholders. Before implementing WNV blood safety policies, CBS assessed their impact on blood availability. When policies were implemented, data were obtained quickly to ensure that the prior impact assessments were accurate. This review discusses the guiding principles affecting CBS policy development and compares CBS WNV safety policies to policies adopted in the United States.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2004

The welfare state as a determinant of women's health: support for women's quality of life in Canada and four comparison nations.

The case is made that characteristics associated with the advanced welfare state in industrialised nations are primary contributors to women's quality of life. This is so since women's health and well-being are particularly sensitive to decisions made in relation to the spending priorities of governments, the extent to which services are provided, and the degree to which women are supported in moves towards equity. Data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations Human Development Program, and other sources are used to examine these influences upon quality of life of women in Canada as compared to that of women in Denmark, Sweden, the UK and the US. A consistent pattern was seen by which national features impacting on women's quality of life are more likely to be seen in nations with a social welfare orientation as compared to nations with market approaches to policy development.

Canada↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health care reform, primary care, and the need for research.

Health care reform proposals that seek to increase access for almost 40 million uninsured Americans will require an expansion of primary care. Simply expanding available primary care services is likely to be prohibitively expensive. Developing a rational and efficient strategy for the provision of primary care to all Americans will require understanding of the relationships among primary care and access, costs, and quality--relationships that are often obscured by the complexity of the US health care system. Those relationships are examined to identify some key areas of research needed to inform policy development and improve primary care services. Despite significant gaps in our knowledge, the evidence strongly suggests that restructuring and strengthening the role of primary care practitioners in the health care system will facilitate access to affordable, high-quality health care for all Americans.

Health Care Costs↗

PubMed2003

The International Confederation of Midwives' study of essential competencies of midwifery practice.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the knowledge, skills, and behaviours that would characterise the domain of competencies of the midwife who is educated according to the international definition of the profession. DESIGN: Phase I: a qualitative Delphi study; Phase II: a descriptive survey research process. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of member organisations of the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and regulatory representatives from these same countries. FINDINGS: A list of basic (essential) and additional competencies for midwives who have been educated in keeping with the ICM/WHO/FIGO international definition of the midwife was developed through an interative Delphi process, and then affirmed, using a survey research method. The final list includes 214 individual task statements within six domains of midwifery practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This list of competencies can serve as a basis for educational curriculum design, as a guideline for regulatory policy development, as a reference document for individual practitioners in an assessment of their initial and continued competency and by the ICM and its member associations as a resource for advocating for the role of midwifery within health-care systems world-wide.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Clinical governance in primary care: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: A systematic review of the research literature published between 1999-2003 was carried out to review how primary care trust groups and primary care organisations were monitoring the implementation of clinical governance and the effects this may have on nursing. METHOD: Studies were limited to research papers with explicit methodology applicable to primary care trusts. The selection criteria, search procedures and methods of data extraction and analysis were formed at the outset. DATA COLLECTION: A data extraction tool developed by Cormack was adapted as a guide to include nine areas of methodological appraisal in summary forms. RESULTS: Initially 87 articles were identified from the search. When papers were omitted on the exclusion criteria seven studies remained. CONCLUSION: Clinical governance is a notable example of co-ordinated policy development and the entire concept can be difficult to translate into the integrated and systematic approach to improving quality of care. Clinical governance requires changes at three levels: the individual health care professional, primary care teams need to become multidisciplinary with clear understanding, primary care organisations need to put in place systems and local arrangements to support such teams. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Clinical governance is about changing the way people work; demonstrating that leadership, teamwork and communication is as important to high quality care as risk management and clinical effectiveness. Whilst the sharing of information between practices is seen to be increasing with multi-professional study days occurring in some areas this in turn needs commitment for time and funding. The organisational and cultural environment within the trust as well as resource issues needs continuous attention if high quality governance is to become the norm.

England↗

PubMed2001

The concept of priority as it relates to a community mental health team.

This article illustrates how a concept clarification exercise can provide evidence to inform local policy development. Based on the framework developed in Walker and Avant's (1995) concept clarification theory, the concept of priority is examined in the context of a team of community mental health nurses. Themes of risk, multidisciplinary working, resources, and nursing role are identified as key areas for consideration, and the difficulties existing between government policy directives towards the severely mentally ill and health promotion are discussed. The article highlights how nursing theory can integrate the concept analysis of priority in planning client care. This is presented using Peplau's (1952) model as a guide to further enhance meaning of generated priorities to nursing practice.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed1995

Constant observation: implications for nursing practice.

1. Constant observation is an increased level of observation and supervision in which continuous one-to-one monitoring techniques are utilized to assure the safety and well-being of an individual patient or others in the patient care environment. 2. Individuals who provide constant observation vary widely among health care facilities; but ultimately are the responsibility of the registered nurse. There are many areas that must be addressed by institutions when considering the use or implementation of constant observation. These include: measuring the associated costs, risk management, role development, orientation of employees, and performance evaluation. 3. The changing health care environment and public concern over the quality of health care and risk management require nursing administrators to consider risk-benefit and cost-benefit analyses related to constant observation. There is continued need for protocol and policy development, as well as for guidelines and orientation of staff regarding constant observation.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1992

Community-based HIV/AIDS research--whither community participation? Unsolved problems in a research programme in rural Uganda.

Involvement of the study community in research on HIV/AIDS has presented the MRC/UVRI programme in rural Uganda with a multi-layered challenge. A typology developed in agricultural research which defines different levels of community participation in research is described where participation may be at 'contract', 'consultative', 'collaborative' and 'collegiate' level (each level indicating an increasing degree of community participation). Community involvement in the MRC/UVRI Programme is then outlined and the typology applied. It is shown that the majority of community participation in the Programme is at the contract level since the nature of the research programme as a 'foreign imposition' with 'foreign goals' has precluded the involvement of the community in much of the policy development and research planning. However, it is noted that as the Programme becomes more established in the area community influence grows and signs of community impact on policy and increased research inputs are beginning to be seen. The question is raised as to whether it is realistic to expect that externally imposed health research, particularly on sensitive topics, can ever be truly community participatory research.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

'Infront outback' goes national.

The National Rural Health Alliance, the Toowoomba Hospital Foundation and the Cunningham Centre have agreed to merge the two biennial conferences for rural and remote health that have been running in alternate years since 1991. This means that in March 2001, the National Rural Health Conference will, for the first time, incorporate 'Infront Outback', the Australian Rural and Remote Health Scientific Conference. There will, therefore, be one major biennial rural heath conference, dealing coherently with health scientific research and policy development. The recommendations to governments and national bodies that result should be even stronger and more highly regarded than has been the case to date.

Australia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Government and science: stimulation or inhibition.

The Human Genome Project will target an important set of scientific issues. Moreover, the Human Genome Project will address the ethical issues that arise from better understanding of human genetic make-up. Finally, and the focus of my talk today, a series of challenging policy and institutional issues surround biotechnology and the Human Genome Project in particular. The Project's leadership should address concerns of science funding and the conflicts of interest generated by for-profit enterprise. The end results should be policy development that is rational and provides the best possible path to the potentially revolutionary results of genetic research.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1990

HIV infection and women of the military.

Since 1985 when the military first began testing all active duty personnel, there have been concerns about how the HIV policy would affect servicemembers. This article reviews policy development, the rationale for screening, seroprevalence in the military, medical staging, unique problems of testing in the military, retension, and considerations for the future.

Female↗

PubMed1994

The need for a security policy in health care institutions.

Because of the increasing role of information technology in health care more attention is needed for security. Legal, technical/organisational and social measures are needed. Based on general principles a high level security policy needs to be formulated for each institution. Based on such policy measures can be selected and implemented. The need for a high level policy is emphasized; as an example the high level policy developed within the AIM SEISMED project is briefly described.

Computer Security↗

PubMed1996

District nursing and the National Health Service reforms: a case for clarification.

The challenges to the district nurse's role within the purchaser/provider culture of the National Health Service (NHS) are discussed. The inherent problems of describing community working and the seeming invisibility of what district nurses do is placed in the context of GP fundholding, contracting and commissioning. The paper concludes that district nursing's history of not being involved in policy development and change may lead to it losing aspects of patient care that is well placed and qualified to deliver.

Contract Services↗

PubMed1999

Survey of veterinary extension in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To assess veterinary extension in the United States as perceived by veterinary extension personnel. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Extension veterinarians in the United States. PROCEDURE: 2 surveys were designed and mailed to extension veterinarians listed by the USDA and the American Association of Extension Veterinarians. RESULTS: 34 states had > or = 1 extension veterinarian. The majority (> 60%) of extension veterinarians did not commit time to resident education and were not involved in research activities. Paradoxically, 23% of responding extension veterinarians did not report extension work. Programs for food animal producers, horse owners, and companion animal owners were provided by 100, 63, and 37% of states, respectively. Continuing education (CE) programs were provided for food animal veterinarians, equine veterinarians, and companion animal veterinarians by 96, 63, and 52% of states, respectively. Challenges facing veterinary extension included limited recognition of veterinary extension activities by universities, lack of university personnel to support CE programs, and decreased support for companion animal extension programs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Extension veterinarians need to identify and clearly articulate the mission of veterinary extension, develop more collaborative programs across regions, and continue to serve as catalysts to bring diverse constituents together. Extension veterinarians must distinguish their mission not solely as information transfer, which can be accomplished in a variety of ways outside of extension, but as a coherent and consistent program of education and policy developed on a national level and distributed locally.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beyond termination: length of stay and predictors of permanency for legally free children.

Despite growing awareness of the complex needs of legally free children in child welfare care, relatively little empirical investigation has been done of these children and their experiences. This article reports the results of a study of length of stay and predictors of permanency in a sample of 1,366 legally free children in state custody in Washington state. A Cox proportional-hazards event history model was developed to explore the effects of gender, race, and ethnicity, and age at initial placement, on the likelihood of achieving legalized adoption or guardianship. Results indicate that older children, boys, and African American children were all significantly less likely to achieve a permanent outcome than were Caucasian children. Hispanic children, in the other hand, were significantly more likely to achieve a permanent outcome. The implications of these findings for permanency planning practice and policy development are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences.

Concern for potential bioterrorist attacks causing mass casualties has increased recently. Particular attention has been paid to scenarios in which a biological agent capable of person-to-person transmission, such as smallpox, is intentionally released among civilians. Multiple public health interventions are possible to effect disease containment in this context. One disease control measure that has been regularly proposed in various settings is the imposition of large-scale or geographic quarantine on the potentially exposed population. Although large-scale quarantine has not been implemented in recent US history, it has been used on a small scale in biological hoaxes, and it has been invoked in federally sponsored bioterrorism exercises. This article reviews the scientific principles that are relevant to the likely effectiveness of quarantine, the logistic barriers to its implementation, legal issues that a large-scale quarantine raises, and possible adverse consequences that might result from quarantine action. Imposition of large-scale quarantine-compulsory sequestration of groups of possibly exposed persons or human confinement within certain geographic areas to prevent spread of contagious disease-should not be considered a primary public health strategy in most imaginable circumstances. In the majority of contexts, other less extreme public health actions are likely to be more effective and create fewer unintended adverse consequences than quarantine. Actions and areas for future research, policy development, and response planning efforts are provided.

Bioterrorism↗