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PubMed2003

Development and implementation of a visual card-sorting technique for assessing food and activity preferences and patterns in African American girls.

OBJECTIVE: Card-sorting tasks for assessing food and activity preferences and patterns among African American girls were developed. Associations among food preference and intake frequency, activity preference and frequency, and body mass index were examined. DESIGN: Participants completed newly developed card-sorting tasks assessing food and activity preferences and patterns. Height and weight were measured. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Ninety-six 8- to 10-year-old African American girls from schools and community centers in Minneapolis-St. Paul. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preference and frequency data for 64 foods/beverages and 34 activities. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Frequencies for food and activity preference and frequency categories were computed. Pearson correlations among food and activity preference, frequency, and body mass index were computed. RESULTS: High-sugar (eg, fruit drinks, soda) and/or high-fat (eg, ice cream, cookies) foods were among the most popular and frequently consumed. Ninety-six percent of girls liked fruit drinks, with 35% consuming them "almost every day." Less-structured activities such as biking, games, jump rope, and dance were most popular. Biking was preferred by 85% of girls, with 48% biking "almost every day." Food preference and frequency categories were moderately correlated (r=0.30 to 0.58), as were activity preference and frequency (r=0.37 to 0.49). APPLICATIONS: The card-sorting tasks are useful tools for assessing food and activity preferences and patterns in girls. Obesity prevention programs for African American girls should include preferred activities such as dance, jump rope, and active play. Programs may also benefit from a focus on replacing high fat/high sugar snacks and sweetened beverages with low-fat, lower-calorie snacks and beverages (eg, fruit, vegetables, water).

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Delayed, recurrent opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome responding to plasmapheresis.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a distinct neurologic disorder characterized by opsoclonic eye movements, multifocal myoclonus, and ataxia, traditionally described as "dancing eyes, dancing feet." A presenting sign in 2% of children with neuroblastoma, it usually heralds a favorable prognosis for the tumor. Although opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome usually presents at initial diagnosis or relapse, there are reports of delayed presentation, usually a few months after diagnosis. This report describes a patient with ganglioneuroblastoma who developed recurrent symptoms of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 9 years after completing treatment, without evidence of recurrent tumor. Believed to be autoimmune in origin, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome frequently responds to immunomodulatory therapies, such as steroids or intravenous immunoglobulin. This patient did not respond adequately to either agent, so plasmapheresis, a less commonly used modality in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, was attempted. His symptoms resolved after he received therapy with a combination of plasmapheresis and steroids over a 1-year period. After being slowly weaned off all therapy, he has been symptom-free now for over 3 years. Armstrong MB, Robertson PL, Castle VP. Delayed, recurrent opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome responding to plasmapheresis.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed2003

A flexible model of foraging by a honey bee colony: the effects of individual behaviour on foraging success.

This paper develops and explores a model of foraging in honey bee colonies. The model may be applied to forage sources with various properties, and to colonies with different foraging-related parameters. In particular, we examine the effect of five foraging-related parameters on the foraging response and consequent nectar intake of a homogeneous colony. The parameters investigated affect different quantities critical to the foraging cycle--visit rate (affected by g), probability of dancing (mpd and bpd), duration of dancing (mcirc), or probability of abandonment (A). We show that one parameter, A, affects nectar intake in a nonlinear way. Further, we show that colonies with a midrange value of any foraging parameter perform better than the average of colonies with high- and low-range values, when profitable sources are available. Together these observations suggest that a heterogeneous colony, in which a range of parameter values are present, may perform better than a homogeneous colony. We modify the model to represent heterogeneous colonies and use it to show that the most important effect of heterogeneous foraging behaviour within the colony is to reduce the variance in the average quantity of nectar collected by heterogeneous colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary intake of elite figure skating dancers.

The main objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake and physiological status of members of the US National Figure Skating Dance Team. Study participants included seven female and seven male figure skating dance pairs. Three-day food records were collected from each dancer and analyzed using a computerized nutrient database. Height, body weight and skinfold measurements were completed on each dancer. Body fat was estimated using the Jackson et al prediction equations. Fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Total energy intake of female dancers (1416 kcal/d, 339 kjoules/day) was considerably lower than the dietary recommendations, while the male dancers appeared to have adequate energy intake (2837 kcal/d, 679 kjoules/day). Carbohydrate intake of both male and female dancers was below the recommendations, 44% and 51%, respectively, whereas total fat and protein intake of both male and female dancers were higher than the dietary recommendations. All dancers met at least 2/3(rd) of the dietary recommendations for all micro-nutrients, except folate and zinc intake of the female dancers, which were 68% and 62% of the recommended values. Although, blood lipid concentrations and other physiological parameters of the overall group were within normal ranges, two of the dancers (14% of the dancers) had elevated blood cholesterol concentrations and low iron status. The results of the present study suggest that these elite figure skating dancers, especially females, may not be consuming adequate amounts of energy-yielding nutrients and those that influence bone health. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of nutritional status on performance of these figure skating dancers and to develop strategies to improve the nutritional status of these elite dancers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

For whom the bird sings: context-dependent gene expression.

Male zebra finches display two song behaviors: directed and undirected singing. The two differ little in the vocalizations produced but greatly in how song is delivered. "Directed" song is usually accompanied by a courtship dance and is addressed almost exclusively to females. "Undirected" song is not accompanied by the dance and is produced when the male is in the presence of other males, alone, or outside a nest occupied by its mate. Here, we show that the anterior forebrain vocal pathway contains medial and lateral "cortical-basal ganglia" subdivisions that have differential ZENK gene activation depending on whether the bird sings female-directed or undirected song. Differences also occur in the vocal output nucleus, RA. Thus, although these two vocal behaviors are very similar, their brain activation patterns are dramatically different.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Source strengths for indoor human activities that resuspend particulate matter.

A mathematical model was applied to continuous indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) measurements to estimate source strengths for a variety of prescribed human activities that resuspend house dust in the home. Activities included folding blankets, folding clothes, dry dusting, making a bed, dancing on a rug, dancing on a wood floor, vacuuming, and walking around and sitting on upholstered furniture. Although most of the resuspended particle mass from these activities was larger than 5 microm in diameter, the resuspension of PM2.5 and PM5 was substantial, with source strengths ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 mg min(-1) for PM2.5 and from 0.1 to 1.4 mg min(-1) for PM5. Source strengths for PM > 5 microm could not be quantified due to instrument limitations. The source strengths were found to be a function of the number of persons performing the activity, the vigor of the activity, the type of activity, and the type of flooring.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

New synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts: in vitro cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of delta-carbolines, benzo-delta-carbolines, and cryptolepines.

The paper describes, in its first part, a new synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts. The strategy is based on the association between halogen-dance and hetero-ring cross-coupling. It is fully convergent and regioselective with interesting overall yields from 27% to 70%. A halogen-dance mechanism in quinoline series is also proposed. The formal synthesis of potential antimalarial compounds and the first total synthesis of 11-isopropylcryptolepine are also described. In the second part, cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells and activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi of benzo-delta-carbolines and delta-carbolines were evaluated in vitro to study the structure-activity relationships. For benzo-delta-carbolines, methylation at N-5 increases the cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities. A further alkylation on C-11 generally increases the cytotoxic activity but not the antiparasitic activity, cryptolepine and 11-methylcryptolepine being the most active on both parasites. Taking advantage of the fluorescence of the indoloquinoline chromophore, cryptolepine was localized by fluorescence microscopy in parasite DNA-containing structures suggesting that these compounds act through interaction with parasite DNA as proposed for cryptolepine on melanoma cells. For delta-carbolines, methylation at N-1 is essential for the antimalarial activity. 1-Methyl-delta-carboline specifically accumulates in the intracellular parasite. It has weak cytotoxic activity and can be considered as a potential antimalarial compound.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2001

Network dynamics and cell physiology.

Complex assemblies of interacting proteins carry out most of the interesting jobs in a cell, such as metabolism, DNA synthesis, movement and information processing. These physiological properties play out as a subtle molecular dance, choreographed by underlying regulatory networks. To understand this dance, a new breed of theoretical molecular biologists reproduces these networks in computers and in the mathematical language of dynamical systems.

CDC2 Protein Kinase↗
PubMed2001

Tracing Woody Guthrie and Huntington's disease.

Tracing the outlines of Woody Guthrie's life can be maddening. His outpouring of songs, words, and images attests to the rare creative spirit which possessed him like a devil, or angel, more often both. He was a figure which many of us hold dear as an emblematic American symbol of outspoken and independence-minded social consciousness. Drawn from Guthrie's collection of published and unpublished material in the Woody Guthrie Archives, including song lyrics, poems, prose, artwork--in short, every imaginable form of manuscript--the shadows that form and delineate Guthrie's life keep moving, much like dancing flames reflecting off a wall, illuminating some details while obscuring others. Guthrie, of course, had no choice about Huntington's disease (HD) or how it would impact his life. Characteristically, he moved with it, sang with it, and even danced with it. When HD finally silenced Guthrie in 1967, it nevertheless spurred his second wife, Marjorie Mazia, to action-action which continues today with the commitment and work of the Huntington's Disease Society of America (HDSA). Was it tragic? Or just the natural course of the disease? The interplay between artistry, inspiration, and devastation is what we explore here.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Honey bees navigate according to a map-like spatial memory.

By using harmonic radar, we report the complete flight paths of displaced bees. Test bees forage at a feeder or are recruited by a waggle dance indicating the feeder. The flights are recorded after the bees are captured when leaving the hive or the feeder and are released at an unexpected release site. A sequence of behavioral routines become apparent: (i) initial straight flights in which they fly the course that they were on when captured (foraging bees) or that they learned during dance communication (recruited bees); (ii) slow search flights with frequent changes of direction in which they attempt to "get their bearings"; and (iii) straight and rapid flights directed either to the hive or first to the feeding station and then to the hive. These straight homing flights start at locations all around the hive and at distances far out of the visual catchment area around the hive or the feeding station. Two essential criteria of a map-like spatial memory are met by these results: bees can set course at any arbitrary location in their familiar area, and they can choose between at least two goals. This finding suggests a rich, map-like organization of spatial memory in navigating honey bees.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral performance in adult honey bees is influenced by the temperature experienced during their pupal development.

To investigate the possible consequences of brood-temperature regulation in honey bee colonies on the quality of behavioral performance of adults, we placed honey bee pupae in incubators and allowed them to develop at temperatures held constant at 32 degrees C, 34.5 degrees C, and 36 degrees C. This temperature range occurs naturally within hives. On emergence, the young adult bees were marked and introduced into foster colonies housed in normal and observation hives and allowed to live out their lives. No obvious difference in within-hive behavior was noted between the temperature-treated bees and the foster-colony bees. However, when the temperature-treated bees became foragers and were trained to visit a feeder 200 m from the hive, they exhibited clear differences in dance performance that could be correlated with the temperatures at which they had been raised: bees raised at 32 degrees C completed only approximately 20% of the dance circuits when compared with bees of the higher-temperature group. Also, the variance in the duration of the waggle phase is larger in 32 degrees C-raised bees compared with 36 degrees C-raised bees. All other parameters compared across all groups were not significantly different. One-trial learning and memory consolidation in the bees raised at different temperatures was investigated 1 and 10 min after conditioning the proboscis-extension reflex. Bees raised at 36 degrees C performed as expected for bees typically classified as "good learners," whereas bees raised at 32 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C performed significantly less well. We propose that the temperature at which pupae are raised will influence their behavioral performance as adults and may determine the tasks they carry out best inside and outside the hive.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Mood alterations in mindful versus aerobic exercise modes.

The results of most recent studies have generally indicated an improvement in mood after participation in aerobic exercise. However, only a few researchers have compared mindful modes of exercise with aerobic exercise to examine the effect of 1 single session of exercise on mood. In the present study, the authors assessed state anxiety, depressive mood, and subjective well-being prior to and following 1 class of 1 of 4 exercise modes: yoga, Feldenkrais (awareness through movement), aerobic dance, and swimming; a computer class served as a control. Participants were 147 female general curriculum and physical education teachers (mean age = 40.15, SD = 0.2) voluntarily enrolled in a 1-year enrichment program at a physical education college. Analyses of variance for repeated measures revealed mood improvement following Feldenkrais, swimming, and yoga but not following aerobic dance and computer lessons. Mindful low-exertion activities as well as aerobic activities enhanced mood in 1 single session of exercise. The authors suggest that more studies assessing the mood-enhancing benefits of mindful activities such as Feldenkrais and yoga are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Proceedings of the SMBE Tri-National Young Investigators' Workshop 2005. Genome-wide associations between hybrid sterility QTL and marker transmission ratio distortion.

Marker transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in genetic mapping populations is frequently ascribed to selection against allelic combinations that cause hybrid incompatibility. Accordingly, genomic regions of TRD should be nonrandomly associated (colocated) with loci that underlie hybrid incompatibility. To directly test this hypothesis, we evaluated the genome-wide qualitative and quantitative agreement between chromosomal regions exhibiting marker TRD and those known to contain hybrid incompatibility quantitative trait locus (QTL). Incompatibility data came from a near-isogenic line (NIL) analysis of pollen and seed sterility in a cross between two Solanum (formerly Lycopersicon) species. We assessed (1) whether these incompatibility loci are colocated with markers that show significant TRD in two earlier generations preceding these introgression lines and (2) whether the magnitude of marker distortion quantitatively matches the estimated strength of selection against each incompatibility locus. We found evidence that TRD regions are chromosomally colocated with hybrid incompatibility loci more frequently than is expected by chance: pollen sterility QTLs were most closely associated with distorted heterozygote frequencies in later-generation backcrosses. Nonetheless, there was no evidence for an association between TRD and seed sterility and little evidence of a quantitative association between the magnitude of marker TRD and the fitness effects of heterospecific alleles at each chromosomal location. We propose and test a model (the "dance partner" model) to explain several cases where regions of TRD are not associated with hybrid incompatibility loci. Under this model, some NILs containing greater than one heterospecific introgression may not express hybrid incompatibility phenotypes because they carry both appropriate genetic dance partners required for a fully functional interaction. Accordingly, negative interactions expressed in earlier backcross generations are masked in these double-introgression NILs. Based on this model, we identify the location of several new putative pairwise interactors underlying hybrid incompatibility in this species cross.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1984

Ergot, the "jerks," and revivals.

Epidemics of epilepsy, a form of mass hysteria, were known in Eastern and Western cultures in the 17th and 18th centuries. A unique situation in the United States during the 19th centurey was the frontier religious movement, the setting in which the "jerks" occurred. The "falling exercise," "dancing exercise," "barking exercise," "laughing exercise," and the "running exercise" centered around the excitement involved in the religious revival. During some exercises, people saw "visions," and exhibited bizarre behavior and sudden jerking motions. During the summers of 1801-1803 on the Kentucky frontier, some pioneers who attended the religious revival camp meetings had convulsions, hallucinations, tremors, jerks, compulsive dancing and "epileptic trances." Although these have been assumed to be psychological in origin, the epidemiology of the symptoms may correlate with the diagnosis of ergotism. Those affected were usually children and young adults. Symptoms of ergotism include giddiness, fatigue, depression, formications, muscle twitching, tonic spasms, convulsions, delirium, and loss of speech.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed2003

Nonlinear and correlational sexual selection on 'honest' female ornamentation.

Female ornamentation has long been overlooked because of the greater prevalence of elaborate displays in males. However, the circumstances under which females would benefit from honestly signalling their quality are limited. Females are not expected to invest in ornamentation unless the fitness benefits of the ornament exceed those derived from investing the resources directly into offspring. It has been proposed that when females gain direct benefits from mating, females may instead be selected for ornamentation that deceives males about their reproductive state. In the empidid dance flies, males frequently provide nuptial gifts and it is usually only the female that is ornamented. Female traits in empidids, such as abdominal sacs and enlarged pinnate leg scales, have been proposed to 'deceive' males into matings by disguising egg maturity. We quantified sexual selection in the dance fly Rhamphomyia tarsata and found escalating, quadratic selection on pinnate scales and that pinnate scales honestly reflect female fecundity. Mated females had a larger total number and more mature eggs than unmated females, highlighting a potential benefit rather than a cost of male mate choice. We also show correlational selection on female pinnate scales and fecundity. Correlational selection, equivalent investment patterns or increased nutrition from nuptial gifts may all maintain honesty in female ornamentation.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2006

Human development VII: a spiral fractal model of fine structure of physical energy could explain central aspects of biological information, biological organization and biological creativity.

In this paper we have made a draft of a physical fractal essence of the universe, a sketch of a new cosmology, which we believe to lay at the root of our new holistic biological paradigm. We present the fractal roomy spiraled structures and the energy-rich dancing "infinite strings" or lines of the universe that our hypothesis is based upon. The geometric language of this cosmology is symbolic and both pre-mathematical and pre-philosophical. The symbols are both text and figures, and using these we step by step explain the new model that at least to some extent is able to explain the complex informational system behind morphogenesis, ontogenesis, regeneration and healing. We suggest that it is from this highly dynamic spiraled structure that organization of cells, organs, and the wholeness of the human being including consciousness emerge. The model of "dancing fractal spirals" carries many similarities to premodern cultures descriptions of the energy of the life and universe. Examples are the Native American shamanistic descriptions of their perception of energy and the old Indian Yogis descriptions of the life-energy within the body and outside. Similar ideas of energy and matter are found in the modern superstring theories. The model of the informational system of the organism gives new meaning to Bateson's definition of information: "A difference that makes a difference", and indicates how information-directed self-organization can exist on high structural levels in living organisms, giving birth to their subjectivity and consciousness.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs.

AIMS: The study compares types, frequencies and quantities of substances used by young people while holidaying in the international dance resort of Ibiza (Spain) with their patterns of use in the United Kingdom. It measures changes in substance use at both locations between 1999 and 2002 and examines the role of dance resorts in recruiting individuals into using new substances. DESIGN: Data were collected from visitors to Ibiza in 1999 (n = 846) and 2002 (n = 868). Information on drug use was surveyed through a short anonymous questionnaire. SETTING: Individuals were sampled at Ibiza airport just prior to returning to the UK. FINDINGS: Most individuals visiting Ibiza used illicit drugs in the United Kingdom (57.4% in 2002), with nearly all users continuing to use in Ibiza. Use of most drugs in Ibiza was characterized by binge behaviour, with many individuals using drugs 5 or more nights per week. Proportions using cocaine, ecstasy and GHB have risen significantly (1999-2002) in both locations, as have numbers of ecstasy tablets taken on a usual night. Substance use was associated positively with number of previous visits to Ibiza and new users were recruited into use while abroad (17.4 and 33.1 per 1000 people were introduced to cocaine and ecstasy use, respectively, in Ibiza). CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of international nightlife resorts increasingly links drug use abroad with that in individuals' countries of origin. Our results indicate that resorts such as Ibiza offer tourists the opportunity to increase levels of drug consumption and try different substances in an atmosphere conducive to experimentation. Patterns of recreational drug use in leading international resorts may help predict developments in drug use elsewhere and as such be an important tool in planning appropriate interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Honeybee navigation: nature and calibration of the "odometer".

There are two theories about how honeybees estimate the distance to food sources. One theory proposes that distance flown is estimated in terms of energy consumption. The other suggests that the cue is visual, and is derived from the extent to which the image of the world has moved on the eye during the trip. Here the two theories are tested by observing dances of bees that have flown through a short, narrow tunnel to collect a food reward. The results show that the honeybee's "odometer" is visually driven. They also provide a calibration of the dance and the odometer in visual terms.

Animals↗