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PubMed1981

Inactivation of a rotavirus by disinfectants.

Rotavirus SA 11, clarified and in human faeces, was exposed to eight commonly used hospital and laboratory disinfectants for periods between 15 seconds and two hours. Of the three hard disinfectants tested, 0.95 by volume (95% v/v) ethanol and 0.05 by volume (5% v/v) Biogram were more effective in inactivating SA 11 than 4% (w/v) or 10% (w/v) formaldehyde, with 0.95 by volume ethanol being the most effective of all of the disinfectants tested. None of the skin disinfectants tested, Betadine, Hexol, Hibiclens and Hibitane in alcohol, were very effective against the rotavirus in the presence of faeces, although Hexol and Hibitane in alcohol inactivated clarified SA 11 fairly quickly. Because of its rapidity of action against SA 11, even in the presence of faeces, and relatively non-deleterious effect on the skin, 0.95 by volume ethanol may be more useful as a handwash than these skin preparations. Undiluted Milton Antibacterial Solution gave very variable results, while the same solution diluted 1 in 80 had little effect on clarified SA 11.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Stability of glutaraldehyde disinfectants during storage and use in hospitals.

The problem of alkaline and acid glutaraldehyde disinfectants degradation (loss in active ingredients) during both extended shelf storage and continuous daily use under hospital practice was investigated. Glutaraldehyde disinfectants lose their potency due to three main types of reactions: aldol condensation, hydration-polymerization, and oxidation. The relative magnitude of each depends upon many variables, such as pH, dissolved gases content, and temperature. Room temperature aging studies of commercial potentiated acid glutaraldehyde (2% and 10% Sonacide) showed that the maximum loss in active ingredients is on the order of 7 per cent after 24 months. The newest type of stabilized alkaline glutaraldehyde (2% Cidex-7) loses 14 to 18 per cent of its active ingredient one month after buffer is added. Standing at room temperature, both alkaline and potentiated acid glutaraldehyde solutions generally drift towards lower pH. Several experiments and a literature search were conducted to assess the glutaraldehyde loss in alkaline and potentiated acid glutaraldehyde disinfectants under normal operating conditions in hospitals. Three independent studies showed that under continuous daily use in hospital buckets potentiated acid glutaraldehyde lasted twice as long as the alkaline glutaraldehyde formula. It was also noted that after weeks of continuous use the pH of both acid and alkaline formulas drifted towards neutrality. A six hospital study of potentiated acid glutaraldehyde in the Cidematic disinfecting machine showed that under a wide range of operating conditions it would take approximately four weeks of continuous daily use to reduce by half the concentration of active di-aldehyde.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed2000

Endoscope reprocessing: taking the mystery out of high-level disinfection.

Flexible endoscopes used in otolaryngology are often unable to withstand heat sterilization. An acceptable alternative to heat sterilization for these devices used to examine the aerodigestive tract is high-level disinfection. A review of otolaryngology (ORL) nursing clinical practice indicates that there is confusion regarding the recommended disinfectant solutions to use and the proper manner in which to use them. This article describes a method that is useful in determining the level of risk of infection posed by ORL endoscopy, a description of appropriate levels of disinfection, points to consider for achieving high-level disinfection, and appropriate personal protective measures.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2000

UV disinfection in drinking water supplies.

UV disinfection has become a practical and safely validatable disinfection procedure by specifying the requirements for testing and monitoring in DVGW standard W 294. A standardized biodosimetric testing procedure and monitoring with standardized UV sensors is introduced and successfully applied. On-line monitoring of irradiance can be counterchecked with handheld reference sensors and makes it possible that UV systems can be used for drinking water disinfection with the same level of confidence and safety as is conventional chemical disinfection.

Disinfection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Laboratory investigation of the chemical disinfection against different developmental stages of the housefly (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758)].

Possibilities for disinfection of the developmental stages from the housefly (Musca domestica) were investigated under laboratory conditions. The developmental stages (eggs, larvae I, II, III, pupae and adults) were sprayed with solutions of disinfectants on the basis of p-chlorine-m-cresol and o-phenylphenol at different concentrations (0.025%-3%). The effectiveness of both disinfectants was established by determining the emergence rate of eggs and pupae and of the live evidence of larvae and adults. Transmission electron microscopic investigations of the cover of the eggs revealed the bactericidal effect of both disinfectants. These results show the necessity of extending its use also to noxious arthropods.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Wastewater disinfection by low-pressure UV and ozone: a design approach based on water quality.

Disinfection processes are known to be very sensitive to wastewater quality. This paper discusses the parameters that impact the UV light (UV) and ozone disinfection processes and the related mechanisms based on literature review. Low-pressure UV and ozone technologies were investigated on effluents that covered a wide range of water quality. The results are given in terms of design doses required to meet three major disinfection standards. Both processes were found eligible for the majority of effluents tested. Although cost-effectiveness is usually considered more favourable to UV, the ozone alternative should be examined in cases such as the disinfection of low-quality effluents or large treatment plants. Ozonation was also found capable of meeting the stringent Title 22 standard with no coagulation at a dose of 10 mg/l.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2001

Faecal bacteria and bacteriophage inactivation in a full-scale UV disinfection system used for wastewater reclamation.

A study was carried out to compare the inactivation of faecal bacteria and one type of bacteriophage in a full-scale UV disinfection system. The system is part of a water reclamation facility for effluent reuse in golf course and agricultural irrigation. Influent and effluent samples were taken over two sampling periods (three consecutive days in July and one day in August), with three different UV doses applied each day (ranging from 10 to 40 mW.s/cm2 and 20 to 80 mW.s/cm2 in July and August, respectively). Effluent samples were also taken from a chlorine disinfection channel (5 mg Cl2/L dose) operating in parallel to the UV system. Total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), faecal streptoccoci (FS) and somatic coliphages (SC) were measured in each sample. F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis were also measured one day in July. The decay ratio observed for all the microorganisms was similar when UV doses applied were low (July), ranging from 1.15 to 1.25 log-units. This suggests that bacterial indicators may be suitable for virus inactivation control when low UV doses are applied; however, such low doses are inadequate to achieve effluent quality requirements for unrestricted irrigation. At higher UV doses (August), decay ratios for TC and FC were 3.1 and 2.8 log-units respectively, indicating that they were more susceptible to UV exposure than SC and FS, with decay ratios of 2.6 and 1.0 log-units, respectively. Nevertheless, these higher doses were also inadequate to achieve water quality requirements for unrestricted irrigation. The decay ratio of SC during chlorine disinfection was clearly lower than that of the other microorganisms. Bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis were more resistant to UV disinfection than SC and F-specific RNA. In fact, bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis were not affected during UV exposure. A UV dose ranging from 40 to 80 mW.s/cm2 marks the borderline beyond which inactivation rates of SC are clearly lower than those of bacterial indicators.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1979

[Disinfectant testing with Bacillus spores (author's transl)].

This paper deals with special conditions for testing the sporocidal effect of disinfectants. A method for the production of spore suspensions (Fig. 1) and the negative influence of heating to its resistance against disinfectants was described (Fig. 2). It was shown that spores of a non-virulent strain of Bac. anthracis could be used for this procedure (Fig. 3). In performing the suspension--and the germ-carrier test it was necessary to watch the effect of postinhibition and of inactivators. The application of 10 microliter disposible loops in the suspension-test was recommended. Since the test for the evaluation of the influence of organic matter on the results of disinfection was unreliable (Fig. 4), it was proposed to replace it by invention of a safety-factor. The germ-carrier test should be done with constant amounts of spores, dried to the surface under defined conditions. Exposition of germ-carriers to disinfectants should be done in a chamber with constant temperature and rel. humidity, since the results are strongly influenced by these factors (Fig. 5).

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1999

[Study on stable unified disinfectant capable of releasing chlorine dioxide].

Chlorine dioxide is a new type of forceful disinfectant, but it cannot be stored and transported as a gas and is very toxic. In this paper, a stable unified disinfectant capable of releasing chlorine dioxoide was introduced. This disinfectant was stable in dry state and could produce chlorine dioxide when it contacted with water. Its solution containing 3.3 mg.L-1 chlorine dioxide could kill 100% of B. subtilis var. niger spores after exposure for 5 minutes. Its solution containing 434 mg.L-1 chlorine dioxide could destroy 100% of HBsAg after exposure for 30 minutes. The content of chlorine dioxide in this disinfectant powder decreased by about 12% following storage at 56 degrees C for 14 days. It was essentially non-corrosive to stainless steel and moderately corrosive to carbon steel.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Contamination levels of in-use disinfectants in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.

In-use testing of the disinfectants; Hibitane (5% w/v Chlorhexidinegluconate), Hibiscrub (4% w/v Chlorhexidinegluconate), Savlon (3% w/v Chlorhexidine/Cetrimide), hydrogen peroxide (6% w/v hydrogen peroxide with stabilizer) and a common household bleach Jik (3.5% w/v sodium hypochlorite), was carried out over a two-month period at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. Contamination levels were high with 82 (63.1%) of the 130 in-use disinfectants contaminated. However, a few of the stock solutions remained sterile. One hundred and thirty-four isolates were obtained of which 120 (91%) were gram-negative with Pseudomonas species being the commonest, constituting 67.2% of all the isolates. Gram-positive organisms made up the remaining 12 (9.0%) isolates. All the Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to gentamicin, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid and perfloxacin. Contributory factors for the high contamination levels were dilution of disinfectants with tap water, inadequate care of stock solution bottles and long storage of the diluted disinfectants in the wards.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2002

[Disinfection and degradation of 2,4-DCP with UV-radiation and on-line ozone in drinking water treatmeant].

A type reactor with on-line O3 was used to do further research of the disinfection of total bacteria, E. coli and degradation of 2,4-DCP. The result was obtained in the following conditions. Only UV-radiation, O3 applied by other machine and by the reactor itself, and other conditions were changed to study the disinfection and degradation. The result showed the satisfied effect of disinfection and degradation would be achieved by using UV/O3 applied outside and when the flow rate was about 400 L.h-1, on-line O3 could be produced and make high efforts to enhance disinfection and degradation. The method of UV/O3 was a promising technology in the treatment of drinking water.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2002

Efficiency of the glutaraldehyde test strip for monitoring the concentration of glutaraldehyde in reused solutions for disinfecting endoscopes.

BACKGROUND: Glutaraldehyde has been widely used for low-temperature disinfection of endoscopes. The current practice at Siriraj Hospital is to change the glutaraldehyde solution every 21 days or when the solution appears turbid. The disadvantages of this practice include inadequate disinfection of endoscopes if the concentration of glutaraldehyde in a reused solution is insufficient or wasted if the discarded solution is still active. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficiency of a glutaraldehyde test strip (GTS) in monitoring the amount of glutaraldehyde in a reused solution for disinfecting endoscopes. METHOD: Reused glutaraldehyde solutions for disinfecting bronchoscopes, gastroscopes and colonoscopes were tested for the concentration of glutaraldehyde with a GTS thrice weekly for the first week and then every working day up to 56 days. If the GTS indicated a concentration of glutaraldehyde > or = 1.8 per cent after 21 days, 5 ml of the solution was taken to the laboratory to determine its mycobactericidal activity. RESULTS: All samples of the reused glutaraldehyde solution up to 56 days with a concentration of > or = 1.8 per cent glutaraldehyde on GTS from testings showed mycobactericidal activity. If the glutaraldehyde solution was reused for up to 28, 42 or 56 days, it could save 9,603; 22,813 and 29,415 baht per year respectively for the gastroscopy and colonoscopy units. The corresponding figures were -949; 2,726 and 4,564 baht per year for the bronchoscopy unit. It is estimated that up to 400,000 baht per year could be saved by adopting the strategy of GTS monitoring in all endoscopy units at Siriraj Hospital. CONCLUSION: The current strategy of discarding reused glutaraldehyde solution in the gastroscopy, colonoscopy and bronchoscopy units at Siriraj Hospital may be inappropriate since the reused solution is still mycobactericidal for up to 56 days.

Bronchoscopes↗

PubMed2000

[An experiment on disinfection using high power microwave].

This experimental disinfection was intended to examine the effect of high power microwave on bacteria, and the putative nonthermal effect. The bacteria of the experimental groups were irradiated by high power microwave in different intensities and time and were compared with the controls--bacteria heated only. The principles of disinfection by means of high power microwave were studied. The results showed that the temperature did not change after the dry bacteria were irradiated by high power microwave in different intensities and time, but the number of bacteria alive decreased significantly(P < 0.05). The high power microwave's effect of disinfection was greater in the wet bacteria group than in the dry bacteria group and the bacteria heated group. These data indicate that the disinfection effect of high power microwave is higher than that of heating. High power microwave can kill dry bacteria, and it has the nonthermal effect in addition to its thermal effect.

Disinfection↗

PubMed1999

[Studies on photochemical disinfectant enamelled-ware of toxicity experiments].

In order to understand the toxicity of photochemical disinfectant enamelled-ware to human body, systematic toxicity studies were carried out. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic metal stibium (Sb) and cadmium(Cd) in photochemical disinfectant enamelled-ware 0.01 ml/L and 0.02 mg/L and lead (Pb) was non-detectable. The amount of LPO lipid peroxides in the experiment group and control group had no significant difference(t = 0.3481, P > 0.05). The drinking water of photochemical disinfectant had no effect on gene mutation in Ames test, and didn't make increase micronucleus formation of mice bone marrow and sperm deformity in the teratogenesis test of mice. It suggested that the photochemical disinfectant enamelled-ware was not toxic to human body. It was safe to human and could be used widely.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Disinfection is prevention].

Prevention of outbreaks is very important in haemodialysis units because of the high risk of infectious complications caused by contaminated water or equipment. Our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of a chloride based disinfectant for haemodialysis machines. Five different machines were tested for infection by culturing water drawn from both inlet (point A) and outlet (point B) of the dialyser and from the waste site (point C). Six series of tests were analysed during a 3-week period. In the first week water was drawn from point A before and after disinfection on two different days; during the second and third weeks the same procedure was performed at points B and C, respectively. Three non-contaminated samples of 2 mL each were sent to the microbiology department for cultures. Samples from point B grew a number of bacteria even after the disinfectant for the water system was changed. We conclude that machine contamination is due to patients and, therefore, a very accurate cleaning and disinfection of system components is essential. This procedure can avoid isolation of infected patients. Prevention of infection is a complex procedure and should engage water systems, machines, as well as environment and nurses.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed1992

Disinfection of regenerated dialyzers with ozone.

Regenerated, ozone-disinfected dialyzers were use for a total of 190 hemodialyses in 35 patients without the occurrence of any complication or pyrogen reactions; the efficiency of hemodialysis was identical with that of new or formalin-disinfected dialyzers. The priming fluid contained in both compartments of ozone-disinfected dialyzers proved to be sterile. The ozone did not damage the dialyzer membrane or the supporting structure of dialyzer. Ozone can effectively substitute formalin and other chemical sterilants as a disinfectant of regenerated capillary dialyzers. The process can also be automated.

Blood Cell Count↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Genotoxic and ecotoxic effects of urban waste water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid].

Genotoxic and ecotoxicologic effects of urban wastewater disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid were analyzed. The formation of genotoxic species was studied by determining clastogenic and mutagenic activity of aqueous samples and their extracts with in vivo and in vitro tests, respectively. In particular, we have applied citogenetic tests to Allium cepa roots and Tradescantia inflorescence (Allium cepa test and Tradescantia/micronuclei test) and reversion test to Salmonella typhimurium according to the microsuspension procedure (Kado test). The latter is the method of choice for the analysis of complex matrices due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The mutagenic activity of disinfected effluents was similar to the corresponding untreated wastewater both sampled in four different periods. Therefore, the disinfection process did not seem to contribute to aquatic mutagenicity in the examined range of biocide concentration. The potential toxicity of disinfected wastewater for aquatic organisms was evaluated using Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of peracetic acid in sewage was 0.4 mg/L (24 h E(L)C50). By comparing this value with peracetic acid concentrations detected in effluents from a pilot plant it is expected that treated wastewater would show acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Dissociation compounds (hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid) and possible by-products of peracetic acid did not seem to contribute significantly to the toxicity of sewage treated with peracetic acid.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed1992

[Kinetics of bactericidal and sporicidal effects of a disinfectant against bacteria isolated from hospital units].

The bactericidal and sporicidal activities of a peracetic acid disinfectant commonly used in hospitals (Acetoper 200) was studied using three bacterial species recovered in water from hemodialysis machines and humidifiers, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia liquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis (spores). The method used was derived from AFNOR norms NF T 72-151 and NF T 72-231. For each strain, three concentrations of disinfectant were tested. Counts were performed every five minutes for one hour to evaluate killing kinetics. For both Gram-negative organisms, survival curves were biphasic, whereas B. subtilis counts decreased logarithmically. Both concentration and time influenced the 5 log10 decrease in counts. With S. liquefaciens and B. subtilis (spores), the 5 log10 decrease was not reached with low levels of disinfectant. In every case, the D value decreased substantially with increasing levels of disinfectant.

Acetates↗