Characteristic symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia.
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Although previous studies have reported that all patients with spinal cord injuries experience depression, they have not distinguished between despondency and depressive disorder. Of 30 patients with spinal cord lesions and depressive disorders diagnosed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). 15 patients had RDC diagnoses before or after their injury. A depressive disorder developed in nine after injury. Eight depressive disorders developed within a month of the injury. Postinjury depressive disorders were more common in patients with complete spinal cord lesions but were divided equally between paraplegics and quadriplegics. Only one patient received antidepressants. The remainder recovered without treatment other than the rehabilitation program. The accident causing the injury seemed related to a psychiatric disorder before injury in six patients (four alcoholics and two hypomanics) and to drinking before the accident in 15 patients.
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The effect of EMG feedback on state anxiety was investigated in anxious introverts and extraverts. Although both groups learned to relax their muscles adequately, only the introverts reported a significant decrement in anxiety. Some extraverts reacted adversely to the technique, which suggests that other methods to inhibit anxiety may be necessary for this group.
Bernstein and Putnam (1986) recently developed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), a reliable and valid measure of dissociative experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the DES to other measures of psychopathology and cognitive functioning. Seventy-six female and 43 male university students were administered the DES, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), and the Barnes-Vulcano Rationality Test (BVRT). A standard multiple regression was computed that used the DES as the criterion variable and the HSCL-90, MOCI, TAS, and BVRT as predictor variables. The results showed that 61% of the variance for DES scores could be predicted by three subscales of the HSCL-90 (Phobic Anxiety, Anger-Hostility, Somatization) and the TAS and BVRT. The importance of the relationship between the predictor variables and the DES for understanding dissociative disorders, especially multiple personality disorder, was discussed.
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Two studies are described that attempt to determine if standard-scale-reduction techniques could yield a construct-valid diagnostic screen of pathology of separation-individuation for use in nonclinical university settings. In Study 1 (N = 210), a measure of pathology of separation-individuation (PATHSEP) was reduced successfully to a single, internally consistent factor, accounting for 36% of the variance. In Study 2 (N = 304), these items also coalesced around a single factor, accounting for 35% of the variance. Study 2 also showed that PATHSEP is correlated moderately and positively with indices of insecure attachment, with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and with indices of psychiatric symptomatology (Hopkins Symptom Checklist). PATHSEP also was associated with a poorer profile of adjustment to college. Males reported more pathology of separation-individuation than did females. Evidence supports the construct validity of a shortened version of PATHSEP. Directions for future research are noted.
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