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PubMed1993

[The relationship between mosquito vectors and aquatic birds in the potential transmission of 2 arboviruses].

The authors studied for two years the role of the chicks of aquatic birds in the arboviral cycles in coastal lagoons in central Panama in order to determine the relation between Culex (Melanoconion) ocossa and Mansonia (Mansonia) dyari mosquitoes in the transmission and dissemination of the viruses of Saint Louis Encephalitis (SLE) and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE). Mosquitoes were captured every fifteen days on two consecutive nights to isolate the virus, using light traps (CDC) and baited traps. The attempts to isolate the virus were made using Vero cell cultures and the determination of antibodies was performed. The results of the serologic tests seem to indicate that four bird species: the ex (?) heron (Bubulcus ibis), the American heron (Casmerodius albus), the spoon-billed duck (Cochlearius cochlearius) and the needle crow (Anhinga anhinga) could function as intermediate hosts in the transmission cycle of SLE. Two species, the ibis (Endocimus albus) and the spoon-billed duck (Cochlearius cochlearius) could also be intermediate hosts of VEE in the coastal lagoons of Panama. The presence of antibodies in chicks could indicate an infection acquired recently, after their birth, in this area. The VEE virus was recovered from blood filled mosquitoes which had fed on a spoon-billed duck probably infected and exposed in a Trinidad #10 trap. No SLE virus was isolated. Other unknown viruses were isolated from mosquitoes selected for these studies, such as C. ocossa and M. dyari. The results obtained with these studies indicate the need for more studies utilizing new field techniques in order to establish a link between SLE and VEE, the vector mosquitoes and the aquatic birds in the coastal lagoons of the area under investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Comparison of the population of the Krasnodar region with other Russian populations regarding genetic and demographic parameters].

The estimates of some genetical and demographical parameters important for populational structure of the population of West part of Krasnodar province are presented. The differences in forming of population structure of districts was revealed. In general, the decrescent type of reproduction, active family planning (average family value is 2.10 +/- 0.07 when average pregnancy quantity is 6.31 +/- 0.32), significant migration activity approached rural populations of Krasnodar district to those of urban type. The migration processes was the main factor of structure population forming. When effort of natural selection was studied the decrease of index Crow was discovered in comparison with rural Russian populations Kirov and Kostroma regions. Population of Krasnodar district approaches to pan-mixture one by genetic and demographic parameters. It can be considered as a gene sample from all regions when Russian live.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of maximal possible potential selection in the world population. New data on selection structure in the CIS nations].

New information on maximal possible potential selection and its component values in some ethno-territorial groups in CIS was presented. The heterogeneity observed in the Crow's index and its components can be explained as a result of the differences in the social economic status of the groups studied and the influence of climate geographical factors. The data gathered during the biodemographical study of 67 populations allowed to detect regularities of the effects of selective factors in world population: non-random and discrete nature of considered populations distribution in the coordinate space of selection components associated with differential mortality (I) and differential fertility (I) was shown. Differentiation of three big aggregations of populations was shown: urbanized contemporary communities with low I values; small endogamous populations, mostly of hunters and gatherers; small towns' populations and rural populations with balanced reproductive indices. Microevolutionary changes take place in the latter conglomerate even now, statistically subdividing it into two clusters. A proposition was made about the existence of "ecological optimum" for populations intermediate between advanced industrial communities and communities of hunters and gatherers, corresponding to the population size and the nature and rate of population reproduction.

Commonwealth of Independent States↗
PubMed1994

[Relationship between thermal threshold and population of peripheral nerve fibers].

The relationship skin thermal threshold (TT) and density of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers were investigated in 12 patients with various peripheral nerve diseases including Crow-Fukase syndrome, carcinomatous neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The TT was measured at a site above the medial tibial condyle using a thermal threshold tester. The TT was defined as the threshold at which a slight rise or fall in temperature could be detected. The size of the skin stimulation area was 13.5 cm2, the temperature change rate was 1 degrees C/sec, and the basal temperature was set at 34 degrees C. A sural nerve biopsy was performed and an image processor (IBAS) was used to measure the nerve fiber density. The TT in the patients with peripheral nerve disease was found to be elevated when compared with that of the 74 healthy controls (mean age of 38.1 +/- 13.3 years). Elevation of the TT has an intimate relation to damage of the small myelinated nerve fibers. In conclusion, unmyelinated fibers may play a relatively minor role in conveying thermal sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Low-friction arthroplasty in severe acetabular dysplasia.

Eighty consecutive low-friction arthroplasties in 64 patients with secondary arthritis due to severe acetabular dysplasia (Crowe grades III and IV) are analyzed. Two groups of patients were considered. In group 1 over 20% of the cup was not covered by the acetabulum and was reconstructed with a femoral head graft (32 cases; in group 2) a femoral head graft was not used because the cup was adequately covered (48 cases). The mean follow-up period was 9.4 years (range, 3-17 years) for group 1 and 8.8 years (range, 3-18 years) for group 2. Early complications were frequent (19%). To study long-term results only 78 hips were assessed since two patients were excluded due to deep infection. In these 78 hips, group 1 patients showed "better" results after 16 years (69.6% good results) than group 2 (nongraft procedures) (52.2%), but these differences were not significant (P > or = .05). Early cup loosening was more frequent in group 2 than in group 1, and good coverage was obtained in 91% of the group 1 cups and in 71% of the group 2 cups (P > or = .05). Acetabular cup loosening was not correlated with acetabular cup position. Bone-grafts appeared consolidated in all cases, but resorption areas were frequently observed. Radiographic stem aseptic loosening appeared in 10 cases, cortical hypertrophy in 7 cases, and endosteal osteolysis in 3 cases. Although limb discrepancy was frequent in both groups (75%), the average discrepancy was 1.7 cm.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[J. Delay hypothymic disorder. Current aspects and pertinence of the concept in schizophrenic states].

In the first part, the authors re-examined the concept of "hypothymie" described by J. Delay in 1946. "Hypothymie" is characterized by a mood disorder and particularly by an absence of mood and it is a fundamental syndrome of hebephrenia. From this syndrome "hypothymie", others signs will appear such as schizophrenic symptoms (characterized by attention disorder and formal thought disorder), paranoid symptoms or catatonic ones. Several authors, like J. Delay, had emphasized the importance of the mood disorder (an absence) in this pathology. It is the case of Kretschmer, Dide and Guiraud (who evoked the "athymhormie"), Bleuler, Kraepelin and also Stransky, Griesinger and at the beginning of the XIXth century, Haslam in England and Pinel in France. In the present time, "hypothymie" is related to some current concepts, especially the deficit forms of schizophrenia described by Carpenter and the schizophrenia type II defined by Crow. In the second part, the relationships between paranoid symptoms, depression and "hypothymie" were studied. The authors stressed the fact that there is an overlap between depressive and paranoid symptoms at the acute phase. They gave an illustration including 51 patients in an acute phase and in a stabilized one. In the acute phase, there was a negative correlation between positive symptoms and depressive symptoms in particular between conceptual disorganization, suspiciousness/persecution, positive formal thought disorder and depression (r = -0.65, p < 0.01; r = -0.57, p < 0.01; r = -0.66, p < 0.01 respectively). These correlations disappeared at discharge of the hospital and did not exist in the stabilized group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1993

[Genetic and demographic structure of the Talysh population].

Investigation was carried out in Talysh population in mountain region of South Azerbaijan. There is extended reproduction in the population. From XVIII till the beginning of XX century there were 3-3.6 offsprings in a family. In the last generation with completed reproduction, the family size raised to 7.13. Modern factors of population size dynamics are considered. It turned out that the main new factor (in conditions of increased family size) is the intensive migration from the population, mainly in men, that results in transformation of sex index in the reproductive age (ratio men/women is 0.77), and a large part of women stay unmarried. Crow index is Itot = 0.426, its components are Im = 0.115, If = 0.260.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Example of the concentration of salmonellae in the environment].

During a period of 3 years the occurrence of Salmonellas was cleared up on depots for refuse of households around Berlin. The investigations were carried out by susceptible fractionated enrichment in Medium of Rappaport/Vassiliadis. 15.1% of samples were positive (77 out of 511). Most Salmonellas wer detected in soil samples contaminated with feces of birds. The isolation rate reached his maximum during autumn and winter, when great bird herds lived on the depots. Mainly S. typhimurium, S. saint paul and S. enteritidis were found. S. enteritidis LT 17 (Colindale) was isolated first time in former East Germany. Diseased children of Berlin (West) were the source for contamination of refuse of households and wild birds (crows, gulls) with this Lysotype. During 51 months dissemination of Salmonellas in 4 contaminated feedstuff yeast and animal meal plants was examined. Salmonella were found in 12.02% of samples of feedstuff yeast (2047) and 6.2% of samples of animal meal (337). Characteristically was the seasonal distribution during winter and early spring and the persistence of the same serotypes for years. Recontamination by the environment was the main reason for the occurrence of Salmonella. Regular examination of filter dust samples of all production units was a very effective way for detection of Salmonella contamination in feed plants. S. enteritidis was demonstrated in the environment of an animal meal factory 18 months after his shutdown.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of gramineae and ragweed pollen counts measured by Hirst's and Cour's traps.

The aim of this study is to appreciate what conclusions may be drawn from the comparison between two different methods for pollen count determination in clinical allergology. In Lyon (France), two pollen collectors are set up in two places separated by ten kilometers, as the crow flies. The Hirst-type trap is on the roof of the Pasteur Institute in the town; the Cour's trap (French Association for Ragweed Study), is located at the meteorological station in the country at the east of the town. In the Rhône-Alpes region, pollinosis is essentially due to Poacae and Ambrosia elatior. The weekly data have been recorded during three years. The results of the two categories of herbaceous plants are not comparable, except as regards the date at which the pollen season commenced. Graminae pollination (GP) commences between 20th April and 6th of May. Ragweed pollination (RP) accurately commences 5th and 6th of August! Differences in the fluctuations of peak concentrations of GP from one trap to the other can be imputed to the collectors, the site where these are located, the method used to process the data, the herbaceous weeds themselves. RPC (the dates of the peaks) are closer and more coherent. Lastly, in allergological practice, the Jacques Dechamp's rule, to only emply with the A.F.E.D.A. trap, is a hardy aid used to predict the week of the all-important peak pollen concentrations of G and R.

Air↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arthroplasty in the sequelae of congenital hip dysplasia.

The authors report their experience in the surgical treatment of the sequelae of congenital hip dysplasia, more specifically, 125 arthroplasties performed in 116 patients, with specific reference to the technical difficulties encountered and the various surgical methods used. This review suggests that prosthetization yields a high percentage of good results (77%) and constant remission of pain. Nonetheless, joint function, particularly when motion was severely compromised before surgery, or when dislocation was very severe (Crowe grades III and IV), is not always restored.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The solving of the Revecz-Krushinskiĭ test by Norway rats].

Reasoning abilities of Norway rats were studied in Revecz-Krushinskiĭ test. In this test 12 opaque plastic cylinders were placed in a row. Rats obtained the bait (sunflower seeds) after tipping the goal cylinder (from the feeder situated under it) independently of the number of one tipped before. Positions of the baits were changed in the following order: the cylinder No 1 in the first trial, No 2--in the second and so on up to the twelfth one. Rats were tested 3 times (12 trials, once a week) in a rectangular box with a starting chamber and a working part with a special device which excluded the influence of olfactory stimuli. Solution scores demonstrated that rats chose cylinders in the nonrandom manner and their behaviour scores were similar to those of crows and monkeys. Analysis of errors and strategies of behaviour of rats showed that quick improvement of feeding was at least partly determined by easy acquisition of recent food positions (i.e., the algorithm of shifting).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

In the shadow of death.

Death dogged Vincent's footsteps throughout his life, and formed a core component of his unconscious fantasy system. It cast a lugubrious shadow over all of his undertakings--he found little joy and less love in life. It found its way onto his canvases, both directly--the grinning death's head--and indirectly. It found expression in his portrayals of sowers and reapers, in his representations of trees--especially the highly symbolic treatments of cypresses--in the menacing crows hovering over storm-darkened fields of wheat, and finally in the images of Christ, suffering and dead, held in the embrace of a loving and grieving mother. If death was a bottomless pit that haunted him with its terrors, it was also a siren song that drew him ever closer to his destiny, ever closer to the edge of the pit. The power of that attraction lies in his identification with the dead Vincent whose place he had taken and whose name he bore. It was through that identification, and through the passageway of suffering and death that he would surcease in the arms of a loving and accepting mother whose warm embrace he had sought throughout his odyssey, but in vain. It was to be gained only in and through death. It was only through death that he would find rest from his pain and would gain the heavenly reward of his suffering in eternal love and bliss.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1996

[Genetic-demographic characteristics of highland Mari].

Genetic and demographic characteristics of the population of the Gornomariiskii raion, Marii El Republic, were estimated. The length of generation was 28.16 +/- 0.45 years, the average sibship size was 2.17, Crow index was 0.687, and its components were the following: Im = 0.114 and I(f) = 0.515. the position of the population of highland Mari among other populations studied in the space of genetic and demographic characteristics is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Incidence of the deficit form in refractory schizophrenia].

The treatment and management of schizophrenic patients "resistant" to neuroleptics is one of the major problem areas in current psychiatry, as is deficitary (non-productive) schizophrenia, which is considered to be the least curable clinical form of the disease. What is the scope of these definitions? The majority of definitions amalgamate affective blunting, social withdrawal, poverty of ideas and speech when describing the deficitary clinical picture. Even though there are differences between authors such as Andreasen and Kay, the consensus opinion holds that there is impoverished emotional range and diminished spontaneous movement. The term "resistance" refers to resistance to neuroleptic treatments. Kane, for example, stipulates that 3 antipsychotic treatments at effective doses and prescribed for an adequate length of time must have proved to be ineffective before the patient can be termed "treatment-resistant". Based on studies, 5 to 20% of these patients are also intolerant of neuroleptics, in particular of their extrapyramidal effects, which induce Parkinson's syndrome, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. The sedative and extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptics may incidentally augment the negative symptoms (Möller, 1993). Currently there is no scientific method of predicting the likely profile of responders and non-responders to neuroleptics. Collaborative studies carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health (Cole et al., 1964, 1966) on the response to neuroleptics in the acute phase of schizophrenia showed that 3% of patients were worsened, 22% marginally improved and 69% greatly improved by treatment. Recognition of negative forms in resistant schizophrenia also requires distinction between depressive features which develop during the course of schizophrenia. Symptoms such as anhedonia, apathy, social withdrawal and poverty of speed which are typical of depressive illness are also considered to be schizophrenic symptoms (Maier et al., 1990). It is currently accepted that 10 to 25% of schizophrenic patients may be considered as non-responders to antipsychotic treatments. When evaluating this response not only the disappearance of positive and negative symptoms, but also the ability to function socially and professionally and the number of hospitalizations must be taken into account (Strauss and Carpenter, 1972), (Brenner, 1990). It is highly appropriate to evaluate the beneficial effects of treatments on positive and negative symptoms. Johnstone et al. (1978) verified the hypothesis that the traditional neuroleptics were less effective against negative symptoms. Kay and Opler (1987) showed that improvement in these symptoms took longer to become established. The negative symptoms which characterize type II schizophrenia described by Crow (1980, 1985) are considered to be non-responders to treatment. However, authors such as Goldberg (1985) and Meltzer et al. (1986) in the French tradition have dismissed this argument. Studies on the evaluation of treatment currently tend to make a sharp distinction between negative and positive poles. In all cases, biological treatment is rarely adequate and it is essential to combine it with psychosocial therapy. Information from patient and family on the type of illness involved and on the different types of assistance which can be provided, as much medical as purely social, invariably proves useful.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1996

[Schizophrenic deficit syndrome and neurologic tolerance].

Risk factors promoting the occurrence of neuroleptic-related tardive dyskinesia remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that type II schizophrenia, based on Crow's classification, would be more liable to this complication due to cerebral structural abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia characterized by deficitary symptoms. Association between tardive dyskinesia and cognitive deficit is currently the most firmly established. Data in the literature concerning the association between tardive dyskinesia and the other features of type II schizophrenia are more contradictory.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification by typological analysis of distinct groups of schizophrenic patients. Applicability of a disorganized schizophrenia subtype].

Since Crow, Andreasen et al. have described schizophrenia in terms of negative and positive symptoms, the dichotomic approach has been well established. As a matter of fact, factor analyses, especially principal components analyses, led with symptomatic specific scales, have proved their validity. But they have shown their limits too : some authors think that the dichotomic model fails to explain all of the schizophrenic psychopathology and that a third dimension including formal thought disorders, most of the time called "disorganization", should systematically be taken into account. In this study, the authors have hypothesized that a categorial approach could describe this "disorganization". Using a cluster analysis they investigated the existence of subtypes in a population including 136 schizophrenic patients assessed with the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Kayet al., 1987). The results suggested at least five subtypes: a pure positive subtype, characterized by high scores on items delusions, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness/persecution, and by a low score on conceptual disorganization item; a disorganized positive subtype, characterized by high scores on positive items, including conceptual disorganization item, and also high scores on unusual thought content and autistic preoccupation items; a negative subtype, characterized by high scores on negative items and low scores on positive items, including conceptual disorganization item; a mixed subtype, characterized by high scores on the most positive, negative and general psychopathological items; a residual subtype, characterized by low scores on all the positive, negative and general psychopathological items. The good validity of this analysis was showed since differences on a number of clinical characteristics were observed between the five clusters. These results demonstrated the oversimplication of the positive-negative dichotomy and the relevance of a disorganized subtype.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Neurological disorders associated with impaired glucose tolerance].

The clinical relevance of neurological disorders associated with impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is reviewed. In this review some neurological diseases, such as, myotonic dystrophy, Crow-Fukase syndrome, Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD), Friedreich ataxia, spinal muscular atrophy of the Kennedy-Alter-Sung type, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson-dementia, and MELAS are discussed in relation to, glucose intolerance. Although the etiology of these disorders still remains an enigma, MELAS was caused by an A-to-G mutation at nucleotide position 3243 of the mitochondria genome. An association of "diabetic neuropathy" with IGT appears to be negative. Peripheral nerve function did not differ between IGT and control subjects, whereas autonomic nerve function deviated; an abnormal expiration to inspiration ratio of R-R interval was significantly more common in IGT than in control subjects. In conclusion, diabetes, but not IGT, is associated with peripheral nerve dysfunction.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1996

[Genetic-demographic analysis of the population of native inhabitants of the Samburg tundra].

Genetic-demographic parameters (Tundra Nentsi, Forest Nentsi, and Komi) of the population of native inhabitants of the Samburg Tundra (population size, age and sex structure, sex ratio) are presented. The size of the portion of the population of reproductive age (35.5% of the total), family size (3.04), and the predominance of the portion of the population under reproductive allow us to classify this population as growing. Results of analysis of marriage structure, mixing, and migration processes in the group of Tundra Nentsi are presented. It is shown, that the gene contribution of Tundra Nentsi themselves into the population is 74%. The index of endogamy is 42.4%. The inbreeding coefficient in the population is 0.003. It is demonstrated that the average number and variance of births for Tundra Nentsi women who have passed their reproductive years are 7.55 and 11.07, respectively. Crow's index of total selection (Itot) and its components (Im, I(f)) were 0.75, 0.47, and 0.19, respectively.

Adolescent↗