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PubMed1989

[Neonatal hemolytic icterus in foals. A study of antibodies in colostrum and serum].

Investigations for the presence of antibodies to red blood cell antigens were carried out in equine colostrum and serum. Material from 181 mares without clinical disease was tested. The object was to obtain information on the number of mares producing antibodies capable of inducing haemolytic disease in newborn foals. Of the mares 2.8% was positive for haemolysins. These mares are expected to be a risk for haemolytic disease. In addition agglutinating antibodies were identified in 39.2 per cent of the mares examined. It is not known whether or not these antibodies constitute a hazard for the foals. A smaller group of sera from mares was analysed to verify or disprove the diagnosis of haemolytic disease. Some of these mares showed very high haemolysin titres. Several cases are reported in greater detail. It is clear that the information obtained from these cases shows that haemolytic disease of newborn foals also occurs after the first pregnancy of mares.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
PubMed1989

[Udder immunization for the protection of calves against salmonella infections. 1. Detection of specific Ig classes in the mother, colostrum and calf and the course of infection].

Pregnant cows were vaccinated at ablactation by infusion of heat inactivated S. dublin or S. typhimurium into the mammary gland in order to protect their offsprings via colostrum against salmonellosis. This method of vaccination is based upon statements according to which specific IgA and IgM play a prominent role in respect of protection. Both Ig classes are produced locally and are not channelled from the mother's system into the mammary gland. In comparison to calves from non-vaccinated control animals, calves from vaccinated cows did not exhibit clinical symptoms after challenge infection, and had a reduced salmonella excretion rate in respect of quantity but not in respect of the duration of shedding salmonella. Serological quantitation of specific Ig-classes (DIG-ELISA) did not allow to identify a specific Ig-class responsible for protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

De novo initiation of specific cell-mediated immune responsiveness in chickens by transfer factor (specific immunity inducer) obtained from bovine colostrum and milk.

Transfer factors (TF) were prepared from colostrum and milk of bovines previously immunized with antigens obtained from Coccidioides immitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, or from the viral agents responsible for avian Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis disease or infectious bursal disease. The ability of bovine TF to transfer specific cell-mediated immune responsiveness to a markedly xenogenic species was studied using specific pathogen free (SPF) and standard commercial (SC) chickens as model recipients. Cell-mediated immune responsiveness was documented using one or more of the following for each antigen (organism) studied: (a) an in vitro chicken leukocyte (heterophil) migration inhibition assay; (b) delayed-wattle reactivity; or (c) protection from clinical disease. Chicken TFs obtained from spleens of immune donors were evaluated in parallel to bovine TF's in selected comparative studies. Bovine TF also referred to as specific immunity inducer (SII), and chicken TF were found to initiate antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity de novo in previously non-immune SPF chickens as well as in SC chickens despite the presence of maternally acquired humoral antibody which may serve as a "barrier" to immunization of SC chickens when commercially available vaccines are administered by parenteral routes. Bovine TF's specific for laryngotracheitis virus or infectious bursal disease virus afforded protection equal to that found for commercially available vaccines. Bovine TF's action was rapid (less than a day) and of relatively long duration at least 35 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Bi-directional modulation of binding of peanut agglutinin, resistance to hydrocortisone, and helper activity in murine thymocytes.

A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) isolated from ovine colostrum has a regulatory effect on the immune response. The present report demonstrates that the polypeptide can cause bi-directional modulation of surface markers and function of murine thymocytes. PRP is able to reduce binding of peanut agglutinin (PNA) to murine PNA+ thymocytes and to increase the binding of PNA to PNA- cells. This transition of binding ability can be reversed by a second treatment of cells with PRP. PRP is also able to transform cortisone-resistant thymocytes into cortisone-sensitive, and vice versa. Helper cells induced by PRP from murine glass-nonadherent thymocytes (PNA+) showed suppressor activity after the second treatment with PRP. The observed changes were occurring concomitantly, i.e. changes in binding of PNA were accompanied by changes in resistance to cortisone and in expression of helper or suppressor activity. Bi-directional effects of PRP on PNA-binding ability, sensitivity to hydrocortisone, and helper-suppressor function, makes this polypeptide unique among immuno-modulators known.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) with immunoregulatory properties isolated from ovine colostrum. Murine thymocytes have on their surface a receptor specific for PRP.

A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) was isolated from ovine colostrum. The polypeptide exhibits immunoregulatory properties. It induces maturation of murine thymocytes into functionally mature helper or suppressor T cells. To elucidate the mechanism of interaction of the polypeptide with thymocytes, effect of PRP immobilized on insoluble carriers on thymocytes was compared with the effect of soluble PRP. It was found that PRP covalently linked to cellulose discs or AffiGel 702 or adsorbed on polystyrene latex beads shows activity similar to activity of PRP in solution. A contact of PRP with the cell surface is satisfactory to induce maturation of thymocytes. PRP adsorbed on polystyrene latex beads forms rosettes with thymocytes. Formation of rosettes is specifically inhibited by soluble PRP. The results obtained suggest that murine thymocytes have on their surface a receptor specific for PRP.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The role of oral immunisation in stimulating Escherichia coli antibody of the IgM class in porcine colostrum.

Oral immunisation with Escherichia coli polysaccharide antigens provided a primary antigenic stimulus which facilitated the production of humoral IgM antibody following a single parenteral antigen dose. The peak antibody response of preparturient sows was manipulated to coincide with the period of colostrum formation so that high levels of IgM antibody were made available for neonatal defence. The characteristics of the immune response remained unchanged on reintroduction of the immunisation schedule for a second gestation period.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Branch specificity of bovine colostrum CMP-sialic acid: Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-R alpha 2----6-sialyltransferase. Sialylation of bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary oligosaccharides and glycopeptides of the N-acetyllactosamine type.

Using 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy we have investigated the branch specificity that bovine colostrum CMP-NeuAc:Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-R alpha 2----6-sialyltransferase shows in its sialylation of bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary glycopeptides and oligosaccharides of the N-acetyllactosamine type. The enzyme appears to highly prefer the galactose residue at the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3 branch for attachment of the 1st mol of sialic acid in all the acceptors tested. The 2nd mol of sialic acid becomes linked mainly to the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----6 branch in bi- and triantennary substrates, but this reaction invariably proceeds at a much lower rate. Under the conditions employed, the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6Man alpha 1----6 branch is extremely resistant to alpha 2----6-sialylation. A higher degree of branching of the acceptors leads to a decrease in the rate of sialylation. In particular, the presence of the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6Man alpha 1----6 branch strongly inhibits the rate of transfer of both the 1st and the 2nd mol of sialic acid. In addition, it directs the incorporation of the 2nd mol into tetraantennary structures toward the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4Man alpha 1----3 branch. In contrast, the presence of the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4Man alpha 1----3 branch has only minor effects on the rates of sialylation and, consequently, on the branch preference of sialic acid attachment. Results obtained with partial structures of tetraantennary acceptors indicate that the Man beta 1----4GlcNAc part of the core is essential for the expression of branch specificity of the sialyltransferase. The sialylation patterns observed in vivo in glycoproteins of different origin are consistent with the in vitro preference of alpha 2----6-sialyltransferase for the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3 branch. Our findings suggest that the terminal structures of branched glycans of the N-acetyllactosamine type are the result of the complementary branch specificity of the various glycosyltransferases that are specific for the acceptor sequence Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-R.

Amino Sugars↗
PubMed1985

Branch specificity of bovine colostrum CMP-sialic acid: N-acetyllactosaminide alpha 2----6-sialyltransferase. Interaction with biantennary oligosaccharides and glycopeptides of N-glycosylproteins.

By use of 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy, the branch specificity of bovine colostrum CMP-NeuAc:Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-R alpha 2----6-sialyltransferase towards a biantennary glycopeptide and oligosaccharides of the N-acetyllactosamine type, differing in completeness and structure of their core portion, was investigated. In agreement with earlier reports (Van den Eijnden, D. H., Joziasse, D. H., Dorland, L., Van Halbeek H., Vliegenthart, J. F. G., and Schmid, K. (1980) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92, 839-845), it appears that the enzyme strongly prefers the galactosyl residue at the Man alpha 1----3Man branch of the biantennary glycopeptide for attachment of the first sialic acid residue. This branch specificity is fully preserved with the structure (formula; see text) Reduction of the reducing N-acetylglucosaminyl residue in this structure, however, leads to a decreased branch specificity, whereas removal of this residue results in a random attachment of sialic acid to the galactoses at both branches. The decrease in branch specificity is accompanied by a reduction in the rate of sialic acid transfer to the galactose at the alpha 1----3 branch. Our results indicate that the presence of the aforementioned N-acetylglucosaminyl residue is a minimal structural requirement for branch specificity of the sialyltransferase. We propose that in the interaction of the sialyltransferase with its substrates, this N-acetylglucosaminyl residue functions as a recognition site mediating the correct positioning of the substrate on the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Secretory IgA does not enhance the bacteriostatic effects of iron-binding or vitamin B12-binding proteins in human colostrum.

Human milk contains an unsaturated iron-binding protein (lactoferrin) and an unsaturated vitamin B12-binding protein. Lactoferrin has bacteriostatic properties, and a bacteriostatic role for the B12-binding protein has been postulated. In this study the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin was confirmed for strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Growth inhibition attributable to the unsaturated B12-binding protein could be demonstrated only with a known vitamin B12-dependent E. coli. It has previously been shown that the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin is potentiated by horse IgG antibody, and a similar potentiating effect of secretory IgA antibody in colostrum and milk would have obvious importance. An attempt was therefore made to demonstrate potentiation of bacteriostatic effects by naturally occurring secretory IgA antibody to E. coli. The results obtained indicate that secretory IgA antibody does not enhance the growth-inhibiting effects of either lactoferrin or the vitamin B12-binding protein.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1979

Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves: pathologic changes.

Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis was experimentally produced in 8 of 9 colostrum-fed calves orally given 10(11) Escherichia coli. The eight calves developed profuse diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and depression. At 12 hours after exposure, all calves were euthanatized for necropsy and for collection of tissues for microscopic examination. Histopathologic changes included stunted villi in the jejunum and ileum, focal degeneration and exfoliation of absorptive epithelial cells at the tips of jejunal and ileal villi, and focal emigration of neutrophils which was especially prominent above the dome area of aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer's patches). A layer of E coli adhered to the epithelial surface of the jejunum and ileum. In the duodenum, lesions were minimal or absent and bacteria were not adhering to the mucosa. Histopathologic changes were not observed in other tissues. In two calves examined 24 hours after they were inoculated and in two calves euthanatized 24 to 36 hours after spontaneously developing enteric colibacillosis, lesions were similar to those observed in the calves at 12 hours after exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of immunoglobulin G concentrations in porcine plasma and colostrum.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is described for the estimation of porcine immunoglobulin G in either colostrum or plasma samples. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 9.1 per cent and the intraassay coefficient of variation was 7.2 per cent. The repeatability or intra-class correlation coefficient of the assay was 0.9. The assay proved to be a sensitive, inexpensive and rapid method for assessing the immune status of pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Experimental rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves: assay of treatment by administration of bacterially produced human interferon (Hu-IFN alpha 2).

Seven colostrum-deprived newborn calves were orally inoculated within 24 hours after birth with bovine rotavirus. Three of them were intramuscularly injected with bacterially produced human interferon (Hu-IFN alpha 2). The four control animals presented a severe diarrhoea for at least 48 hours, while only one of the treated calves suffered from a transient diarrhoea for a few hours. Hu-IFN alpha 2 seems therefore able to control rotavirus diarrhoea in newborn calves, although it did not inhibit virus excretion and seroconversion in the treated animals. Moreover, the administration of endogenous interferon appeared to be well tolerated by newborn calves. The efficacy of human alpha 2 interferon for the treatment of this important virus infection of cattle seems thus well established.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1971

Serum immunoglobulins in newborn calves before and after colostrum feeding.

Pre-colostral and post-colostral sera of seven Holstein calves and colostral whey were analyzed immunoelectrophoretically. IgM, IgG(1) (fast), and IgG(2) (slow) were demonstrated while IgA was not detected in serum of new-born calves before colostrum feeding. In post-colostral serum IgG, IgM, in relatively higher levels, and IgA were present which corresponded with the classes of immunoglobulins found in whey. These observations suggest that the developing bovine fetus may be capable of independent immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

The response of colostrum-deprived, specific pathogen-free pigs to experimental infection with Teschen disease virus.

The clinical response to Teschen disease and the excretion and rate of virus distribution in tissues of colostrum-deprived, specific pathogenfree pigs was determined. Severe, mild, and clinically inapparent responses to the disease were noticed following simultaneous intracranial and intranasal infections. Fourteen-day-old pigs reacted more severely to infection than 21-day-old pigs. The virus was detected in feces 2-3 days following infection but not in stools of surviving pigs 30 days after infection. The highest concentration of virus occurred during the incubation period and before onset of paralysis; the lowest concentrations were found during terminal disease stages. In tissues collected before or immediately after death of pigs, Teschen disease virus was found in several visceral organs but not in blood, urine or urinary bladder tissue. Virus yield was highest in brain and spinal cord tissues. Highest virus concentration was found in the cervical thoracic portions of the spinal cord, thalamus and cerebellum. Other aspects of the clinical disease are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skin permeability and on the immune response.

The effect of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum on the humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied. It was shown that the polypeptide had a regulatory activity stimulating or suppressing the immune response. The proline-rich polypeptide also increased the permeability of skin vessels in guinea-pigs. Studies on the mechanism of the effect of the proline-rich polypeptide suggest that prostaglandins are involved in the activity of the polypeptide.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Leukocyte function in colostrum (author's transl)].

Breast milk, especially colostrum was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively as well as the function of various cell types in it. The phagocyte activity of the mass of leukocytes consisting predominantly of macro- and microphages approaches the phagocyte index of leukocytes of the newborn infant, however, neither of them reaches the level of adults.--The lymphocytes traceable in a minor proportion produce secretory IgA as well as IgG.--On the basis of literary data the authors discuss the literature and their own results regarding the immunobiological significance of breast milk.

Colostrum↗