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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Hereditary influences on cognitive functioning in older men. A study of 4000 twin pairs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of genetic factors to cognitive functioning in older men. DESIGN: Cognitive testing by telephone interview in an epidemiologically defined population. PARTICIPANTS: 2077 monozygotic and 2225 dizygotic male twin pairs, all between the ages of 62 and 73 years, recruited from the National Academy of Sciences twin registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status--Modified total score and factor scores were analyzed. The Falconer heritability statistic and maximum likelihood estimates of genetic and environmental components were computed. RESULTS: Heritability of the total Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status--Modified score was estimated to be 30%. Shared environmental effects accounted for an additional 18% of the variance; most of this was related to years of education. Of the four cognitive factors derived, the language/attention factor had the highest heritability estimate. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic factors and educational achievement together account for almost half of the variance in the cognitive functioning of older men. Studies of the genetics of dementing illnesses need to consider the degree to which cognitive capacities are themselves under genetic control.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Naive objectivism in the assessment of behavioral disorders].

Naive objectivism is a widespread attitude in human and social science research, although it disregards important principles of the theory of cognition. In the history of philosophy two naive approaches to the understanding of the world were continually disputed; 1. rationalism which purports unlimited cognitive power of the human mind, 2. a kind of empiricism which denies subjective elements in the process of cognition. Today the overestimation of human understanding is reflected in a dogmatic adherence to specific professional or idealogically biased doctrines and in the dubious ideal of a purely empirical science with its limited applicability to mankind. The exaggerated expectations regarding the inherent lawfulness of the empirical research field is demonstrated by excessive data collection and by the useless attempt to define behavioral disorders as deviation from the statistical norm. However, behavior disorders can only be understood, if the totality of being human is considered. They are to be seen as failing attempts to give and to maintain a meaning to life.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Estrogen replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease.

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is increasingly recommended for postmenopausal women due to its numerous beneficial effects on bone, cardiovascular system, brain function and quality of life. Data from retrospective epidemiological studies have shown that ERT has a potential to reduce the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to delay its progression. In addition, recent clinical studies have reported improvement of cognitive functions in women with AD. Findings from basic science indicated that the possible mechanisms of action by which estrogen may affect AD include interaction with cholinergic neurotransmitter system, cholinergic neurotrophic and neuroprotective effect, improvement of learning and memory, improvement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, antioxidant and antiinflammatory action, and interference with beta-amyloid protein metabolism and toxicity. Estrogen use in postmenopausal women may offer a new approach for improving cognitive functions in nondemented and demented women, delaying the onset and progression of AD and reducing its occurrence. However, prospective clinical trials are required to establish the efficacy of ERT for prevention and treatment of AD.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Genotype by environment interaction in adolescents' cognitive aptitude.

In a replication of Turkheimer, Haley, Waldron, D'Onofrio, Gottesman II (2003, Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14:623-628), we investigate genotype-environment (G x E) interaction in the cognitive aptitude of 839 twin pairs who completed the National Merit Scholastic Qualifying Test in 1962. Shared environmental influences were stronger for adolescents from poorer homes, while genetic influences were stronger for adolescents from more affluent homes. No significant differences were found between parental income and parental education interaction effects. Results suggest that environmental differences between middle- to upper-class families influence the expression of genetic potential for intelligence, as has previously been suggested by Bronfenbrenner and Ceci's (1994, Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: a bioecological model Psychological Review, 101:568-586) bioecological model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Vascular risk factors and cognitive decline among elderly male twins.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline report discrepant outcomes. The co-twin control method improves on traditional case-control approaches by controlling for within-twin pair similarities of genetic and early environmental influences. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated body mass index (BMI) (>30 kg/m(2)), individually and combined, with cognitive decline over a 12-year period in members of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Twin Registry of World War II male veterans. METHODS: Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) was administered four times at approximately 4-year intervals from 1990 to 2002 as part of an epidemiologic study of dementia. Self-report medical information was collected from 1996 to 2002. We examined the difference in cognitive decline within twin pairs discordant for the vascular risk factors while controlling for baseline TICS-m, education, smoking, and alcohol history. RESULTS: Among twin pairs discordant for diabetes (n = 177), the diabetic twins declined an average of almost 1 point more than their nondiabetic co-twins (p = 0.018) at the last screening time point. Further analyses showed that this was in large part due to greater decline among older men (age 76 to 84 years). Cognitive change was not significantly different between members of pairs discordant for hypertension (n = 326), hypercholesterolemia (n = 282), or elevated BMI (n = 166). CONCLUSION: Based on this study of twin pairs who share similar genetic and early environmental risks for cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes is associated with greater cognitive decline, particularly among the oldest individuals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

[Not Available].

Historical sociobiographic accounts on members of the scientific and technical professions in the years of the Weimar Republic and after, are as yet scarce. This applied notably to women in the scientific community. Having formally been admitted to academic studies at German Universities only in 1908, their claims of wanting to apply their newly gained knowledge and to pursue academic careers were still not unquestioned by society. The social and cognitive integration of "the female" in male dominated science organisation, especially in the natural sciences and their kin fields in industry, remains problematic to-day. Isolde Hausser, daughter of the ambitious but little succesful inventor-entrepreneur Hermann Ganswindt, took her doctoral degree in physics at Berlin University in 1914, then worked as head of a group at a "Telefunken" laboratory for vacuum tubes till 1929, before she became research scientist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg. There she worked on photoerythemaes and the formation of pigment and discovered the specific action of longwave ultraviolet. She contributed important results to our knowledge on the constitution and the behaviour of organic compounds by modern physical methods. She died of cancer on 5th October 1951.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

On mental events, disciplinary boundaries, and reductionism: a reply to Plaud.

Plaud's (2001) radical behavioral manifesto suggests that a psychological science based exclusively upon the study of environment-behavior functional contingencies would yield a discipline unencumbered by mentalism, vaguely delineated disciplinary boundaries, or inappropriate reductionism. In reply, we note that: (a) mental events-e.g., thoughts and feelings-are increasingly accessible to objective investigation, and provide an observable proximal causal mechanism for the environmental selection of behavior; (b) the call for pristine disciplinary boundaries is anachronistic, inasmuch as progress in the natural sciences has engendered disciplinary boundaries that are increasingly porous; (c) cognitive neuroscience facilitates a comprehensive understanding of complex human behavior by mapping out the relationship between such behavior and underlying brain events, thereby engaging in an appropriate form of reductionism (constitutive reductionism) that has become a hallmark of the natural sciences; and (d) ironically, it is radical behaviorism, in its disavowal of the informational level of complexity instantiated in brain events, that engages in inappropriate eliminative reductionism (i.e., reducing neural information to "nothing but" its underlying bring states).

Behaviorism↗
PubMed2004

Participation of primary motor cortical neurons in a distributed network during maze solution: representation of spatial parameters and time-course comparison with parietal area 7a.

Traditionally, primary motor cortex (M1) has been thought to be involved solely in planning and generating movements. Recent evidence suggests that the arm area of M1 plays a role in other functions, such as the representation of serial order (Pellizzer et al. 1995, Science 269:702-705; Carpenter et al. 1999, Science 283:1752-1757) and spatial processing (Georgopoulos et al. 1989, Science 243:234-236). Previous studies of such cognitive processes have used tasks in which a directed arm movement was required, raising a question as to whether this brain area is involved in cognitive processing per se, or whether such cognitive signals may be gated into the arm area of M1 only when arm movements are required. To study this question, we developed a task that required a spatial analysis of a complex visual stimulus, but required no arm movement as a response. In this task, monkeys were shown an octagonal maze. After an imposed delay of 2 to 2.5 s, they indicated whether a path that emanated from the center of the maze exited at the perimeter (exit maze) or terminated within the maze (no-exit maze) by pressing a pedal with their left or right foot, respectively. We recorded from 785 cells from the arm area of M1 from two monkeys during the delay period of the maze task. We found that cell activity was influenced by both the exit status and the direction of the path, beginning soon after the maze was displayed. This activity was not related to the activation of arm muscles, suggesting that the directional signals observed represented abstract spatial aspects of maze processing. Finally, we compared maze-related activity of M1 neurons with those recorded from posterior parietal area 7a, reported previously (Crowe et al. 2004). Interestingly, cells from each area exhibited similar properties. Both the exit status and path direction were encoded by cells in M1 and 7a, although to different extents. An analysis of the time-course of the neural representation of these factors revealed that area 7a and M1 begin to encode these factors at the same time, suggesting these brain areas are part of a distributed system performing the spatial computations involved in maze solution.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness and implementation of task-sharing cognitive-behavioral interventions for perinatal mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) delivered by nonspecialist providers (NSPs) on perinatal depressive (PND) and anxiety symptoms, and to narratively synthesize their implementation processes and reported implementation outcomes, including acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, cost, and sustainability. METHODS: We systematically searched eight databases from inception to April 8, 2025. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing CBIs delivered by NSPs for PND and/or anxiety. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted, and assessed trials. Meta-analyses employed random-effects models, with subgroup, sensitivity, meta-regression, and publication bias analyses conducted in Stata 18.0. Implementation processes and outcomes were reported as frequencies or percentages across trials. RESULTS: A total of 47 trials (11, 357 participants) were included in the systematic review, of which 37 trials (8,709 participants) were included for meta-analyses. CBIs were conducted in 12 countries. Nurses and midwives delivered 45% of CBIs. CBIs were associated with reduced PND post-intervention compared with control conditions (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.49, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.35; I² = 86.8%). Limited evidence from four trials suggested a small sustained effect at 12 months (SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.02; I² = 26.4%). Reductions in anxiety symptoms were observed immediately post-intervention (SMD, -0.45, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.25; I²=81%), but evidence for longer-term effects was limited. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent effects across diverse settings, populations, and intervention characteristics. Reporting of implementation processes (e.g., training, supervision, fidelity) was limited, with only 23.4% of trials assessing fidelity and 10.6% evaluating costs. CONCLUSIONS: NSP-delivered CBIs showed beneficial effects on PND and anxiety, with generally encouraging evidence for acceptability and feasibility. However, evidence for sustained effects beyond the immediate post-intervention period remains limited. Future studies should strengthen long-term follow-up and improve reporting of implementation processes and outcomes, particularly in rural and adolescent perinatal populations, to inform scalable and equitable task-sharing models.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implications of basic science research for brain injury rehabilitation: a focus on intact learning mechanisms.

Within a theoretical framework for rehabilitation that distinguishes between automatic and controlled processes, this article reviews basic science research and addresses the following issues: What cognitive abilities remain relatively intact after severe traumatic brain injury, and how can we incorporate intact skills into rehabilitative techniques? The reviewed research indicates that individuals with severe traumatic brain injury (a) generally perform similar to controls on cognitive tasks (or task components) that require automatic and implicit processes as opposed to consciously controlled processes; (b) can learn through implicit learning mechanisms; and (c) can acquire and use automatic processes in complex, cognitive task performance.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

Perceptual learning.

Perceptual learning involves relatively long-lasting changes to an organism's perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment. Four mechanisms of perceptual learning are discussed: attention weighting, imprinting, differentiation, and unitization. By attention weighting, perception becomes adapted to tasks and environments by increasing the attention paid to important dimensions and features. By imprinting, receptors are developed that are specialized for stimuli or parts of stimuli. By differentiation, stimuli that were once indistinguishable become psychologically separated. By unitization, tasks that originally required detection of several parts are accomplished by detecting a single constructed unit representing a complex configuration. Research from cognitive psychology, psychophysics, neuroscience, expert/novice differences, development, computer science, and cross-cultural differences is described that relates to these mechanisms. The locus, limits, and applications of perceptual learning are also discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

[Aesthetics theory and method of landscape resource assessment].

With the destruction of natural environment by human beings, scenic resources are no longer inexhaustible in supply and use. Human beings begin to lay the scenic resources on the same important strategic status as other natural resources, while landscape resources assessment is the prerequisite of their sustainable exploitation and conservation. This paper illustrated the psychological mechanisms of aesthetic and its approaches, compared with the methodologies of traditional and modem landscape aesthetic research, discussed the characteristics of important aesthetic theories (Platonism, Kant paradigm, Empathizing theory, Gestalt paradigm, Marxism aesthetics theory, and Appleton theory) and the landscape assessment theories of 4 paradigms (expert, psychological, cognitive, and empirical) and 2 groups (landscape environment science and landscape architecture culture), and summarized the important practices and successful examples at home and abroad. It was demonstrated that the historical development of landscape assessment had the feature of a contest between expert- and perception-based approaches, with the expert approach dominated in landscape management, while the perception-based approach dominated in landscape research. Both of these approaches generallty accepted that landscape quality was derived from the interaction between the biophysical features of landscape and the percepultual (judgmental) processes of human viewer. In the future, landscape quality assessment will evolve toward a shaky marriage, both expert- and perceptual approaches will be applied in parallel and merged in the final landscape management decision-making process in some but unspecified way, landscape information and complex geo-temporal dynamics representation central to scenic ecosystem management will present major challenges to the traditional landscape aesthetic assessment, and modem science and technology will continue to help meet these challenges. The main trends of landscape resources aesthetic assessment in this century will be the amalgamation and incorporation of diverse paradigms, the cross-disciplinary intersection and quantitative assessment, the emphasis of environment information and landscape ecological value recognition, the universal application of modern science and technology and of the dynamic and intellectual approaches of landscape information, the reality of landscape simulation and its scene technology of human perception, and the more attention to history and landscape culture.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1979

[Psychological theories in the context of an interdisciplinary gerontology (author's transl)].

The integration of the different disciplines of gerontology can be promoted by pointing to the analogies in biological, medical, psychological, and sociological constructs and theories of aging. Max Bürger's construct of "biomorphosis", the functional age approach in physiology, and the principle of homeostasis can contribute to the formulation of hypotheses and theories in the behavioral and social sciences, too. A common frame of reference for this integrated interdisciplinary gerontology is a differential approach which tries to define different patterns of aging, their biological, clinical, social, and psychological conditions, the control and prediction of the aging process within the frame-work of these patterns and the prevention of adverse patterns. An important contribution of behavioral sciences to this differential gerontological is defined by cognitive theories of behavior which point to the decisive role of the perceived (vs. the "objective") situation in selection of responses of the aged.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Utilization of cognitive style mapping in conjunction with individualized instruction.

Lack of adequate clinical facilities associated with the institution resulted in MLT students rarely receiving didactic and clinical instruction at the same time. Students had problems transferring knowledge from clinical situations to later lectures and from lectures one semester to clinical practicum next semester. Additionally, their success rate on certification examinations was low. An individualized curriculum utilizing cognitive style mapping for course "prescriptions" resulted in a greatly improved success rate on certification examinations; clinical preceptors and employers reported improved student and graduate performance at clinical sites.

Cognition↗
PubMed1982

Effect of experimental anxiety on behaviour.

One of the variables capable of significantly affecting personality behaviour under normal conditions and in pathology is anxiety. The theses submitted here are supported by arguments derived from the results of experiments carried out at the Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava. Anxiety significantly affects the activity of cognitive processes. Cognitive processes are often affected by anxiety indirectly through enhanced uncertainty, limitation of choice of responses, or inadequate reactions. The personality of an anxious S is characterized by such patterns of behaviour that may contribute, in the form of risk factors, to the onset of cardiac disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[A new intervention program for improvement of cognitive functions of senile dementia patients].

We proposed a new intervention program, the concept of which is derived from the knowledge of both brain science and clinical studies. We set up a hypothesis that activation of the association cortices by cognitive tasks may well improve the function of these cortices. To choose effective cognitive tasks for activation of the association cortices, we reviewed previous neuroimaging studies. Then, we prepared two tasks in arithmetic and Japanese language, which were systematized basic problems in reading and arithmetic, for the training program. Sixteen experimental and 16 control subjects participated. The subjects of the experimental group were asked to perform a training program using learning tasks in reading and arithmetic. The function of the frontal cortex of the subjects was assessed by FAB (frontal assessment battery at bedside). After six months of training, the FAB score of the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement. We also observed the restoration of communication and independence, and improvement in relationships with the clinical staff in the experimental group. Our results indicate that learning tasks of reading aloud and arithmetic calculation can be used for cognitive rehabilitation, which improves frontal functions of dementia patients.

Aged, 80 and over↗