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PubMed2001

[Children's health in zone of radioactive pollution caused by the Chernobyl accident].

The Chernobyl accident led to contamination of vast territories of Russia by man-made radionuclides. One of such regions is the Tula region. For realization of programs aimed at alleviation of the accident consequences, medical and sanitary measures were taken, including many-year monitoring of radiation pollution in the region and health status of various population groups, primarily children. Complex studies were carried out, making use of radiation, sociohygienic, epidemiological, psychophysiological, anthropometric, clinical laboratory, cytogenetic, immunological, and other methods. Dynamic examinations of children of different age demonstrated that radioactive precipitations at a density of 5-15 Ci/m2 did not directly affect children's health; however essential deviations in the health status, such as changes in morbidity, physical development, and incidence of immunodeficiencies have been revealed. The authors consider that realization of health protection programs should concern primarily children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluating relative risk of morbidity or mortality for persons who participated in the clean-up of the Chernobyl accident (based on the DALY index)].

The article covers a method evaluating the relative morbidity or mortality risk for those who liquidated Chernobyl accident consequences. The method is based on number of years lost due to untimely death and on number of years spent in disability due to new diseases or traumas. The highest mortality risk was revealed in the group who received at least 10.0 cGy, in workers with traumas and poisonings, in office workers with cardiovascular diseases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Invasion of microorganisms in bronchial mucosa of liquidators of the Chernobyl accident consequences].

Bronchial bioptates of 97 liquidators of the Chernobyl accident consequences with chronic bronchitis and 23 patients of control nosological group as well as sputum (174 persons) and BAL (22 persons) of liquidators with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were studied to define pathogenic role of automicroflora in the development of lung diseases. Such methods as electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and microbiology were used. The revealed invasion of microorganisms occurred against the background of pathology of superficial bronchial epithelium with a decrease of HLA-DR and CD23 lymphocytes and increase of CD1c lymphocytes in lamina propria of bronchial mucosa of the liquidators. Verification of microorganisms characteristic of the upper respiratory tracts and atypical presence of Escherichia coli were found in the contents of the lower parts of broncho-pulmonary system of the liquidators. The obtained results testify to the activation of automicroflora and appearance of pathogenic microorganisms were caused by deterioration of specific and non-specific immune protection in liquidators with COLD.

Bronchi↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of factors from the Chernobyl exclusion zone on the level of cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver microsomes].

The data concerning the influence of Chernobyl exclusive zone factors on cytochrome P-450 relative contents in liver microsome fractions of Balb/c, CC57W/Mv and C57 Black mice are submitted in this work Reliable diminishing of liver P-450 relative concentration in experimental animals, compared with respective isogenic control groups is shown to be varying depending on the mouse line and sex.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of the factors of 137Cs transfer to natural and sown grasses in the long term after the accident at the Chernobyl power plant].

The regularities of changes in factors of 137Cs transfer to natural and sown grasses in the longterm period after the Chernobyl accident are described. The dynamics of changes in factors of 137Cs transfer to sown grasses over the period of 1993 to 1999 was of a non-uniform character. On average, these transfer factors (TF) tended to decrease in that period. A significant tendency for an increase in TF to sown grasses was noted for 1997-1999. The half-life periods of decrease in TF to natural grasses in the period 1993-1999 were shown to be ranged from 4.6 to 24.6 years. It was demonstrated that the differences in the TF dynamics between sown and natural grasses were related to the peculiarities of their development and application of countermeasures.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[90Sr and 137Cs in higher aquatic plants of the Chernobyl nuclear plant exlusion zone]].

The content of radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in higher aquatic plants of water objects within Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone has been analysed. Biodiversity of phytocenose was studied and species-indicators of radioactive contamination were revealed. The seasonal dynamics of radionuclide content in macrophytes was studied and the role of main aquatic plant clumps in processes of 137Cs and 90Sr distribution in abiotic component of biohydrocenose was demonstrated.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2001

[Genetic effects of acute and chronic ionizing irradiation on Pinus sylvestris L., inhabiting the Chernobyl' meltdown area].

The main results of the 12-year radiation-genetic monitoring of radiobiological, cytogenetic, and genetic parameters in Pinus sylvestris forest plantation from the Chernobyl meltdown area are presented. The acute ionizing irradiation at doses > 1 Gy was shown to induce formation of morphoses and depressed growth; at doses > 2 Gy, the reproductive ability of the trees declined. The radiobiological parameters showed a linear or close to linear dose-dependence relationship. The acute irradiation at a dose of 0.5 Gy induced cytogenetic and genetic effects that were significantly higher than the corresponding control values. The relationship between the cytogenetic effects and the absorbed dose was exponential. The dependence of the mutation frequency at specific loci on the absorbed dose was described by a nonlinear curve. The results of cytogenetic analysis of seedlings obtained from seeds annually collected in zones of slight, moderate, and strong damage of Pinus sylvestris L. are presented.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2001

Microscopic distribution of iodine radioisotopes in the thyroid of the iodine deficient new-born rat: insight concerning the Chernobyl accident.

UNLABELLED: Thyroid cancer markedly increased in children exposed to iodine radioisotopes following the Chernobyl accident. This increase exceeded predictions based on dose estimates to the whole organ. We sought to investigate whether iodine deficiency may have influenced the pattern of microscopic distribution of radioiodines, which may be important to interpretation of the observed effects. Iodine-deficient new-born rats were injected with iodine-129 (129I) and the microscopic distribution in the thyroid tissue was studied at 24 hr and at one week after administration, using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Twenty-four hr after administration, SIMS images showed large differences in 129I uptake among thyroid follicles, with more than a factor ten variation in the local concentration. In addition, the distribution of 129I inside follicles varied with time. At 24 hr, the highest concentration was found at the periphery of the colloid, close to the thyroid cells. There also was enhanced concentration of 129I at one pole of follicles. Distribution inside follicles was homogeneous at 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: 1/Dosimetric models, which assume uniform iodine uptake by thyroid follicles, give an oversimplified picture of radiation dosimetry in cases involving iodine deficiency, which induces patchy tissue irradiation. 2/The dynamic pattern of iodine distribution within thyroid follicles suggests that decay events from short-lived iodines will occur closer to thyroid cells than events resulting from iodine-131.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Psychopharmacotherapy in combine treatment of depressive disorders in patients with brain pathology affected by the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station accident].

The studies made showed that employment of amitriptylinum in patients presenting with depressive disturbances against the background of the organic affection of the brain resulted in origination od side effects, which fact failed to promote the reduction of depressive symptomatology. The use of azaphenum is not very effective. Protiadenum, a new antidepressant, does not induce side effects like amitriptylinum and was noted to be more effective than azaphenum. Protiadenum combined with nootropil and those drugs improving cerebral microcirculation (cavintonum) enhance efficiency of psychopharmacotherapy of depressive disorders in persons with organic affection of brain, who had become victims of the Chernobyl accident, which fact permits recommending such therapy in the complex of curative measures in the given contingent of patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Basic results of work on ameliorating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station in the area of agricultural radioecology druing the period 1986-2001 (on the 15th anniversary of the accident)].

The review has summarized the main results of the amelioration work after the Chernobyl accident in the field of agricultural industry. Regularities of radionuclide behaviour in agrosystems and effectiveness of the protection in agriculture were considered. The tasks of cleaning-up radioactive contamination in the distant periods after the accident were discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional-ecological and age-specific regularities in radionuclide concentration in freshwater molluscs from the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station exclusion zone].

The results of the studies on 90Sr and 137Cs content in the tissues of bivalve and gastropod mollusks of water basins in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl NPP have been analyzed. The dependence of radionuclide accumulation factors on the peculiarities of morphological structure, functional ecology and nutrition type was found. The age dynamics of 137Cs content in some species of Gastropoda was studied.

Alkaloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and immunological characteristics of dystrophic diseases of the retina in cleaners up after the Chernobyl AES accident].

A total of 119 Chernobyl liquidators with dystrophic changes in the retina were examined. Primary sclerotic maculodystrophy was diagnosed in 87 (73.1%, 174 eyes), bilateral peripheral chorioretinal degeneration in 40 (33.6%, 80 eyes), and hypertensive retinopathy in 12 patients (10.1%, 24 eyes). Twenty (16.8%) patients (40 eyes) presented with combined diseases (maculodystrophy and peripheral chorioretinal degeneration, maculodystrophy and retinopathy). Central "dry" forms of retinal involvement predominated, affecting mainly central visual acuity and electrophysiological parameters. Disordered immunological reactivity and activation of autoimmune and immunocomplex reactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of these changes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative analysis of memory pathologies of various genesis: epileptic patients and Chernobyl nuclear plant accident liquidators].

Different types of short-term memory were examined in two groups of people: epileptic patients during remission and participants of cleaning after the incident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The control group matched the experimental groups by sex, age, and education. It was found that memory dysfunctions were similar independently of the kind of pathology. The associative memory was most vulnerable. This finding is explained in terms of the role of protein-nucleic synthesis (the molecular-universal aspect) in the formation of human and animal associative memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Species specificity of karyotype instability under conditions of radionuclide contamination (the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant) in the voles, Micrototus oeconomus, Micrototus arvalis, and Clethrionomys glareolus].

The comparative analysis of frequencies of different type cytogenetic anomalies in voles Microtus oeconomus, Microtus arvalis, Clethrionomys glareolus trapped in territories with different levels of radionuclide contamination inside the 30-km zone of estrangement around the Chernobyl NPP was carried out. Animals with constitutive chromosome abnormalities were not revealed. The frequency of lympocytes with micronuclei was the most universal and sensitive character to chronic low-dose radiation in investigated species. The species-specific relation was observed between level of radionuclide contamination in trapping zone and increase in frequencies of cytogenetic abnormalities: aneuploidy in Microtus arvalis and metaphase plates with asynchronous centromere fission in Microtus oeconomus. Common vole appears to be the most sensitive species of investigated ones to chronic low-dose ionizing irradiation.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of irradiation dose, body mass index and insulin blood concentration in personnel cleaning up after the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident].

Liquidators of aftermaths of the Chernobyl accident (LCA) who had worked within the 30-km zone for not more then 3 months in 1986 and early in the year 1987 were examined in 1988-1992, 1997-1998. They were divided into two groups of persons with normal body mass index (BMI) and abnormal BMI. The dose of irradiation received, BMI and insulin concentration in the blood were analysed. The comparison group consisted of persons having been exposed to acute psychogenic stress--they were servicemen in their first year of military service. The control group comprised normal subjects. Hyperinsulinemia was recordable in LCA with normal and abnormal BMI for the space of 3 to 12 years after the accident. The above hyperinsulinemia, as we see it, is related to direct or indirect action of irradiation because those persons with prior acute psychogenic stress and healthy people have been found to be free from hyperinsulinemia. The possibility cannot be ruled out that hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in LCA reported by other authors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Health consequences of the Chernobyl accident].

The Chernobyl accident in 1986 has been and still is the subject of great interest. Journalistic reports often contain exaggerations and undocumented statements and much uncertainty about the true consequences of the accident prevails in the population. This article reviews the current literature with the focus on reports from official commissions and documentation in the form of controlled studies. The fatal deterministic consequences comprise about 30 victims. The most important outcome is a marked increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in the most heavily contaminated area. Furthermore, pronounced psychosocial problems are dominant in the population of the contaminated area. Other significant and documented health consequences are not seen.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effectiveness of measures directing to lowering the dose of radiation to residents of rural settlements in the extended period after the accident at the Chernobyl atomic energy station].

Justification of the application of countermeasure options in the long term after the Chernobyl accident is presented exemplified by a number of rural settlements located in areas with different fallout density. Protective and rehabilitation countermeasures are ranked based on the criterion such as cost of 1 man.-Sv. Estimated are time periods when the need in countermeasures will persist for settlements located in areas with different contamination levels and internal dose contribution to the overall dose.

Humans↗