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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Reconstruction of an early seduction and its aftereffects.

This clinical presentation deals with the aftereffects, in a male patient, of a severely disturbed rapprochement phase, marked by many separations and a molestation before the age of three. The patient dreamed repeatedly of violence, often directed against himself, but the actual molestation was sealed off by formidable repression. A first analysis, with a male analyst, produced no relief from the patient's depression, crippling insomnia, and inability to form an intimate relationship. The second analysis progressed only when the repetitive dreams were understood to be repressed experiences of seduction and molestation.

Child Abuse, Sexual↗
PubMed1987

Drives, affects, behavior--and learning: approaches to a psychobiology of emotion and to an integration of psychoanalytic and neurobiologic thought.

Drawing on concepts and data from psychoanalysis, neuroscience, ethology, and experimental psychology, this paper suggests that affects are the prime movers of human motivation and have, in addition, these properties: they are neurophysiologically generated, sensationlike signals originating not in classical sensory systems, but in limbic structures; activation of the neurobiologic affect generators reliably triggers motor stereotype--like facial expression, posture, and tone of voice--which in turn transmit the physical data underlying empathy and emotional communication; and appetitively sought pleasant emotions-sensations and aversive dysphoric feelings serve respectively as the ultimate, "brain-synthesized" positive and negative reinforcers of emotional learning. The latter ideas point to derivative hypotheses: that parental nonverbal behavior and communication evoke in children the affects that guide character development and choice of defense, and that these processes are consistent with an affect-reinforced associative learning model comprising both operant and classical conditioning paradigms. Psychoanalysis as therapy, then, may mechanistically rely for its clinical effectiveness on extinctionlike processes in which new experience in the analyst-patient relationship leads to the modulation or extinction of initially crippling signal affects associatively linked to various other affects, appetites, and behaviors. Finally, the core hypotheses mesh both with recent findings from the cellular study of affect and learning mechanisms and with associative learning-unlearning assumptions variably explicit in psychoanalytic writings since the time of Freud's (1895) Project.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Spinal tuberculosis.

Spinal tuberculosis is an important and potentially crippling disease, but if recognized early and treated energetically it can be brought under control, often with very gratifying results. Knowledge of the exact bacteriology and sensitivity pattern of the organisms involved can be very helpful indeed, and should be sought where possible.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Emotions, coping, and psychological well-being in elderly people with arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis, the most destructive and crippling of all forms of arthritis, poses a number of stressful demands on individuals. In a sample of elderly women (N = 59) and men (N = 19) with rheumatoid arthritis, the relationship between social economic status, severity of impairment, sex, stress emotions, type of coping strategy, and psychological well-being was explored. Path analysis results indicated that higher social economic status was directly related to greater use of confrontive types of coping strategies. Severity of impairment had a direct, negative influence on psychological well-being, but sex was not an important factor. Optimistic coping strategies were used most often and emotive coping strategies the least.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

The emerging importance of dietary lipids, quantity and quality, in the global disease burden: the potential of aquatic resources.

Achievement of Health-for-All, whereby people everywhere throughout their lives, have the opportunity to reach and maintain the highest attainable level of health is impossible whilst hunger, starvation, and malnutrition remain. Malnutrition covers a broad spectrum of ills, including undernutrition, specific nutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition; and it kills, maims, retards, cripples, blinds, and impairs human development on a truly massive scale worldwide. In the developing world in 1995, of the estimated 10.4 million deaths among children under 5 years of age, protein-energy malnutrition was an associated and causative factor in 5.1 million of these deaths (i.e. 49%). On the other hand, evidence has recently been compiled suggesting that of the more than 10 million cases of cancer that occurred in 1996, an estimated 30-40% (3-4 million every year) are preventable by feasible, appropriate diets, and by physical activity and maintenance of appropriate body weight. Malnutrition affects all age groups across the entire lifespan. From the moment of conception, throughout foetal life, iodine, folate and intrauterine nutrition have a profound influence on development, growth, morbidity, mortality, not only in utero and in early infancy, but on morbidity, physical and mental capacity throughout life. Despite significant improvements in world food supplies, health conditions, and availability of educational and social services, no population escapes malnutrition's grasp. All countries have significant population groups with some form of debilitating malnutrition. Malnutrition worldwide, includes a spectrum of nutrient-related disorders, deficiencies and conditions including the following major public health problems; Intrauterine growth retardation, protein-energy malnutrition, Iodine deficiency disorders, Vitamin A Deficiency, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Overweight and Obesity (WHO, Website).

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1989

Family therapy: critique from a feminist perspective.

Family therapy is a powerful modality which, all too often, is used without awareness of its possible constricting, or even crippling, effects. Textbooks and articles about family therapy focus soley or mainly on the family system alone, thus obscuring the influence of school, workplace, neighborhood, peer group, class, race and sex. Theorists, who are predominantly male, have developed rigid and mechanical concepts which encourage formulations encompassing the family system alone. Power inequalities between men and women are ignored and socially programmed sex roles are reflected and reinforced by theory and practice. Thus family therapy may function to locate and contain, within the family, difficulties and distress derived from stresses outside the family. The negative effects of traditional sex roles on emotional growth, sexuality and the development of mutually gratifying male-female relationships are never dealt with. As a result, family therapy may contribute to men's straitjacketing and women's oppression. To fulfill its promise, family therapy research and teaching must move beyond shortsighted and narrowly conceptualized theories which could damage, rather than heal, families who are suffering.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Psychopathology in Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare congenital disease which can impair a child's brain functions and psychosocial development. Its psychiatric aspects have been ignored in the literature. Two male Chinese patients who presented with paranoid disorders and one female Chinese patient who presented with depressive pseudo-dementia are described. Biological and psychosocial aspects of pathogenesis are discussed, especially in the light of a "shame-humiliation model" of paranoid processes, since shame and humiliation are engrained in Chinese culture. These case descriptions suggest an overlooked association of Sturge-Weber syndrome with psychopathology and have important implications for the prevention and treatment of such potentially crippling psychiatric complications in subjects with this syndrome as well as other visible physical handicaps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Health care cost containment in the 1980s.

Benefits administrators--and their employers--can no longer ignore the skyrocketing costs of health care. The wide range of measures explored here for controlling these costs include negotiating with providers, analyzing medical claims, enlisting the aid of employee/patients, structuring benefit programs to eliminate excesses, and setting up wellness programs to alter the lifestyles--smoking, drinking, poor nutrition--that result in crippling, even fatal diseases.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1984

Dextropropoxyphene deaths: coroner's report.

Dextropropoxyphene has been increasingly prescribed as an analgesic in the UK, chiefly in the form of Distalgesic (dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride 32.5 mg and paracetamol 325 mg per tablet). After reports of sudden deaths from the misuse of this combination, prescribing is declining. Distalgesic remains the most common cause of fatal drug overdose in the West Midlands, UK. The 1983 Birmingham inquests are compared with those from the year 1976 to 1979. In comparison with other drug fatalities, death characteristically occurs rapidly, as little as 1 h after ingestion and usually before hospital treatment can be initiated. Toxicity is increased by alcohol which is also extensively abused. The fatal dose may be as small as 15 tablets or possibly less. Many victims are young and some never intended to take their life. Convulsions and respiratory failure precede death. The elderly and respiratory cripples may be more vulnerable to accidental death. Evidence suggests a liability to dependence or even addiction with dextropropoxyphene.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neural stem cells: from cell biology to cell replacement.

A large number of crippling neurological conditions result from the loss of certain cell populations from the nervous system through disease or injury, and these cells are not intrinsically replaced. Mounting evidence now suggests that replacement of depleted cell populations by transplantation may be of functional benefit in many such diseases. A diverse range of cell populations is vulnerable, and the loss of specific populations results in circumscribed deficits in different conditions. This diversity presents a considerable challenge if cell replacement therapy is to become widely applicable in the clinical domain, because each condition has specific requirements for the phenotype, developmental stage, and number of cells required. An ideal cell for universal application in cell replacement therapy would possess several key properties: it would be highly proliferative, allowing the ex vivo production of large numbers of cells from minimal donor material; it would also remain immature and phenotypically plastic such that it could differentiate into appropriate neural and glial cell types on, or prior to, transplantation. Critically, both proliferation and differentiation would be controllable. This review considers some of the evidence that stem cells exist in the central nervous system and that they may possess characteristics that make them ideal for broad application in cell replacement therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fluoride: benefits and risks of exposure.

This summarizes current knowledge of the benefits and risks of fluoride ingestion. The preponderance of evidence indicates that fluoride can reduce the incidence of dental caries and that fluoridation of drinking water can provide such protection. Due to the ubiquitous nature of exposures to fluoride sources other than drinking water, it is currently impossible to draw firm conclusions regarding the independent effect of fluoride in drinking water on caries prevalence using an ecologic study design. Moderate dental fluorosis occurs in 1 to 2% of the population exposed to fluoride at 1 mg/l in drinking water and in about 10% of the population at 2 mg/l; moderate/severe fluorosis occurs in variable percentages ranging up to 33% of the population exposed to fluoride at 2.4 to 4.1 mg/l in drinking water. The issue of whether moderate or severe dental fluorosis represents an adverse health effect is still controversial. There is no evidence of skeletal fluorosis among the general U.S. population exposed to drinking water fluoride concentrations lower than 4 mg/l. Radiographically detected osteosclerosis after chronic exposure to fluoride in drinking water at 8 mg/l was not associated with clinical symptoms. Reports of crippling skeletal fluorosis associated with low concentrations of fluoride in drinking water in tropical countries have been attributed to other dietary factors. The available data suggest that some individuals may experience hypersensitivity to fluoride-containing agents. Further studies on hypersensitivity are required. There is no evidence of increased incidence of renal disease or renal dysfunction in humans exposed to up to 8 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water. Structural changes in kidneys of experimental animals have been detected at doses exceeding 1 to 5 mg fluoride per kilogram per day. Based on four case reports, individuals with renal insufficiency who consume large volumes of naturally fluoridated water at 2 to 8 mg/l are possibly at increased risk of developing skeletal fluorosis. Studies on the effects of fluoride in individuals with renal insufficiency are needed. There is no evidence that chronic exposure to concentrations of fluoride reported to be greater than 2 mg/l in drinking water increases human cancer mortality or incidence. A study of lifetime exposure to fluoride on cancer incidence in rats and mice has been completed, but assessment for cancer has not been completed. There is no evidence that fluoride is genotoxic except in some in vitro assays at cytotoxic concentrations. There is no in vivo evidence that fluoride affects human cellular enzyme activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Poverty, structural barriers, and health: a Santali narrative of health communication.

Recent years have witnessed a surge in scholarship that problematizes the linear, Eurocentric approach to international health communication and suggests the pressing need for a culture-centered approach. This author takes a culture-centered approach to exploring the Santali meanings of health in rural Bengal. The open-ended interviews conducted with the Santals bring to surface key issues and meaningful theories of health. Central to the Santali experience of health is food; for the Santal, it is his or her hunger that is the greatest cause of disease and illness. Poverty and the presence of structural barriers that cripple Santali existence emerge as the critical themes of Santali health meanings. The study also illuminates the complex process of meaning making engaged in by participants of marginalized sectors. The author draws policy-based implications from the findings of this research.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pantalar arthrodesis: a long-term follow-up.

Eighty-three pantalar arthrodeses in 69 patients performed at the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Greenville, South Carolina, between 1941 and 1977 were evaluated. Follow-up was from 1 to 33 years. Diagnoses included poliomyelitis, myelodysplasia, arthrogryposis, clubfeet, and extremity or spinal cord trauma. Methods of fusion were one-stage pantalar arthrodesis, two-stage triple ankle fusion, one-stage completion of prior tarsal fusion, and one-stage denudation of the talus. Pantalar arthrodesis is successful in the paralytic sensitive foot with a stable knee and there is no greater incidence of nonunion in the one-stage (Hunt-Thompson) procedure than in the two-stage procedure. Complications and failure of fusion are common in the insensitive foot.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lateral talocalcaneal angle in assessment of subtalar valgus: follow-up of seventy Grice-Green arthrodeses.

To determine whether definitive radiographic criteria could be elucidated for the Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, all 70 cases performed at the Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, Erie, Pennsylvania, from 1972 to 1980 were reviewed. Patients were followed both clinically and radiographically an average of 4 years and 11 months. Major conclusions were as follows: 1) the standing lateral talocalcaneal angle is the most reliable measurement for operative selection and assessment of postoperative success; and 2) by using strict operative techniques and proper patient selection, a 90% success rate can be expected.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgery in advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Crippling equinocavovarus position of the foot in advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with its attendant metatarsalgia tender calluses and rigidity creates painful, limited, hobbling ambulation with lowered work and general activity tolerance. The object of the surgeries is to convert this foot into a plantigrade , more flexible, painless unit. Surgery consists of plantar fasciotomies off the tubercle of the os calcis and also transversely through the middle of the longitudinal arch. Dorsally angulated green-stick osteotomies are performed at the bases of all the metatarsals. A Jones operation with transfer of the long extensor great toe tendon through the neck and head of the first metatarsal and arthrodesis of the IP joint of the great toe complete the surgery. Often it is necessary to do Bunnell repair lengthening of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. Occasionally, the first metatarsophalangeal joint needs dorsal capsulotomy and lengthening of the short extensor tendon. Variations in and simplicity of techniques are demonstrated with a case report. Ten patients (eight men and two women: 18 feet), ranging in age from 18 to 46 years (average age, 29 years), with a 3- to 6-year follow-up are herein reported. Correction has been maintained in the oldest case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Building and burying fear memories in the brain.

The world is a dangerous place. Whether this danger takes the form of an automobile careening toward you or a verbal threat from a stranger, your brain is highly adapted to perceive such threats, organize appropriate defensive behaviors, and record the circumstances surrounding the experience. Indeed, memories of fearful events serve a critical biological function by allowing humans and other animals to anticipate future dangers. But these memories can also feed pathological fear, yielding crippling clinical conditions such as panic disorder. In this review, the author will examine how the brain builds fear memories and how these memories come to be suppressed when they no longer predict danger. The review will focus on the fundamental role for synapses in the amygdala in acquiring fear memories and the function of neural circuits interconnecting the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in modulating the expression of such memories once learned. The discovery of the neural architecture for fear memory highlights the powerful interplay between animal and human research and the promise for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of other complex cognitive phenomena.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

Epigenetic silencing of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene in classical Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell lines contributes to the loss of immunoglobulin expression.

Immunoglobulin production is impaired in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) in spite of functional clonal rearrangements. The presence of "crippling" mutations in coding and regulatory regions, as well as down-regulation of B-cell-specific transcription factors, has been suggested as a potential reason for the lack of immunoglobulin (Ig) chain gene transcription. We have investigated the impact of epigenetic silencing in suppressing Ig heavy (H)-chain expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to analyze transcription factor binding to octamer motifs present in the IgH regulatory regions. Transcription factors were bound to these motifs in control cell lines, however, they were absent in the cHL-derived cell lines KMH2, L1236, and L428. Ectopic expression of octamer-binding transcription factor (Oct2) and/or B-cell Oct binding protein/Oct-binding factor (BOB.1/OBF.1) did not result in any measurable binding to these sites. Increased histone 3 Lysine 9 (H3-K9) methylation was observed in the promoter region of the IgH locus in L428 and L1236 cells. This is a typical feature of heterochromatic, transcriptionally silent regions. Treatment of cHL-derived cell lines with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) partially reactivated IgH transcription and affected chromatin modifications. Our results suggest an important role of epigenetic silencing in the inhibition of IgH transcription in HRS cells.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2003

Molecular histogenesis of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders.

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a serious complication of solid organ transplantation. This study assessed the molecular histogenesis of 52 B-cell monoclonal PTLDs, including 12 polymorphic PTLDs (P-PTLDs), 36 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), and 4 Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphomas (BL/BLLs). Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin variable (IgV) genes documented that most monoclonal B-cell PTLDs (75% P-PTLDs, 91.3% DLBCLs, 100% BL/BLLs) derive from germinal center (GC)-experienced B cells. B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) mutations occurred in 25% P-PTLDs, 60.6% DLBCLs, and 75.0% BL/BLLs. A first histogenetic category of PTLDs (31.2% DLBCLs) express the BCL6+/multiple myeloma oncogene-1 protein (MUM1-/+)/CD138- profile and mimic B cells experiencing the GC reaction, as also suggested by ongoing SHM in a fraction of these cases. A second subset of PTLDs (66.7% P-PTLDs and 31.2% DLBCLs) display the BCL6-/MUM1+/CD138- phenotype and mimic B cells that have concluded the GC reaction. A third histogenetic category of PTLDs (25.0% P-PTLDs and 31.2% DLBCLs) shows the BCL6-/MUM1+/CD138+ profile, consistent with preterminally differentiated post-GC B cells. Crippling mutations of IgV heavy chain (IgVH) and/or IgV light chain (IgVL) genes, leading to sterile rearrangements and normally preventing cell survival, occur in 4 DLBCLs and 1 BL/BLL that may have been rescued from apoptosis through expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Overall, the histogenetic diversity of monoclonal B-cell PTLDs may help define biologically homogeneous categories of the disease.

Adolescent↗