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PubMed2006

Echinococcus multilocularis in north Italy.

Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Fox populations living in the Alpine regions of Italy had been considered free from this parasite until 2002, when two infected foxes were detected in Bolzano province (Trentino Alto Adige region) near Austrian border. A modified nested PCR analysis was used to detect E. multilocularis DNA in faecal samples belonging to red fox populations from five Italian regions. A total of 522 faecal samples were analysed from foxes shot in Valle d'Aosta (N = 65), Liguria (N = 44), Lombardy (N = 105), Veneto (N = 67), and Trentino Alto Adige (N = 241) regions. Among these, 24 samples, all from the Trentino Alto Adige region, were found positive. Moreoever, 1406 faecal samples of red foxes were analyzed by CA-ELISAs commercial test kit. This paper provides an update of the epidemiological knowledge of this parasite in north Italy.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A mass occurrence of human infection with Diplogonoporus grandis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan.

Forty-six cases of human infection with Diplogonoporus grandis were found in Shizuoka Prefecture on the Pacific coast of Central Japan in 1996. The cases were predominantly elderly male patients over 50 years of age. Although all cases were reported from May to September of the year, most of them were diagnosed in June and July. We suspected that the transmission was due to the consumption of raw juvenile Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), which are seasonally caught in the spring months off the Pacific coast of the Prefecture. In almost a hundred years after its discovery in 1894, there had been more than 180 cases of human diplogonoporiasis recorded in Japan. The high incidence within a relatively short time frame of our investigation is regarded unusual even in this country.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Binding and lethal effect of complement from Oncorhynchus mykiss on Gyrodactylus derjavini (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea).

A lethal effect of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss plasma containing intact complement factors on Gyrodactylus derjavini was demonstrated. It was associated with binding of complement factor C3 to certain carbohydrate-rich parasite structures. Parasites were exposed in vitro to plasma from rainbow trout. Untreated plasma from infected and uninfected fish showed lethal effects on the parasites within 1 h, whereas prior heat inactivation of complement prevented any parasite killing. Inhibition of the classical pathway by EGTA (ethyleneglycol-tetraacetic acid) treatment of plasma did not prevent the killing. It was shown by immuno-cytochemical assays that C3 bound directly to certain parasite structures (cephalic gland openings, parasite body, hamulus sheath). In contrast, no immunoglobulin binding was detected on the parasites. Lectin-binding assays indicated mannose-rich regions in the cephalic gland openings and lactose derivatives in the hamulus sheath. Galactose derivatives showed a general distribution in the glycocalyx. Thus, the antibody-independent plasma effect on the gyrodactylids are ascribed to the alternative complement pathway, and it is suggested that some carbohydrate epitopes on the parasites are involved in the C3 activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Syntheses and anthelmintic activity of alkyl 5(6)-(substituted-carbamoyl)- and 5(6)-(disubstituted-carbamoyl)benzimidazole-2-carbamates and related compounds.

A number of alkyl 5(6)-(substituted-carbamoyl)- and 5(6)-(disubstituted-carbamoyl)benzimidazole-2-carbamates and related compounds have been synthesized, and their anthelmintic activity against various intestinal helminths of experimental animals have been evaluated. A large percentage of the compounds synthesized showed noteworthy activity against Ancylostoma ceylanicum and at higher doses against Hymenolepsis nana infections. Compared to the alkyl 5(6)-(substituted-carbamoyl)benzimidazole-2-carbamates, the disubstituted carbamoyl analogues were found to exhibit better anthelmintic activity. The most active compound of the series, namely, methyl 5(6)-[(N-2-pyridylpiperazino)carbamoyl]benzimidazole-2-carbamate (90), has been screened against intestinal helminths in higher animals and as a micro- and macrofilaricidal agent. Compound 90 has been identified as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent. Compound 90 has been identified as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic in view of its efficacy against A. ceylanicum (hamsters and dogs), H. nana (rats), Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (rats), Syphacia obvelata (mice), A. tubaeformis (cat), Toxocara spp. (cat), and Litomosoides carinii (cotton rat).

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed2003

Seasonal and yearly population dynamics of two exotic helminths, Camallanus coti (Nematoda) and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda), parasitizing exotic fishes in Waianu Stream, O'ahu, Hawaii.

Exotic poeciliid fishes introduced into Hawaiian freshwaters are responsible for the introduction of several exotic parasites, of which the most important are Camallanus cotti and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in terms of potential disease threat to native stream fishes. This roundworm and tapeworm are the most prevalent and abundant freshwater fish helminths in Hawaiian streams. This study examined the seasonal and yearly population structure of C. cotti and B. acheilognathi to determine if the tropical Hawaiian environment characterized by low climatic variability permits continuous opportunities for parasite transmission regardless of time of year. Camallanus cotti displayed seasonal differences in prevalence and mean abundance, whereas B. acheilognathi did not. Camallanus cotti prevalence and mean abundance were higher in the Hawaiian summer (47.7%, 0.79) than in winter (25.8%, 0.36). A seasonal relationship of C. cotti levels is likely explained by extensive rains associated with the Hawaiian winter season, which may act to decrease parasite transmission by flushing infected poeciliid hosts, intermediate copepod hosts, and possibly free-living infective worm stages downstream. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi displayed low prevalence and mean abundance in both summer (4.0%, 0.06) and winter (6.5%, 0.07), and it may be difficult to detect seasonal changes due to these low levels. Camallanus cotti prevalence and mean abundance remained relatively constant from the summer of 1995 to the summer of 1999, indicating that levels of this roundworm are stable in Waianu Stream. Whereas B. acheilognathi prevalence and mean abundance were low during the summer of 1995 and the summer of 1997, a dramatic peak in prevalence and mean abundance was observed in the summer of 1998 (41.2%, 1.06), with levels decreasing sharply in the summer of 1999 (4.4%, 0.07). It appears that B. acheilognathi also is present in stable populations at low levels, even though levels rose sharply during a single year.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Intracapsular asexual proliferation of Mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia in the gastrointestinal tract and mesenteries of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis).

Nonproliferous and proliferous tetrathyridia (Mesocestoides sp.) have been reported from natural and experimental infections in reptiles and rodents. Multiple tetrathyridia (1+) in individual capsules (host-derived) were observed for both types of tetrathyridia and in both types of animals. To determine whether proliferous tetrathyridia in this genus could replicate in host capsules of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), 11 snakes were inoculated and maintained in 2 environmental chambers (25 C and 30 C). One snake at each temperature was removed at 4-wk intervals and killed. Sections of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent mesenteries were histologically examined. The increase in the numbers of tetrathyridia per capsule was significant at both 25 C (P = 0.007) and 30 C (P < 0.001). Identification of 7 intracapsular tetrathyridia with binary scoleces served as collaborative evidence. This paper presents the first significant evidence for asexual replication of the proliferous tetrathyridia (Mesocestoides sp.) in a reptilian host.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dose-titration to confirm the level of fenbendazole for control of Raillietina cesticillus in broiler chickens.

A total of 452 broiler chickens, naturally infected with Raillietina cesticillus, were allotted into six treatment groups. One group was fed unmedicated broiler ration (Group 1), and the other five groups were fed broiler ration containing fenbendazole at 180 ppm for 3 days (38.5 mg/kg body weight [BW]), 240 ppm for 3 days (50.9 mg/kg BW), 120 ppm for 6 days (52.2 mg/kg BW), 180 ppm for 6 days (79.9 mg/kg BW), or 240 ppm for 6 days (104.3 mg/kg BW). Fenbendazole was 100.0% efficacious against R. cesticillus when administered in the diet at 240 ppm for 6 days; 99.9% at 240 ppm for 3 days and at 180 ppm for 6 days; 99.5% at 120 ppm for 6 days; and 96.9% at 180 ppm for 3 days. Fenbendazole treatment had no adverse effect on weight gain or feed intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The lethal effect of mebendazole on secondary Echinococcus granulosus, cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti.

Oral administration of mebendazole at a rate of 1 g/kg feed (approximately 50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 14 days killed mature and immature cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis in rabbits, and multiplying tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice. Progressive degrees of parasite damage caused by mebendazole treatment could be assessed by histological examination of calcereous corpuscles. A single subcutaneous injection of 10 percent mebendazole in carrier, at a rate of 100 mg/kg body weight, resulted in the death of all M. corti tetrathyridia in mice within 4 weeks, but the drug in saline was slowly mobilized and was relatively ineffective. Neither subcutaneous injections of mebendazole in saline or in carrier could kill cysticerci of T. pisiformis within 5 weeks, but the drug in carrier was effective after several months. Mebendazole in saline was effective when injected intraperitoneally, but adhesions often resulted from this route of administration. Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection were rapidly encapsulated by host lymphoid cells. The vesiculating protoscoleces were all contained within a fibrous capsule for more than 2 months after infection, but by 4 months almost all had grown free of the host reaction. Treatment of the encapsulated protoscoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days caused collapse of the outer cysts and death of the germinal membrane of all but the innermost protoscoleces. Six weeks later, however, cysts had regrown from surviving germinal tissue and a further treatment with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days again did not destroy all germinal cells. Treatment of the 4-month-old scoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14 days caused all cysts to collapse and destroyed practically all E. granulosus germinal tissue. Three subcutaneous injections of mebendazole at fortnightly intervals, of drug in saline at 500 mg/kg body weight, or in carrier at 100 mg/dg body weight, were required in order apparently to kill all secondary cysts of E. granulosus. Host lymphoid cells were not able to traverse the laminated membrane of either untreated or collapsed cysts, and it has been shown that only a small amount of living germinative tissue is required to produce a new E. granulosus cyst. These factors could contribute to the relative ability of E. granulosus cysts to recover from mebendazole treatment, compared with cysticerci or tetrathyridia. The effectiveness of mebendazole thus seemed to depend on the formulation of the drug and its route of administration. Mebendazole is probably the first anthelmintic to have a lethal effect on larval cestodes. When applied orally there do not appear to be any adverse effects due to treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Efficacy of fenbendazole against tapeworms in calves.

Forty-five commercial-grade Angus calves naturally infected with tapeworms (Moniezia sp) were used in 2 controlled experiments to evaluate the cestocidal efficacy of 3 dosage levels of fenbendazole, methyl-5-(phenylthio) -2-benzimidazolecarbamate. In the 1st trial, 15 calves were divided into 3 groups of 5 each. One group served as nonmedicated controls. Other groups were drenched with fenbendazole at dosage rates of 10 and 15 mg/kg of body weight. Thirty calves used in the 2nd experiment were divided into 3 equal groups. One group served as nonmedicated controls and the other 2 groups were drenched at dosage rates of 7.5 and 10 mg/kg. Calves were necropsied 13 days after treatment. Doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg were 100% efficacious in reducing the number of tapeworm scolices, and a dose of 7.5 mg/kg was 91.7% effective. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in medicated cattle from time of treatment to necropsy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The distribution of Anoplocephala perfoliata in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes.

The intestinal tracts of 130 horses were examined for infection with Anoplocephala perfoliata at necropsy. Fifty horses (38.5%) harboured the tapeworm, and the site of attachment of each worm was recorded using predetermined anatomical landmarks. The worms were attached in four regions of the gastrointestinal tract: 17% of the worms were found at the ileocaecal junction, 81% on the caecal wall, 1.7% in the terminal ileum and 0.2% in the ventral colon. The severity of lesions produced at the sites of attachment was related to the number of worms attached. Due to the small area of the ileocaecal junction, worms at this site were attached in close proximity, resulting in more severe lesions. The major features of the lesions included ulceration, diphtheritic membranes and thickening of the mucosa, submucosa and lamina propria. There was an increase in the number of eosinophils and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes present at the sites of lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of aqueous aluminium on four fish ectoparasites.

Effects of aqueous aluminium on four species of fish ectoparasites were studied. Fish infected by Gyrodactylus derjavini, G. macronychus and Anodonta anatina glochidia, and free living Argulus foliaceus were exposed to acidic Al-rich water (pH 5.8), acidic Al-poor water (pH 5.8) and control water (pH 6.3). The results showed that aqueous aluminium had a negative effect on the ectoparasites tested, without any apparent negative effect on the fish hosts. The effect of aluminium was dependent on the kind of organism tested. The gyrodactylids were eliminated, while the duck mussel glochidia showed a decrease in abundance when exposed to 200-260 mug Al/l at pH 5.8. The little fish louse showed increased mortality rate when exposed to aluminium. The effects of aluminium on the parasites in the present study confirm the importance of water quality in general, and acidification in particular, for the distribution and population dynamics of ectoparasites in freshwater environments.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

[Imported coenurosis in sheep].

Thirteen sheep from a milk producing farm in the Canton of Grisons that presented chronic coenurosis were examined and subjected to treatment trials at the veterinary hospital in Zurich. Symptoms were first observed around two months after the import of two dogs from Italy (Abruzza) of which one was infected with Taenia multiceps and Echinococcus granulosus. The most frequently observed clinical symptoms of the sheep were reduced general condition, circling, reduced menace reflex, apathy, unsteady gait and head tilt. Analyses of cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increased leucocyte count in 3 sheep and eosinophilia in 4 sheep. In 4 animals that underwent computertomography, one or more hypodense, definable lesions were found in the brain. In 2 sheep surgical treatment and in 10 animals medical treatment with either Praziquantel (n=8) or Oxfendazol (n=2) was attempted. Only one animal treated with Praziquantel needed not to be euthanized. At necropsy, one or two coenurus cysts could be found either in a side ventricle (n=2), in the cerebellum (n=3) or in the cerebrum (n=7). The locations corresponded with the clinical findings. Despite Praziquantel or Oxfendazol treatment, living protoscoleces could be found in the parasite cysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intestinal helminths of river otters (Lutra canadensis) from the Pacific northwest.

The intestinal helminth fauna of river otters, Lutra canadensis, from the Pacific Northwest was characterized by low species richness and intensity of infection. River otters from the lower Columbia River (n = 23) were infected with 9 species of helminths (83% prevalence); those from a relatively undisturbed reference area near the headwaters of the Trask and Wilson rivers on the Oregon coast (n = 6) were infected by 5 species of helminths (100% prevalence). Single species of Eucestoda (Schistocephalus solidus), Digenea (Euparyphium inerme), Acanthocephala (Corynosoma strumosum), and 8 species of Nematoda (Strongyloides lutrae; larvae of Eustrongylides sp., Anisakis sp., and Contracaecum sp.; 3 of Cystidicolidae, and Hedruris sp.) were collected. Most species are typical of piscine definitive hosts and were present as incidental parasites of river otters. Notably, specimens of Euparyphium inerme are reported for the first time in river otters from North America; occurrence of other helminths constitutes new host or geographic records for parasites in river otters in Oregon and Washington. Parasites with marine life cycles were acquired by river otters in freshwater habitats at a great distance from the ocean. The helminth fauna of river otters in the Pacific Northwest was influenced primarily by ecological factors and was indicative of eclectic food habits and the relatively extensive home ranges occupied by these mustelids.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1975

Anthropozoonotic helminthiases in Australasia: Part 3: - studies on the prevalence and public health implications of helminth parasites of dogs and cats in urban environments.

Man has acquired helminth infections at different times during his evolutionary history and animals have and do serve an important role in supplementing these acquisitions. Helminth species are divided into those which accompanied man as he emerger as a species and those which he has since acquired from domestic, wild and domiciliated animals by breakdown of ecological, physiological and immunological barriers (Sprent 1969). With particular reference to helminth zoonoses transmitted through domesticated animals, the role played by dogs and cats in disease transmission to man (in urban environments) has been largely overlooked. In the Australasian region, the most important helminth zoonoses transmitted by dogs and cats in heavily urbanised areas as Toxocara sp., Ancylostoma sp. and Dirofilaria immitis. The prevalence, geographic distribution and major epidemiological considerations for each parasite are discussed with the view that future control and/or eradication programs should be based on a sound epidemiological understanding of the natural life history of the helminths concerned.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed1976

[On the effect of mebendazole on metacestodes of Mesocestoides corti and Echinococcus multilocularis (author's transl)].

Mebendazole (5-benzoyl-2-methoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole) was highly effective against tetrathydridia of Mesocestoides corti in the peritoneal cavity, liver and in the subcutis of mice when administered orally in the food (450 or 465 ppm) from days 7 or 40/50 post infectionem (p.i.) for 10 or 20 days in total doses of approximately 660-1660 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). All tetrathyridia were killed when treatment began at day 7 p.i., and only some survived when medication was started on days 40/50 p.i. A treatment of 5 days was only partially effective. In experiments with Echinococcus multilocularis laboratory animals were intraperitoneally infected with metacestode tissue transplants. Beginning on days 4-7 p.i. or on day 40 p.i. the animals were treated for 5, 10 or 20/21 days with mebendazole medicated food. In mice a treatment for 10 or 20/21 days with total mebendazole doses of approximately 660-2180 mg/kg b.w. caused an average reduction on metacestode weight of 61-89%. An average reduction between 58 and 84% was achieved in Meriones after a treatment for 20/21 days with total doses of approximately 650/530 mg/kg b.w. However, histological examinations and transplantation experiments revealed that in most of the treated animals metacestode tissue survived and retained its capability for budding. On the other hand, indications for a partial destruction of the parasite tissue were found in some of the treated animals. The oral mebendazole treatment was well tolerated. After intraperitoneal injection of 3 X 150 mg/kg b.w. mebendazole - as applied by Campbell et al. (1975) - all of 36 mice or Meriones died.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Experiments in the diagnosis and therapy of stylesiasis in sheep].

Tested were several methods for the diagnosis of sheep stylesiasis - the study of washings, successive decantation, flotation after Füleborn and with the use of zinc sulfide - obtaining no favourable results. Immunobiologic methods, such as the skin allergic test and the complement-fixation test had no practical diagnostic value either. Sheep infected with S. globipunctata reacted positively to antigens of M. expansa, M. benedeni, and A. centripunctata. A total of 15 anticestode agents were tested to treat stylesias-isaffected animals. Bithionol and lead arsenate caused the shedding of Stylesia strobilae up to 100 per cent, however, about 50 per cent of the scolexes with the necks, attached to the intestinal wall, remained intact and produced strobilae. Cyclosamide, dichlorophen, trichlorophen, sulphen, dibromsulphen, and sulfoxide removed the strobilae, but did not almost act on the scolexes and necks, which later on developed strobilae. Praciquantel (isochinoline-pyrazine, EMBAU, droncit-Bayer) at the rate of 15 mg/kg is 100 per cent effective against S. globipunctata, M. expansa, M. benedeni, M. automnalia, and A. centripunctata, and has been tested for the first time as an anticestode means against the Anoplocephalite parasites in sheep. It has no unpleasant odor and taste, is practically untoxic (therapeutic index over 20), and could be used in group treatment of sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of specific antigen-reactive T-cell clones from nude (nu/nu) mice infected with Mesocestoides corti.

Infection of nude mice with Mesocestoides corti results in spleen enlargement, with a decrease in percentage positive, but overall increase in Thy-1 positive cells. A low frequency of both parasite antigen-specific and alloantigen-reactive T-cell clones were isolated from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneal exudate and Peyer's patches. The T-cell clones from spleen were found to express the antigens Thy-1, Lyt-1 and Lyt-2; furthermore, after stimulation with antigen in the absence of exogenous T cell growth factor (IL-2), they produced normal levels of haemopoietic growth factor (IL-3), bone marrow proliferation activity and eosinophil differentiation activity. A higher proportion produced IL-2 compared to clones from normal mice. The isolation of antigen-specific T-cell clones showing normal T-cell characteristics from young nude mice adds weight to suggestions that exposure to antigen results in significant extra-thymic T-cell maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic: 78 cases (1986-2000).

Deal impaction is prevalent in the south-eastern USA, where feeding of Coastal Bermuda hay has been implicated as a risk factor. Alternatively, infection with the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata has been identified as a risk factor for ileal impaction in the UK. We hypothesised that feeding Coastal Bermuda hay and failure to administer routinely an anthelmintic with efficacy against tapeworms would place horses at risk of developing ileal impaction in the USA. Seventy-eight horses, with surgically confirmed ileal impaction and 100 horses admitted for colic that did not have an ileal impaction, were selected retrospectively for logistic regression analysis. Using odds ratios (OR) as an index of risk, feeding Coastal Bermuda hay (OR = 2.9) and failure to administer a pyrantel salt within 3 months of admission (OR = 3.1) placed horses at risk of development of ileal impaction. This study confirms the belief that feeding Coastal Bermuda hay places horses at risk of ileal impaction, although the quality of the hay may also play a role. Periodic administration of anthelmintics with efficacy against tapeworms should be considered to reduce risk of ileal impaction.

Animal Feed↗