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Results for “Biomarker testing”

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PubMed1993

Practical issues on the laboratory monitoring of low molecular weight heparins and related polysaccharides.

Today, we are limited by measurements of plasma factors that do not always relate to the overall pharmacodynamic response of a drug. Once the mechanism of action of the new glycosaminoglycans becomes better defined, the laboratory will be better equipped to target that biologic entity that is most appropriate for clinical measurement of effect. In the past, the PT and APTT have been the mainstay in the laboratory assessment of coagulation and monitoring heparin and warfarin. The development of new antithrombotic agents has shown us the limited sensitivity of these assays and the fact that they do not provide complete information of coagulation mechanisms. This brief article has addressed several of the key issues related to laboratory testing of glycosaminoglycans. Many questions remain; however, a practical approach incorporating these ideas in future developmental work should help in proper assay design.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breath biomarkers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: preliminary observations.

Breath biomarkers have the potential to offer information that is similar to conventional clinical tests or they are entirely unique. Preliminary data support the use of breath biomarkers in the study of liver disease, in particular non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It was evaluated whether breath ethanol, ethane, sulfur compounds and acetone would be associated with hepatic histopathology amongst morbidly obese patients presenting for bariatric surgery. Breath samples were collected during a preoperative visit and compared with liver biopsies obtained during the surgery. A Student's two-tailed t-test was used to compare differences between the two groups. Linear regression was used to analyse associations between the concentrations of breath molecules and independent predictor variables. It was found that breath ethanol, ethane and acetone can be useful biomarkers in patients with NAFLD. In particular, breath ethanol can be associated with hepatic steatosis, and breath acetone can be associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Relevance of complement fixing antinuclear antibodies.

BACKGROUND: Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by the association of a variety of clinical manifestations with immunologic and other laboratory findings. Overlap of syndromes and aberrant findings appear rather frequently. METHODS: Sera of eight antinuclear antibody (ANA) negative, cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) with antibodies to Ro (SS-A) and a ninth case with clinical and laboratory signs of Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested for complement (C') fixing antinuclear antibodies (C-ANAs). The ninth case was examined in depth by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and a two-step "C + DIF" test of biopsies for C' fixation to in vivo bound ANAs, as well as serum tests for C-ANA, ANA, and SCLE markers. RESULTS: Sera of five of the eight ANA negative, Ro(SS-A) positive SCLE cases had C-ANAs. The ninth case, a 50-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory signs of Sjögren's syndrome and SLE, gave a strong positive C + DIF reaction in the skin biopsy for in vivo bound ANAs that fix C', but negative ANAs and C-ANAs in routine serum tests; they revealed antimitochondrial antibodies. Serum tests on normal skin, however, revealed weak ANA and strong C-ANA reactions with in vitro fixed C'. CONCLUSIONS: ANA negative cases of SCLE or Sjögren's syndrome may have C-ANAs. A case with Sjögren's syndrome and signs of SLE had both in vivo and in vitro C' fixing ANAs. C-ANA tests can aid in the identification of such cases.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1995

Diagnostic tests for periodontal disease activity.

Destructive periodontal disease is found in a significant number of adult patients. At present there is no reliable method of determining the presence of active periodontal disease, other than retrospectively. Tests are being developed that rely on various markers of periodontal disease activity but all of those produced to date have limitations. It is to be hoped that reliable tests that can be used at the chairside will help the general dental practitioner to combat periodontal disease before it progresses too far.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Micronucleus test in fish cells: a bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine environment.

To evaluate the use of native fish species for assessing genotoxic pollution in the marine environment, micronucleus (MN) analysis was performed in peripheral blood erythrocytes and gill cells of the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) from three sampling stations off the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The frequencies of blebbed, notched, and lobed nuclei and binucleated cells also were evaluated in peripheral erythrocytes. The sampling sites were chosen on the basis of pollution levels; Karaduvar harbor, contaminated by different types of industrial effluents, and Mersin harbor, mainly contaminated by aromatic hydrocarbons, were selected as polluted areas. Erdemli harbor, a relatively unpolluted site, was used as the control area. Sampling was carried out at four different seasons. The frequencies of both micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in mullets captured from polluted areas were significantly higher than those in mullets from the reference area. In general, gill cells had considerably higher MN frequencies than did erythrocytes, and genotoxic responses were higher in summer than in winter. The results of this study indicate that the MN test in fish is a suitable biomarker for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine environment. As demonstrated in this study, NAs other than micronuclei are also useful indices of chemical exposure and toxic responses. Therefore, measuring both micronuclei and NAs may increase the sensitivity of the test system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary modulation of DNA damage in human.

Manipulation of human diet can modulate urinary biomarkers of oxidative DNA base damage (UBODBD), reflecting changes in levels of DNA damage. When dietary composition is maintained but caloric intake is decreased (caloric restriction), UBODBD excretion is suppressed. At isocaloric dietary intake the level of damage depends on diet composition. For diets consisting of foods containing carbohydrates, proteins, and fats but lacking fruits and vegetables, the level of damage is higher than for diets including fruits and vegetables, which are rich in natural antioxidants. Assay of urinary biomarkers is suggested as a potential test for quantitative assessment of the carcinogenic or anticarcinogenic properties of foods, food components, and diets and for individual responses to nutritional regimens.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1999

[A case of acquired hemophilia A discovered by right renal bleeding].

An 81-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of asymptomatic macrohematuria. Cystoscopy revealed bleeding from the right ureteral orifice. Various examinations, including ureteroscopy, failed to find any abnormalities. As gingival bleeding followed the macrochematuria, further examinations of blood coagulatory function were undertaken. Decreased factor VIII coagulant activity accompanied by the presence of factor VIII inhibitor was revealed, leading to a final diagnosis of acquired hemophilia A. Macrohematuria and gingival bleeding immediately disappeared with oral administration of prednisolone at 30 mg per day, and the titer of factor VIII inhibitor decreased to an undetectable level by the 45th day of treatment. We emphasized the importance of blood coagulation testing in the examination of patients with macrohematuria.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Haemostasis in nephrotic syndrome].

Disturbances in haemostasis and rheology in the nephrotic syndrome frequently lead to coagulopathy. In spite of numerous studies the pathogenesis of that phenomenon remains not convincingly explained. A cause of more frequent incidence of evident thromboembolic events in adults (about 30%) as compared with children (about 3%) is not clear either. The type of glomeluropathy and the presence of atherosclerosis seem to be essential. Present opinions concerning the role of individual haemostasis components and other factors effecting the raise of thrombotic dispositions are shown in our study. Real effect of these disturbances on the incidence of thromboembolic complications in the course of glomeluropathy evokes many controversies. Majority of them present as a microthrombosis, with little or no symptoms, and markedly outnumbers evident events. They can be diagnosed by means of invasive and costly methods. Simple to perform and cheaper diagnostic methods are looked for. Global tests assessing the haemostasis are useless in these conditions. The number of so called "intravascular haemostasis activation markers" is high, but none of them are objective.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Development of a testing strategy for detecting embryotoxic hazards of chemicals in vitro by using embryonic stem cell models.

The importance of developing in vitro tests for embryotoxicity is discussed, and ECVAM's work with its collaborators is summarised. Studies are in progress to find new endpoints for use in the scientifically validated embryonic stem (ES) cell test, so that the potential for chemical effects on endodermal, mesodermal and/or ectodermal differentiation can be identified. This involves, inter alia, the use of genetically modified ES cells.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2005

Glutaraldehyde-induced occupational asthma: BALF components and BALF and serum Clara cell protein (CC16) changes due to specific inhalatory provocation test.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) components and Clara cell protein (CC16) concentration in serum and BALF in patients with glutaraldehyde (GA)-induced asthma, before and after a specific inhalatory provocation test (SIPT) with GA, in comparison to atopic asthmatics and healthy individuals. METHODS: Spirometry and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed before and after SIPT. The serum and BALF concentrations of CC16 and cytogram content in BALF were evaluated. RESULTS: In GA-sensitized asthmatics, the level of CC16 in BALF and serum was significantly lower at 24 h after SIPT in comparison with the values recorded prior to the experiment. There was a significant increase in the proportion of eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes in BALF of GA-sensitized asthmatics obtained after SIPT. CONCLUSIONS: The determination of CC16 either in serum or in BALF is a non-invasive test to detect Clara cell damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Antiphospholipid syndrome: an overview.

This paper reviews antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes syndrome, which is a potentially life-threatening autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies directed toward phospholipids and phospholipid-binding proteins. Diagnosis of this syndrome relies on both clinical and laboratory criteria. Laboratory testing used for diagnosing APS includes coagulation assays for the detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antiphospholipid antibody (APL) detection.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Biochemical and morphological markers in the post mortem diagnosis of ischemic heart distress.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of different biochemical markers used clinically or proposed for the post mortem diagnosis of myocardial infarction in medico-legal practice. We analyzed seven biochemical parameters (CK, CK-MB, LDH, myoglobin, myosin, cathepsin D and total proteins) in pericardial fluid, vitreous humor and femoral vein serum from 34 cadavers. The results were compared with data from macro- and microscopic studies. Our results suggest that biochemical markers are applicable in cases in which the lack of morphological data makes diagnosis uncertain, and are helpful in ruling out myocardial infarction. The sample material of choice for biochemical tests is the pericardial fluid, and the most informative markers are myoglobin, myosin, CK-MB and cathepsin D.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2006

Earthworm biomarkers in ecological risk assessment.

Earthworms have had a notable contribution in terrestrial ecotoxicology. They have been broadly used to assess environmental impact from metal pollution, and they are typical test organisms (e.g., Eisenia) in standardized toxicity tests. Several reviews and international workshops have stressed the need for increasing the understanding and applicability of earthworm biomarkers in the ecological risk assessment (ERA) process. This review summarizes recent available information concerning the most investigated earthworm biomarkers. In earthworms, the use of biomarkers has been focused on assessing metal pollution, and available data on biomarker responses to organic contaminants are rather limited. The potential for applying earthworm biomarkers in the standardized toxicity tests is suggested in view of their significant contribution to the risk assessment of contaminated soils (e.g., estimation of bioavailable and bioactive fraction or sublethal effects). Field studies involving earthworm biomarkers are still scarce and are summarized according to their main practical approaches in retrospective ERA: biological surveys, laboratory tests of the soil, simulated field studies, and in situ exposure bioassays. Despite the great volume of laboratory studies on earthworm biomarkers, future lines of research are suggested besides the recommendations made by others: (1) the potential and limitations of the inclusion of biomarkers in the standardized toxicity tests should be examined under a well-defined weight-of-evidence framework; (2) it is necessary to develop operating guidelines to standardize earthworm biomarker assays, an important step to apply biomarkers in a regulatory context; (3) molecular and physiological biomarkers should be directly linked to behavioral changes with significant ecological implications, an important step in considering them as ecotoxicological biomarkers; and (4) biomarkers to organic pollutants of current concern (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anti-ChE and pyrethroid insecticides, polybrominated flame retardants, etc.) need to be developed and validated in the field. Also, an increase in the knowledge of earthworm biomarkers is undoubtedly useful in assessing the effectiveness of procedures for recovering/protecting the environment (e.g., phytoremediation or agrienvironment schemes) besides its potential use in the ERA framework.

Animals↗