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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Spermicidal and antiviral properties of cholic acid: contraceptive efficacy of a new vaginal sponge (Protectaid) containing sodium cholate.

Cholic acid (sodium cholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity. The same effects are observed for F-5 Gel, the active mixture of a new contraceptive sponge (Protectaid), which contains sodium cholate in association with low concentrations (0.5%) of nonoxynol-9 and benzalkonium chloride. Both cholic acid and the F-5 Gel exert a dose-dependent, in-vitro inhibitory effect (i) on the activity of HIV-1 associated reverse transcriptase in an acellular system and (ii) on the potential of HIV-1 efficiently to infect human lymphocytes. During 12 months use, the contraceptive efficacy of the 'Protectaid' sponge was 100% in 20 young women who had chosen this method for reasons of both contraception and anti-sexually transmitted disease. No side-effects were recorded throughout this period. Cervical cultures at 6-month intervals showed the presence of Mycoplasma hominis and Candida albicans in one or two cases. The combined spermicidal and anti-HIV properties of cholic acid reported in this paper and used in the 'Protectaid' sponge offer a new and modern protective method of contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Diaphragm insertion increases human vaginal oxygen tension.

The normal insertion of a contraceptive diaphragm into the vagina of five young women induced a dramatic increase in the vaginal oxygen tension (131 +/- 13 mm Hg, mean +/- SD, n = 5), which slowly fell at an initial rate of 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm Hg/min. Withdrawal of the diaphragm immediately restored vaginal oxygen tension to the normal hypoxic state (11 +/- 12 mm Hg). The change in gaseous equilibrium created by the trapped air of the diaphragm could have significant actions on the microbial activity and balance of the vagina.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Mortality among oral contraceptive users: 20 year follow up of women in a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To see whether the use of oral contraceptives influences mortality. DESIGN: Non-randomised cohort study of 17,032 women followed up on an annual basis for an average of nearly 16 years. SETTING: 17 Family planning clinics in England and Scotland. SUBJECTS: Women recruited during 1968-74. At the time of recruitment each woman was aged 25-39, married, a white British subject, willing to participate, and either a current user of oral contraceptives or a current user of a diaphragm or intrauterine device (without previous exposure to the pill). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall mortality and cause specific mortality. RESULTS: 238 Deaths occurred during the follow up period. The main analyses concerned women entering the study while using either oral contraceptives or a diaphragm or intrauterine device. The overall relative risk of death in the oral contraceptive users was 0.9 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.2). Though the numbers of deaths were small in most individual disease categories, the trends observed were generally consistent with findings in other reports. Thus the relative risk of death in the oral contraceptive users was 4.9 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 230) for cancer of the cervix, 3.3 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 17.9) for ischaemic heart disease, and 0.4 (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 1.2) for ovarian cancer. There was a linear trend in the death rates from cervical cancer and ovarian cancer (in opposite directions) with total duration of oral contraceptive use. Death rates from breast cancer (relative risk 0.9; 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 1.4) and suicide and probable suicide (relative risk 1.1; 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 3.6) were much the same in the two contraceptive groups. In 1981 the relative risk of death in oral contraceptive users from circulatory diseases as a group was reported to be 4.2 (95% confidence interval 2.3 to 7.7) in the Royal College of General Practitioners oral contraception study. The corresponding relative risk in this study was only 1.5 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 3.0). CONCLUSIONS: These findings contain no significant evidence of any overall effect of oral contraceptive use on mortality. None the less, only small numbers of deaths occurred during the study period and a significant adverse (or beneficial) overall effect might emerge in the future. Interestingly, the mortality from circulatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use was substantially less than that found in the Royal College of General Practitioners study.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The acceptability of the female condom among low-income African-American women.

Among women, African Americans are at the highest risk for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unfortunately, the majority of African-American women do not perceive themselves to be at risk nor perceive the need to engage in safe-sex practices. Given the alarming rate of increase of HIV disease among African-American women, more in-depth information about the sociocultural factors influencing these nonhealth-promoting beliefs and behaviors is needed immediately in order to design effective Information, Education, Communication campaigns. As part of such an effort, a premarketing study of the recently developed female condom, Reality (Wisconsin Pharmacal, Jackson, Wisconsin), was used as an opportunity to assess not only acceptance and relevance of the product, but also knowledge, attitudes, and practices among a group of African-American women in New Orleans. The methodology chosen was focus group discussions. The main finding from these discussions is that the previously reported low-risk perception of HIV disease among African-American females is also true among this group. The discussions suggest that cultural norm of female submission and passivity in sexual negotiation is a major barrier to preventive actions among these African-American women, ie, insistence on condom use during sexual intercourse [corrected]. The second important finding from these focus group discussions is that the women enthusiastically endorsed the female condom because they felt this condom allowed them control over safe-sex practices without having to challenge the power of their male partners. This study also demonstrates that the dynamics of universality and interpersonal learning inherent to insight-oriented or support groups can also be present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Risk factors for urinary tract infection.

The authors carried out a case-control study in 1982-1983 to investigate the possible influence of behavioral factors on the risk of urinary tract infection. Study participants were college women attending a student health service. Cases were 43 women with culture-confirmed urinary tract infection. There were two control groups: 149 women with upper respiratory infection and 227 women visiting the gynecology clinic. Using each set of controls, the study confirmed that sexual intercourse is a risk factor and that there is a dose-response effect for increasing levels of coital frequency. The study also found that use of the diaphragm was significantly associated with urinary tract infection (odds ratios 3.0, 2.3), an association which remained significant even after controlling for possible confounding by coital frequency. The findings did not show an association with many of the factors commonly believed to be important such as type of clothing worn and volume of fluids consumed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in contraceptive use at one university: 1974-1978.

In a group of 2,700 women making initial visits to the contraception clinic at one university (California State University at Fullerton) between 1974 and 1978, oral contraceptives were the most frequently chosen of three prescription methods. (The others were the IUD and diaphragm.) The proportion of women choosing the pill, however, declined sharply over the period--from 89 percent of patients in 1974 to 63 percent in 1978. Choice of the diaphragm rose substantially: In 1978, 33 percent chose it, compared to six percent in 1974. The proportion of women choosing the IUD fluctuated over the four-year period, showing no clear trend, and averaging eight percent over the entire span. The decline in the proportion of women choosing the pill was sharpest among white Anglo students--down from 85 percent to 63 percent; among nonwhites and Hispanics, the proportion fell from 89 percent to 80 percent. The increase in the choice of the diaphragm was also greatest among the Anglo students. These trends of decreased choice of the pill and increased acceptance of the diaphragm are much sharper than those shown among young married women at the national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Choices and changes in contraceptive behaviour; the role of information sources.

One of the factors contributing to the fact that contraceptive behaviour in The Netherlands is more effective then in most other countries seems to be that Dutch women are very well informed about all aspects of contraception as a result of formal and informal education at school, in the families and by the media. In a population based survey more than 4500 women were followed during 5 consecutive years by means of a yearly questionnaire about contraceptive behaviour, choices and trends. With regards to information sources it is concluded that the general practitioner, who plays a central role as provider of contraceptive services, is viewed as the most important and reliable source of information. On the other hand Dutch women in general view their contraceptive choices as their own, they do not feel that they are very much influenced by the opinions of their physicians, who in general do not have a normative, patronizing and/or moralizing attitude regarding sexuality and contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women.

The authors tested a polyurethane women's condom for permeability to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) using an artificial intercourse model. They did not detect viral leakage in three trials for each virus. Use of this device, which can be controlled by the woman, may reduce HIV and CMV infection.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗