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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Partial characterization of polyfermenticin SCD, a newly identified bacteriocin of Bacillus polyfermenticus.

AIMS: To characterize polyfermenticin SCD, a newly identified bacteriocin of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD was identified as a bacteriocin producer with a bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis IFO 12113. Polyfermenticin SCD, named tentatively as the bacteriocin produced by B. polyfermenticus SCD, showed a narrow spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, a yeast and moulds. Production of polyfermenticin SCD in a 5 l jar fermenter followed typical kinetics of primary metabolite synthesis. The antibacterial activity of polyfermenticin SCD on sensitive indicator cells disappeared completely by treatment with proteinase K, which indicates its proteinaceous nature. Polyfermenticin SCD seemed to be very stable throughout the pH range of 2.0 to 9.0, and it was relatively heat labile compared with other bacteriocins. Direct detection of polyfermenticin SCD activity on SDS-PAGE suggested that it had an apparent molecular mass of about 14.3 kDa. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD produced relatively heat-labile polyfermenticin SCD with a narrow spectrum of activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD is a commercial probiotic which has been used for the treatment of long-term intestinal disorders. New findings on polyfermenticin SCD will be valuable in the evaluation of commercial probiotics. Polyfermenticin SCD can be used to control Bacillus spoilage organisms as a biological control agent.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2003

Bacillus species proteins involved in spore formation and degradation: from identification in the genome, to sequence analysis, and determination of function and structure.

The members of Bacillus species are Gram-positive, ubiquitous spore-forming bacilli. Several genomic sequences have been made available during recent years, including Bacillus subtilis, a model organism among this genus, Bacillus anthracis, and their analyses provided a wealth of information about spore-forming bacteria. Some members of this species can cause serious diseases in livestock and humans. An important pathogen in this group of organisms is B. anthracis, which is the causative agent of anthrax. A summary of the B. subtilis genome information, based on the publicly released sequence, that allowed for the identification and characterization of new and novel proteins of this organism as well as similar proteins from other members of Bacillus species is provided. The primary goal for this work is to present a review of the genome sequence-identified genes that encode proteins involved in the sporulation, germination, and outgrowth processes. These three processes are essential for spore development and later its transformation into a vegetative cell. Additionally, for a few selected examples of the protein products of the identified genes, the application of bioinformatics and modeling tools is illustrated in order to determine their likely structure and function. Two three-dimensional models of the structures of such proteins, PrfA endonuclease and phosphatase PhoE, are presented together with the structure-based functional conclusions. The review of such studies provides an example of how the genomic sequence can be utilized in order to elucidate the structure and function of proteins, in particular proteins of the Bacillus species. Because only a limited number of proteins of Bacillus species organisms are involved in the synthesis and degradation of spores and have been characterized to date, this genome-based analysis may provide new insights into the developmental processes of bacterial organism.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1992

Significant infections due to Bacillus species following abrasions associated with motor vehicle-related trauma.

Non-anthracis Bacillus species are ubiquitous gram-positive spore-forming organisms that were once believed to be nonpathogenic but are now recognized as causing a variety of infections. We report a new aspect of trauma associated with bacillus infection: clinically significant infection by Bacillus species in patients who are involved in motor vehicle accidents and sustain injury related to road contact. Cases were evaluated retrospectively from May 1990 through December 1991. Four patients who had documented infections with Bacillus species and who were involved in motor vehicle accidents associated with road trauma were identified during this period. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the Bacillus species consistently demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. This series of cases illustrates an additional aspect of disease associated with bacteria of the Bacillus species that should be considered for patients who have sustained injuries from motor vehicle accidents associated with road trauma.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacillus cereus causing fulminant sepsis and hemolysis in two patients with acute leukemia.

PURPOSE: Hemolysis is so rarely associated with Bacillus cereus sepsis that only two very well documented cases have been reported. This article reports two unusual cases of Bacillus cereus sepsis with massive intravascular hemolysis in patients who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 20-year-old woman who was 9 weeks pregnant experienced a relapse of ALL. A therapeutic abortion was performed. During week 4 of reinduction the patient had abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, with severe neutropenia but no fever. Her condition deteriorated rapidly with cardiovascular collapse, acute massive intravascular hemolysis, and death within hours of the onset of symptoms. Blood cultures were positive for Bacillus cereus. Postmortem histologic examination and cultures revealed Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans in multiple organs. The second patient, a 10-year-old girl, presented with relapsed T-cell ALL. In the second week of reinduction, she had abdominal pain followed by hypotension. Again, no fever was noted. Laboratory studies showed intravascular hemolysis 12 hours after admission. Aggressive support was promptly initiated. Despite disseminated intravascular coagulation; cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal failure; and multiple intracerebral hypodense lesions believed to be infarcts, the patient recovered fully and resumed reinduction therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus cereus infection can have a fulminant clinical course that may be complicated by massive intravascular hemolysis. This pathogen should be suspected in immunosuppressed patients who experience gastrointestinal symptoms and should not be precluded by the absence of fever, especially if steroids such as dexamethasone are being given. Exchange transfusion may be lifesaving in Bacillus cereus septicemia associated with massive hemolysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Phylogeny of Bacillus sphaericus-like organisms.

The mesophilic round-spored bacteria embrace four species, namely Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus silvestris and Bacillus pasteurii. Although not displayed by all strains, mosquito pathogenicity is a noteworthy characteristic of B. sphaericus sensu lato. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences from 58 strains identified as B. sphaericus was used to examine the genetic heterogeneity of the taxon. Results from sequence analysis were compared with whole-cell fatty acid profiles and other phenotypic determinations. The B. sphaericus-like strains segregated into seven distinct clusters in a phylogenetic tree generated from 16S sequences. One cluster represented B. sphaericus and another B. fusiformis. A third cluster containing all of the pathogenic strains was closely related to, or was possibly part of, the B. fusiformis group. The remaining four groups were distinct and represented unnamed taxa that were more closely related to B. sphaericus and B. fusiformis than to the psychrophilic round-spored species, Bacillus globisporus and Bacillus psychrophilus. Groups based on phenotypic analysis corresponded to the 16S rDNA phylogenetic clusters. Data showed that B. sphaericus was genetically and phenotypically a highly heterogeneous taxon including at least seven genetically distinct taxa. The pathogenic strains were members of a distinct group and not of the species B. sphaericus sensu stricto. This heterogeneity partially accounts for the apparent variability of mosquito pathogenicity among B. sphaericus strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bacillus siralis sp. nov., a novel species from silage with a higher order structural attribute in the 16S rRNA genes.

A novel bacterial strain (171544T) was recently isolated from silage and was classified in the genus Bacillus by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Additional silage samples have been investigated in the present study and four organisms resembling strain 171544T were isolated. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of these bacteria showed that they constitute a new species of the genus Bacillus. This taxon was positioned in the family Bacillaceae on the basis of evolutionary distance trees using 16S rDNA sequences. Bacillus circulans, Bacillus firmus and Bacillus benzoevorans were the most closely related species with 165 rDNA similarities of 97.2, 96.3 and 95.9%, respectively. All five silage isolates shared a higher order structural feature in the 3' region of the 16S rRNA gene comprising an extension to helix 49 of 24 bp and highly similar random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns that distinguished them from the type strains of B. circulans and B. firmus. Moreover, they possessed a unique pattern of phenotypic features including subterminally or terminally located endospores which distinctly swelled the sporangium, strictly aerobic metabolism but with the ability to utilize nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions, and hydrolysis of casein but not starch. The name Bacillus siralis is therefore proposed for this new taxon. The type strain of B. siralis is strain 171544T (= NCIMB 13601T = CIP 106295T).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2004

Bacillus galactosidilyticus sp. nov., an alkali-tolerant beta-galactosidase producer.

A novel Bacillus isolate from raw milk and four strains from diverse origins that were identified previously as Bacillus lentus, Bacillus firmus and Bacillus circulans showed a high degree of similarity in amplified rDNA restriction analysis, SDS-PAGE and routine phenotypic tests, whilst 16S rDNA sequence comparisons and DNA relatedness data showed that this taxon was different from related Bacillus species. On the basis of these data, Bacillus galactosidilyticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain LMG 17892(T) (=DSM 15595(T)=Logan B2188(T)=MB 800(T)).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2005

Bacillus bogoriensis sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic, halotolerant bacterium isolated from a Kenyan soda lake.

Strain LBB3(T) isolated from Bogoria soda lake in Kenya is an alkaliphilic, Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, spore-forming bacterium. It was identified as a member of the genus Bacillus on the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses. The organism grows optimally at 37 degrees C and pH 10. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 37.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed 95 and 96 % sequence similarity with Bacillus pseudofirmus (DSM 8715(T)) and Bacillus alcalophilus (DSM 485(T)), respectively. Furthermore, DNA-DNA hybridization against these two Bacillus species showed 39.0 and 55.5 % similarity, respectively. Based on our observations, strain LBB3(T) is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus bogoriensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of B. bogoriensis is LBB3(T) (=ATCC BAA-922(T)=LMG 22234(T)).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains used in industry: proposal of five novel species.

Twenty alkaliphilic bacterial strains from industrial applications or enzyme studies were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, determination of genomic DNA G+C content, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid analysis and standard bacteriological characterization. By comparing the groupings obtained based on the genomic DNA G+C content and the construction of a phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, 12 clusters of similar strains were recognized. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that these clusters represented five novel genospecies. Further analysis supported the proposal of five novel species in the genus Bacillus: Bacillus wakoensis sp. nov. (type strain N-1T=JCM 9140T=DSM 2521T), Bacillus hemicellulosilyticus sp. nov. (type strain C-11T=JCM 9152T=DSM 16731T), Bacillus cellulosilyticus sp. nov. (type strain N-4T=JCM 9156T=DSM 2522T), Bacillus akibai sp. nov. (type strain 1139T=JCM 9157T=ATCC 43226T) and Bacillus mannanilyticus sp. nov. (type strain AM-001T=JCM 10596T=DSM 16130T).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2006

Bacillus seohaeanensis sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium that contains L-lysine in its cell wall.

A halotolerant, round-endospore-forming, aerobic, Gram-positive bacterium, designated BH724(T), was isolated from a solar saltern at Taean in Korea. Cells of this strain were rod-shaped and found to be non-motile. Strain BH724(T) grew at salinities of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 3 % (w/v) NaCl and at temperatures of 15-50 degrees C with an optimum of 40 degrees C. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BH724(T) belonged to the genus Bacillus and that Bacillus aquimaris TF-12(T), Bacillus marisflavi TF-11(T) and Bacillus vietnamensis JCM 11124(T) were its closest neighbours, sharing 97.3, 97.2 and 97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 39 mol% and the predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Its major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and iso-C(14 : 0). The peptidoglycan type was A1alpha, linked directly through l-lysine. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic, physiological and phylogenetic properties, strain BH724(T) represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus seohaeanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH724(T) (=KCTC 3913(T)=DSM 16464(T)).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the life cycle of the soil saprophyte Bacillus cereus in liquid soil extract and in soil.

Bacillus is commonly isolated from soils, with organisms of Bacillus cereus sensu lato being prevalent. Knowledge of the ecology of B. cereus and other Bacillus species in soil is far from complete. While the older literature favors a model of growth on soil-associated organic matter, the current paradigm is that B. cereus sensu lato germinates and grows in association with animals or plants, resulting in either symbiotic or pathogenic interactions. An in terra approach to study soil-associated bacteria is described, using filter-sterilized soil-extracted soluble organic matter (SESOM) and artificial soil microcosms (ASM) saturated with SESOM. B. cereus ATCC 14579 displayed a life cycle, with the ability to germinate, grow, and subsequently sporulate in both the liquid SESOM extract and in ASM inserted into wells in agar medium. Cells grew in liquid SESOM without separating, forming multicellular structures that coalesced to form clumps and encasing the ensuing spores in an extracellular matrix. Bacillus was able to translocate from the point of inoculation through soil microcosms as shown by the emergence of outgrowths on the surrounding agar surface. Microscopic inspection revealed bundles of parallel chains inside the soil. The motility inhibitor L-ethionine failed to suppress outgrowth, ruling out translocation by a flagellar-mediated mechanism such as swimming or swarming. Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis Marburg and four Bacillus isolates taken at random from soils also displayed a life cycle in SESOM and ASM and were all able to translocate through ASM, even in presence of L-ethionine. These data indicate that B. cereus is a saprophytic bacterium that is able to grow in soil and furthermore that it is adapted to translocate by employing a multicellular mode of growth.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1991

Cloning, characterization, and multiple chromosomal integration of a Bacillus alkaline protease gene.

Extracellular Bacillus proteases are used as additives in detergent powders. We identified a Bacillus strain that produces a protease with an extremely alkaline pH optimum; this protease is suitable for use in modern alkaline detergent powders. The alkalophilic strain Bacillus alcalophilus PB92 gene encoding this high-alkaline serine protease was cloned and characterized. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 380 amino acids composed of a signal peptide (27 amino acids), a prosequence (84 amino acids), and a mature protein of 269 amino acids. Amino acid comparison with other serine proteases shows good homology with protease YaB, which is also produced by an alkalophilic Bacillus strain. Both show moderate homology with subtilisins but show some remarkable differences from subtilisins produced by neutrophilic bacilli. The prosequence of PB92 protease has no significant homology with prosequences of subtilisins. The abundance of negatively charged residues in the prosequences of PB92 protease is especially remarkable. The cloned gene was used to increase the production level of the protease. For this purpose the strategy of gene amplification in the original alkalophilic Bacillus strain was chosen. When introduced on a multicopy plasmid, the recombinant strain was unstable; under production conditions, plasmid segregation occurred. More stable ways of gene amplification were obtained by chromosomal integration. This was achieved by (i) homologous recombination, resulting in a strain with two tandemly arranged genes, and (ii) illegitimate recombination, resulting in a strain with a second copy of the protease gene on a locus not adjacent to the originally present gene. Both strains showed increased production and were more stable than the plasmid-containing strain. Absolute stability was only found when nontandem duplication occurred. This method of gene amplification circumvents stability problems often encountered in gene amplification in Bacillus species when plasmids or tandemly arranged genes in the chromosome are used.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Bacillus DNA in fossil bees: an ancient symbiosis?

We report here the isolation of DNA from abdominal tissue of four extinct stingless bees (Proplebeia dominicana) in Dominican amber, PCR amplification of a 546-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene from Bacillus spp., and their corresponding nucleotide sequences. These sequences were used in basic local alignment search tool searches of nonredundant nucleic acid data bases, and the highest scores were obtained with 16S rRNA sequences from Bacillus spp. Phylogenetic inference analysis by the maximum-likelihood method revealed close phylogenetic relationships of the four presumed ancient Bacillus sequences with Bacillus pumilus, B. firmus, B. subtilis, and B. circulans. These four extant Bacillus spp. are commonly isolated from abdominal tissue of stingless bees. The close phylogenetic association of the extracted DNA sequences with these bee colonizers suggests that a similar bee-Bacillus association existed in the extinct species P. dominicana.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus sp. Strain CK4: cloning and expression of the gene and characterization of the enzyme.

A thermostable chitosanase gene from the environmental isolate Bacillus sp. strain CK4, which was identified on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analysis, was cloned, and its complete DNA sequence was determined. The thermostable chitosanase gene was composed of an 822-bp open reading frame which encodes a protein of 242 amino acids and a signal peptide corresponding to a 30-kDa enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. strain CK4 exhibits 76.6, 15.3, and 14.2% similarities to those from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus ehemensis, and Bacillus circulans, respectively. C-terminal homology analysis shows that Bacillus sp. strain CK4 belongs to cluster III with B. subtilis. The gene was similar in size to that of the mesophile B. subtilis but showed a higher preference for codons ending in G or C. The enzyme contains 2 additional cysteine residues at positions 49 and 211. The recombinant chitosanase has been purified to homogeneity by using only two steps with column chromatography. The half-life of the enzyme was 90 min at 80 degrees C, which indicates its usefulness for industrial applications. The enzyme had a useful reactivity and a high specific activity for producing functional oligosaccharides as well, with trimers through hexamers as the major products.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Species differentiation of a diverse suite of Bacillus spores by mass spectrometry-based protein profiling.

In this study, we demonstrate the versatility of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) protein profiling for the species differentiation of a diverse suite of Bacillus spores. MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles of 11 different strains of Bacillus spores, encompassing nine different species, were evaluated. Bacillus species selected for MALDI-TOFMS analysis represented the spore-forming bacterial diversity of typical class 100K clean room spacecraft assembly facilities. A one-step sample treatment and MALDI-TOFMS preparation were used to minimize the sample preparation time. A library of MALDI-TOFMS spectra was created from these nine Bacillus species, the most diverse protein profiling study of the genus reported to date. Linear correlation analysis was used to successfully differentiate the MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles from all strains evaluated in this study. The MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles were compared with 16S rDNA sequences for their bacterial systematics and molecular phylogenetic affiliations. The MALDI-TOFMS profiles were found to be complementary to the 16S rDNA analysis. Proteomic studies of Bacillus subtilis 168 were pursued to identify proteins represented by the biomarker peaks in the MALDI-TOFMS spectrum. Four small, acid-soluble proteins (A, B, C, and D), one DNA binding protein, hypothetical protein ymf J, and four proteins associated with the spore coat and spore coat formation (coat JB, coat F, coat T, and spoIVA) were identified. The ability to visualize higher-molecular-mass coat proteins (10 to 25 kDa) as well as smaller proteins (<10 kDa) with MALDI-TOFMS profiling is critical for the complete and effective species differentiation of the Bacillus genus.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2003

Relationship of plcR-regulated factors to Bacillus endophthalmitis virulence.

The explosive, destructive course of Bacillus endophthalmitis has been attributed to the production of toxins during infection. In this study we analyzed the contribution of toxins controlled by the global regulator plcR to the pathogenesis of experimental Bacillus endophthalmitis. Isogenic plcR-deficient mutants of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis were constructed by insertional inactivation of plcR by the kanamycin resistance cassette, aphA3. Rabbit eyes were injected intravitreally with approximately 100 CFU of wild-type B. cereus or B. thuringiensis or a plcR-deficient mutant. The evolution of endophthalmitis resulting from each plcR-deficient mutant was considerably slower than that caused by each wild-type strain. Retinal function was not eliminated until 42 h postinfection in rabbits with endophthalmitis caused by the plcR-deficient mutants, whereas wild-type infections resulted in a complete loss of retinal function within 18 h. The intraocular inflammatory cell influx and retinal destruction in plcR-deficient endophthalmitis approached the severity observed in wild-ype infections, but not until 36 h postinfection. Gross and histological examinations of eyes infected with plcR mutants demonstrated that the anterior and posterior segment changes were muted compared to the changes observed in eyes infected with the wild types. The loss of plcR-regulated factors significantly attenuated the severity of Bacillus endophthalmitis. The results therefore suggest that plcR may represent a target for which adjunct therapies could be designed for the prevention of blindness during Bacillus endophthalmitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparative studies of lipoteichoic acids from several Bacillus strains.

Structural studies were carried out on lipoteichoic acids obtained from defatted cells of 10 Bacillus strains by phenol-water partition followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Octyl-Sepharose columns. A group of the tested bacteria (group A), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus pumilus, was shown to have a diacyl form of lipoteichoic acids which contained D-alanine, D-glucose, D-glucosamine, fatty acids, and glycerol in molar ratios to phosphorus of 0.35 to 0.69, 0.07 to 0.15 to 0.43, 0.06 to 0.11, and 0.95 to 1.18, respectively, whereas the other group (group B), Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus megaterium, had diacyl lipoteichoic acids which contained D-galactose, fatty acids, and glycerol in molar ratios to phosphorus of 0.05 to 0.42, 0.06 to 0.12, and 0.96 to 1.07, respectively. After treatment with 47% hydrogen fluoride, the lipoteichoic acids obtained from group A strains commonly gave a hydrophobic fragment, gentiobiosyl-beta (1----1 or 3)diacylglycerol, in addition to dephosphorylated repeating units, glycerol, 2-D-alanylglycerol, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-alpha (1----2)glycerol, and D-alanyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-alpha (1----2)glycerol, whereas the lipoteichoic acids from group B strains yielded diacylglycerol in addition to glycerol and D-galactosyl-alpha (1----2)glycerol. The results together with data from Smith degradations indicate that in the lipoteichoic acids of group A strains the polymer chains, made up of partially alanylated glycerol phosphate and glycosylglycerol phosphate units, are joined to the acylglycerol anchors through gentiobiose. However, in the lipoteichoic acids of group B strains, the partially galactosylated poly(glycerolphosphate) chains are believed to be directly linked to the acylglycerol anchors.

Alanine↗
PubMed1969

Genetic relationship between Sarcina ureae and members of the genus Bacillus.

Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) and DNA-DNA hybridization studies were performed to determine the degree of genetic relatedness between Sarcina ureae and several members of the genus Bacillus. DNA-RNA hybridization showed a high degree of homology between S. ureae RNA and DNA from Bacillus species having a similar guanine plus cytosine content. The DNA from other genera of the family Micrococcaceae showed less homology with S. ureae RNA than did that of the Bacillus species tested; however, this homology was not found between the DNA of S. ureae and DNA from these Bacillus species or DNA from the other Micrococcaceae tested. Transformation with Bacillus DNA, infection with representatives from several major classes of Bacillus phages, and electrophoretic analysis of proteins in crude extracts of these strains were also attempted as a further test of the genetic relationship between the genera. These experiments did not support the belief that the two groups are closely related genetically.

Bacillus↗