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Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Aspects of body fluid dynam1cs of neonatal calf diarrhoea.

The results of balance studies upon 26 calves, most of which were diarrhoeic and some of which died, demonstrated that: (a) milk intake helped to maintain plasma volume but calves still died: (b) changes in haematocrit were related to milk intake but not to faecal output; (c) the kidney tended to compensate for excess faecal water output. but this function was dependent on the maintenance of adequate plasma volume and therefore on milk intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis improves the prediction for extracellular water volume changes during abdominal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may improve the prediction for intraoperative changes in extracellular water volume (deltaECW) compared with whole body multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in abdominal surgical patients. DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive sample. SETTING: Surgical operative patients in a university-affiliated city hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty patients who underwent elective gastrointestinal surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was conducted preoperatively (before the induction of anesthesia) and postoperatively (after recovery from anesthesia). Resistance values fitted at zero frequency (R0) in the whole body and in each body segment (arm, trunk, and leg) were determined by performing nonlinear curve-fitting and subsequent extrapolation. DeltaECW values were estimated from the whole body resistance between wrist and ankle using two different prediction formulas. In segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, however, ECW was obtained as the sum of each body segment (arms, trunk, and legs) using the equation newly derived from the cell suspension theory. DeltaECW estimated from both measurements were compared with net fluid balances during surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: R0 in whole body and all body segments significantly decreased after surgery (p < .0001). The most striking decrease in post/preoperative ratios was found in the R0 in the trunk. The post/preoperative ratio of the R0 value in the trunk was significantly lower than the post/preoperative ratio of the R0 value in the leg (p = .0007). DeltaECW from segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was similar to net fluid balance (r2 = .80, bias = -0.03 L), whereas whole body multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis resulted in considerable underestimations of deltaECW (r2 = .50, .51, bias = 0.95, 0.53 L). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the prediction of deltaECW between whole body and segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may be explained by the significant decrease in the resistance of the trunk, which contributed only minimally to the whole body resistance. Segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis provides a better approach to predict ECW changes in critically ill patients with nonuniform fluid distribution.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The bioelectrical impedance analysis method is a non-invasive, rapid accurate and practical method for assessing body composition. During last decade evidence has been gathered that supports the use of this method to monitor hydration status. This review critically examines different approaches and applications of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis in the healthy and clinical situations. RECENT FINDINGS: Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis may be useful to assess appendicular lean body mass, to estimate muscle volume and to investigate possible relationships between muscle size and strength in a limited segment of the limb. The method may become a tool for the bedside detection of fluid accumulation in critical care. SUMMARY: This is a review of segmental bioelectrical impedance. The preponderance of the published applications of bioelectrical impedance analysis focused on applications in a healthy population and in the field indicate the validity of the methods. A short description of the set-up of the segmental method is also given. This review discusses the application of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis in children in different ethnic populations, in clinical situations. We also examine the application of the method to assessing body composition, and monitoring rapid changes in internal fluid balance in the field of haemodialysis and during surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Disorders of body water homeostasis in critical illness.

Disorders of sodium and water homeostasis are among the most commonly encountered disturbances in the critical care setting, because many disease states cause defects in the complex mechanisms that control the intake and output of water and solute. Because body water is the primary determinant of extracellular fluid osmolality, disorders of body water balance can be categorized into hypoosmolar and hyperosmolar disorders depending on the presence of an excess or a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. Because the main constituent of plasma osmolality is sodium, hypoosmolar and hyperosmolar disease states are generally characterized hy hyponatremia and hypernatremia, respectively. After a brief review of normal water metabolism, this article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the critical care setting.

Body Water↗
PubMed1998

A critique of the overfill hypothesis of sodium and water retention in the nephrotic syndrome.

Recent reviews have claimed that the majority of patients with the nephrotic syndrome have plasma volume expansion (that is, they are overfilled). Here we attempt to re-establish balance to the debate on body fluid volume status in nephrotic patients by: (a) discussing the conflicting literature on plasma volume measurements in the nephrotic syndrome; (b) providing alternate explanations for data purporting to support an overfill hypothesis in the nephrotic syndrome; (c) emphasizing secondary neurohumoral responses that support underfilling at least as frequently as overfilling; and (d) emphasizing the clinical importance of fluid assessment in the individual patient with the nephrotic syndrome particularly in relation to diuretic use.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1982

Degradation of tumor-associated antigens shed by human melanoma cells in culture.

The fate of cell surface tumor-associated antigens shed by viable human melanoma cells was studied in vitro. Labeled surface material shed by radio-iodinated melanoma cells was incubated with a variety of unlabeled human cells for 24 hr. Both melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs), quantitated by specific immunoprecipitation, and unrelated surface macromolecules were degraded or inactivated by normal and malignant cells including the melanoma cells themselves. The MAAs studied were particularly susceptible to degradation. Following incubation with a variety of cells, immunoreactive MAAs decreased 2 to 3 times more rapidly than did unrelated surface macromolecules shed concurrently by melanoma cells. However, melanoma cells had a selective defect in their ability to degrade MAAs. Though catabolically active, these cells degraded non-MAA surface macromolecules shed by themselves or by allogeneic cells much more rapidly than they inactivated MAAs. These observations suggest that the ultimate amount of soluble tumor antigens that accumulate in body fluids will depend on the balance between the rate of their release and that of their degradation and that as a result of a selective defect in the catabolic activity of melanoma cells some tumor antigens may be particularly prone to accumulate in the extra-cellular fluid bathing these tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Conservative therapeutic possibilities in chronic renal failure].

The three main points of the conservative therapy of the chronic renal insufficiency are the treatment of the basic disease, the dietary therapy and the symptomatic medicamentous measures. The possibilities of treatment of the basic disease, however, are restricted in advanced renal insufficiency, but they may reduce the progression of the nephropathy. Decisive for the success of the conservative therapy are the dietary measures, in which case the restriction of the quantity of proteins with consideration of the biological value, the caloric intake of at last 35 Cal/kg body weight/day and the equalized fluid balance must be particularly emphasized. The different possibilities of the protein restriction and possibilities of control of the protein metabolism are explained. Depending on the degree of the chronic renal insufficiency and the present clinical symptomatology symptomatic medicamentous measures are used. Following in indications for the beginning of the therapy of dialysis it is referred to the importance of the system of renal dispensaries for the optimum performance of the conservative therapy.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1995

[Sports and nutrition].

A varied, well-balanced, healthy diet, rich in carbohydrates, is one of the cornerstones of sports nutrition. In addition, an equilibrated supply in energy and nitrogen, the ideal distribution of the nutrients (6 to 9 g carbohydrates per kilogram body weight, 1 to 1.5 g fat per kilogram body weight, 1.2 to 1.8 g protein per kilogram body weight), a well-balanced fluid intake and the choice of food with a high density of nutrients constitute an important cornerstone. All the forementioned elements, which are contained in a basic nutrition, guarantee the needs of the micro- and macronutrients in combination with a cautious substitution of minerals, trace elements and vitamins. The endurance capacity is supported by this high-quality basic diet which can be modified minimally during performance and for regeneration.

Diet↗
PubMed2002

In vitro mineralization of a glass-ceramic of the MgO-3CaO x P2O5-SiO2 system: wettability studies.

The calcium phosphate deposition on the surface of a bioactive glass-ceramic of the MgO-3CaO. P(2)O(5)-SiO(2) system during a 1-week immersion in biological model fluids, was investigated through wettability studies. Two model fluids with chemical composition similar to the human blood plasma were tested: Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) and a simulated body fluid (SBF) with a higher calcium content. The effect of the presence of albumin, both in solution or previously adsorbed to the surface, was assessed. The behavior observed using two SBF solutions prepared with and without TRIS buffer was compared. The surface free energy of the glass-ceramic samples was determined, before and after immersion, and dynamic contact angle analysis was performed using the biological model fluids as scanning liquids. Scanning electron microscope observations and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were performed to complement the wettability studies. The experimental results led to the conclusion that the precipitation of a calcium phosphate film in HBSS occurred mainly when the immersion solution was renewed daily or in the presence of adsorbed albumin. In SBF, the addition of TRIS buffer seemed to inhibit the formation of the calcium phosphate film.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition.

For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.

Blood Volume↗
PubMed2001

Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise.

Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced hypohydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.

Blood Volume↗