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PubMed2006

Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues.

The impact of the role of individual ethical predispositions, preferences for utilitarian and formalistic ideals, on managerial moral awareness was examined in 2 studies. Results suggested that a manager's ethical predispositions influence his or her responses to the characteristics of the moral issue. Both utilitarianism and formalism shaped moral awareness, but formalism demonstrated a greater capacity to do so in that formalists recognized both harm and the violation of a behavioral norm as indicators of the moral issue, whereas utilitarians responded only to harm. These findings provide support for the basic arguments underlying theories of moral development and offer several implications for the study and practice of moral awareness in organizations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impact of healthy aging on awareness and fear conditioning.

Fear conditioning has provided a useful model system for studying associative emotional learning, but the impact of healthy aging has gone relatively unexplored. The present study investigated fear conditioning across the adult life span in humans. A delay discrimination task was employed using visual conditioned stimuli and an auditory unconditioned stimulus. Awareness of the reinforcement contingencies was assessed in a postexperimental interview. Compared with young adult participants, middle-aged and older adults displayed reductions in unconditioned responding, discriminant conditioning, and contingency awareness. When awareness and overall arousability were taken into consideration, there were no residual effects of aging on conditioning. These results highlight the importance of considering the influence of declarative knowledge when interpreting age-associated changes in discriminative conditioned learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The importance of awareness for eyeblink conditioning is conditional: theoretical comment on Bellebaum and Daum (2004).

Eyeblink conditioning entails a variety of paradigms that differ in terms of the brain systems that support conditioning and the importance of awareness. In this issue, C. Bellebaum and I. Daum (2004) that reports that conditional discrimination learning depends on awareness. Their findings, along with other recent work, suggest a framework whereby the temporal features of the conditioning paradigm are critical in determining the ability of the cerebellum to support conditioning and, as a result, the role of awareness in conditioning.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Awareness of subtle emotional feelings: a comparison of long-term meditators and nonmeditators.

The authors explored whether meditation training to enhance emotional awareness improves discrimination of subtle emotional feelings hypothesized to guide decision-making. Long-term meditators and nonmeditators were compared on measures of self-reported valence and arousal, skin conductance response (SCR), and facial electromyography (EMG) to masked and nonmasked emotional pictures, and on measures of heartbeat detection and self-reported emotional awareness. Groups responded similarly to nonmasked pictures. In the masked condition, only controls showed discrimination in valence self-reports. However, meditators reported greater emotional clarity than controls, and meditators with higher clarity had reduced arousal and improved valence discrimination in the masked condition. These findings provide qualified support for the somatic marker hypothesis and suggest that meditation may influence how emotionally ambiguous information is processed, regulated, and represented in conscious awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Striate cortex (V1) activity gates awareness of motion.

A key question in understanding visual awareness is whether any single cortical area is indispensable. In a transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment, we show that observers' awareness of activity in extrastriate area V5 depends on the amount of activity in striate cortex (V1). From the timing and pattern of effects, we infer that back-projections from extrastriate cortex influence information content in V1, but it is V1 that determines whether that information reaches awareness.

Awareness↗
PubMed1997

Are awareness of dietary fat intake and actual fat consumption associated?--a Dutch-American comparison.

OBJECTIVES: To compare dietary fat intake, the accuracy of individuals' awareness about their fat intake, and sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of awareness, in Dutch and American samples of employed adults. A discrepancy between objective dietary intake data and subjective self-evaluation of dietary fat consumption has been recognized in the past and might undermine healthy diet promotion interventions, and this is important because people who believe that their diets are healthful are less likely to be interested in making changes. Further, international comparisons have not been examined to date. DESIGN: Data collected for the baseline surveys of the 'Healthy Bergeijk' study in the Netherlands and the 'Working Well Trial' in the United States were compared. SUBJECTS: Working adults from a Dutch community health intervention study (n = 768) and an American worksite health promotion trial (n = 15,440). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objectively assessed dietary fat intake, measured by food frequency questionnaires, and subjective ratings of fat intake (self-rated fat intake). RESULTS: Findings show that the Dutch respondents had higher objectively assessed fat intake and lower subjective ratings of fat intake (P < 0.001). American respondents perceived their diets as higher in fat, more often stated their intentions to reduce fat intake, and were slightly more likely to make realistic estimates of their dietary fat. Dutch subjects were significantly more likely to underestimate their fat intakes. In both samples, women were most likely to underestimate their fat consumption and the most educated persons were most likely to be realistic. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of adults, both in the United States and the Netherlands, lack accurate awareness about how much fat they consume, though errors tend to be in opposite directions in the two countries. This study is an important first step toward broadening our international understanding of human dietary behavior for disease prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence, awareness and management of hypertension in a recently urbanised community, eastern Jordan.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate the magnitude of hypertension, and its levels of awareness and control of hypertension among a recently urbanised community of Jordanian aborigines; and (2) to compare the study findings with findings from other Jordanian communities. A sample was randomly selected from the roster of all inhabitants of the community aged 25 years or older. Data on 545 subjects included in the sample were collected during the months of January and February of 1995. A total of 89 (16.3%) subjects were suffering hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure > or =160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or =95 mm Hg or on antihypertensive medication. Prevalence rate of hypertension was comparable to that reported from other Jordanian communities who have experienced an urban lifestyle earlier than the reference community. Logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was positively associated with age, illiteracy, body mass index, family history of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. No association was detected between hypertension and each of gender, smoking, and total serum cholesterol. This study showed that the vast majority of hypertensive patients (82.0%) were aware of their diagnosis. However, more than two-thirds (68.5%) of those aware of their diagnosis did not achieve control of their hypertension. In conclusion, hypertension is a common public health problem in this community and that the hypertension management programme is far below the optimal level.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Standardized assessment of phonological awareness skills in low-income African American first graders.

Accurate identification of students with poor phonological awareness skills is important to providing appropriate reading instruction. This is particularly true for segments of the population, such as African American students, who have a history of reading failure. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of a group of African American first-grade students from low-income families on a standardized test of phonological awareness. Fifty-six African American first graders were given the Test of Phonological Awareness (TOPA; J. K. Torgesen and B. R. Bryant, 1994). Mean student performance on the TOPA was significantly below expected norms and negatively skewed. However, students' mean performance on a test of basic reading skills indicated performance within normal limits. Outcomes are discussed relative to the validity and predictive power of standardized phonological assessment instruments, in this case, the TOPA, for use with African American students and the possible influence of dialect on performance.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Factors affecting awareness and knowledge of glaucoma among patients presenting to an urban emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Until advanced, glaucoma is asymptomatic. For early diagnosis to occur, patients may need to be aware of it and seek assessment regularly. People who have risk factors for glaucoma may have a greater awareness of the disease. METHODS: Patients presenting to an urban hospital emergency department were surveyed with a brief questionnaire to assess their knowledge of glaucoma. Data was collected about their gender, age, family history of glaucoma and presence of systemic hypertension, diabetes, Raynaud's phenomenon, migraines and myopia. RESULTS: Women (Odds ratio 2.3; 95% CI 1.4-3.7; P < 0.01), people who were 40 years or older (Odds ratio 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.4; P < 0.05) and those who were aware of a family history of glaucoma (Odds ratio 15.7; CI 5.5-45.3; P < 0.01) knew significantly more about the disease than others. People with other risk factors did not demonstrate significantly greater knowledge despite 89% of all participants having had a previous eye examination. CONCLUSION: This information may be useful to predict which patients may know about glaucoma when they present for an eye examination and who should be targeted in public health campaigns.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Healthcare professionals' awareness of cancer support services.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to provide baseline information about the awareness, attitude, and willingness of oncology healthcare providers (HCPs) to recommend quality-of-life cancer education and support services to their patients. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: A brief survey questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 2000 physicians, nurses, and social workers who were active members of their respective oncology associations. RESULTS: A total of 1241 questionnaires were returned (62% reply rate), resulting in a final sample of 1180 HCPs (61% response rate). Among HCPs who referred patients to cancer organizations, the American Cancer Society (ACS; 83%), the National Cancer Institute (NCI; 55%), and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society ([formerly Leukemia Society of America] 42%) ranked at the top. More than 70% of HCPs indicated that they had heard about specific ACS programs and services or the NCI information hotline. Less than 60% of HCPs recommended or thought these same services were helpful to patients. Awareness, referrals, and attitudes toward cancer support services among HCPs were significantly related (P <.001). Qualitative comments qualified quantitative results. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although a surprising number of HCPs were aware of support services, fewer recommended or reported satisfaction with these services. HCPs' referrals and attitudes toward cancer psychosocial support services may be improved by assembling a concise directory of locally available resources, directing this information to HCPs who refer directly to cancer organizations, improving collaboration between agencies, increasing staff support, and targeting particular services in specific areas of the country for program monitoring and development.

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduced awareness of illness in first-episode psychosis.

We sought to investigate whether first-episode and multiple-episode patients differ in their awareness of their illness. A total of 312 multiple-episode and 144 first-episode patients participated, the majority of whom had a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder). Insight was measured using the Scale for the Assessment of Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). First-episode patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were less aware of having a mental illness than multiple-episode patients. Our findings suggest that in the time following the first episode of psychosis, patients may become less defensive, and possibly more skilled in using medical terms to describe their illness. We suggest a need for skilled psychoeducation that addresses awareness in patients with psychosis, particularly those who are unaware of their illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of weight training on state anxiety, body awareness and blood pressure.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of one session of recreational weight training on state anxiety and related constructs. State anxiety, body awareness and blood pressure were evaluated before and within 5-min following 50-min of self-selected weight training activity in a group of 25 subjects, and following 50-min of non-activity for 25 control subjects. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that state anxiety did not change (p > 0.05) significantly following weight training or quiet rest. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body awareness in the weight training group, as well as a significant (p < 0.05) trials by conditions interaction in systolic blood pressure. The control group experienced a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 5 mmHg, whereas the exercise group had an increase in blood pressure of 5 mmHg. It is concluded that state anxiety is not altered immediately following one session of recreational weight training activity, but this activity does produce increases in body awareness and systolic blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Neuroendocrine effects on one's awareness of the action of the heart].

Heart rate under mental and physical stress and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (by 24-hour ECG monitoring) as well as their awareness of these two types of cardiac activity were analysed in 11 insulin-dependent diabetics (manifestation before the age of 40 years) with autonomic neuropathy, five patients with hyperthyroidism and 13 healthy subjects. In hyperthyroidism the heart rate was increased as was the incidence of ventricular premature systoles; spontaneous variations and exercise-induced adaptation in heart rate were preserved. In diabetic neuropathy spontaneous heart-rate variations were absent, but adaptation reactions to mental and physical stress were normal. Patients of both groups had an impaired awareness of normal and arrhythmic cardiac activity. Lack of vagal inhibition in diabetic neuropathy and noradrenergic activation in hyperthyroidism may be the respective causative factors in the described disorders of regulation and awareness.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Awareness and use of the Ottawa ankle and knee rules in 5 countries: can publication alone be enough to change practice?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the international diffusion of the Ottawa Ankle and Knee Rules and determine emergency physicians' attitudes toward clinical decision rules in general. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, self-administered mail survey of random samples of 500 members each of the American College of Emergency Physicians, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine, Spanish Society for Emergency Medicine, and all members (n=1,350) of the French Speaking Society of Emergency Physicians, France. Main outcome measures were awareness of the Ottawa Ankle and Knee Rules, reported use of these rules, and attitudes toward clinical decision rules in general. RESULTS: A total of 1,769 (57%) emergency physicians responded, with country-specific response rates between 49% (United States and France) and 79% (Canada). More than 69% of physicians in all countries, except Spain, were aware of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Use of the Ottawa Ankle Rules differed by country with more than 70% of all responding Canadian and United Kingdom physicians reporting frequent use of the rules compared with fewer than one third of US, French, and Spanish physicians. The Ottawa Knee Rule was less well known and less used by physicians in all countries. Most physicians in all countries viewed decision rules as intended to improve the quality of health care (>78%), a convenient source of advice (>67%), and good educational tools (>61%). Of all physicians, those from the United States held the least positive attitudes toward decision rules. CONCLUSION: This constitutes the largest international survey of emergency physicians' attitudes toward and use of clinical decision rules. Striking differences were apparent among countries with regard to knowledge and use of decision rules. Despite similar awareness in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, US physicians appeared much less likely to use the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Future research should investigate factors leading to differences in rates of diffusion among countries and address strategies to enhance dissemination and implementation of such rules in the emergency department.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication from individuals with advanced DAT: can it provide clues to their sense of self-awareness and well-being?

Often communication from people with advanced dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is regarded as incoherent and meaningless. However, with careful listening and observation, such communication often becomes more understandable. To better understand DAT communication, the investigators designed an exploratory qualitative study to videotape and critically analyze conversations between a clinical nurse specialist and 15 subjects with DAT ranging from mild to severe. One of the findings was that, even in later stages, indications were given that subjects had self-awareness of their cognitive decline. The investigators further examined the communication of the five most cognitively impaired subjects for other indications of self-awareness and well-being. To demonstrate this premise of awareness of cognitive decline and self in the later stages of DAT, excerpts from communication received from five subjects with advanced cognitive impairment are presented.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Strength of early visual adaptation depends on visual awareness.

We measured visual-adaptation strength under variations in visual awareness by manipulating phenomenal invisibility of adapting stimuli using binocular rivalry and visual crowding. Results showed that the threshold-elevation aftereffect and the translational motion aftereffect were reduced substantially during binocular rivalry and crowding. Importantly, aftereffect reduction was correlated with the proportion of time that the adapting stimulus was removed from visual awareness. These findings indicate that the neural events that underlie both rivalry and crowding are inaugurated at an early stage of visual processing, because both the threshold-elevation aftereffect and translational motion aftereffect arise, at least in part, from adaptation at the earliest stages of cortical processing. Also, our findings make it necessary to reinterpret previous studies whose results were construed as psychophysical evidence against the direct role of neurons in the primary visual cortex in visual awareness.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1992

Raising awareness about reproductive morbidity.

Lack of awareness of the extent and effect of reproductive morbidity on the health and quality of life of women in developing countries is evident at national, community and individual levels. Raising awareness at national level requires population-based, epidemiological information which must be validated. At community level, public opinion mediates women's actions when they are sick and fear of social consequences provides a barrier to treatment. Individually, women find it difficult to talk about sexual reproductive health and its management. Methodologies currently being developed for raising awareness at all levels are described.

Awareness↗
PubMed1999

Temporal awareness: pivotal in performance?

This paper describes an experiment where operators have to deal with various parallel asynchronous processes. The authors were interested in the level of 'temporal awareness' developed by the operator. By temporal awareness, one means the ability of the operator to build a representation of the situation including the recent past and the near future. The hypothesis was that this ability is linked to other elements of performance. The authors also looked at the effects of an aid aimed at supporting the construction of temporal representation. The experiment showed that this support system was largely ineffective, but that the presence of temporal awareness proves to be a good indicator of performance, both in terms of errors committed and multiple-goal optimization.

Adult↗