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PubMed1990

Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate.

The relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was compared in young men (n = 24; age 18-33 yr), old men (n = 24; 69-89 yr), and old women (n = 20; 67-75 yr). Body composition was assessed using anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and isotope dilution with 18O-labeled water. RMR was measured at least twice using an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system with a ventilated hood. The results indicate that the different methods for assessing body composition vary substantially and should not be used interchangeably. Anthropometry was not adequate to assess group differences in body fatness, although skinfold measures may be appropriate for within-group comparisons. BIA correlated well with the isotope-dilution technique and may be a useful measure of FFM. Finally, RMR was lower in the old men than the young (1.04 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.03 kcal/min, P less than 0.001) and remained lower even when adjusted for FFM estimated by isotope dilution (P less than 0.001). RMR in the women was also lower (0.84 +/- 0.02 kcal/min), but in contrast to the difference between young and old men, RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ (P = 0.16) between old men and women. Therefore, it is clear that differences in FFM cannot fully account for the lower RMR in the old, suggesting that aging is associated with an alteration in tissue energy metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites.

Previous studies have reported that Blacks have 10-20% more bone mineral than Whites of the same height. Theoretically, this should mean that the lean body mass of Blacks is denser than that of Whites, such that formulas for calculating lean body mass from density in Whites will overestimate the lean body mass (and thus underestimate fatness) in Blacks. To determine if the lean body mass of Blacks is indeed denser than that of Whites, we measured density, total body water, and anthropometric dimensions in 19 white and 15 black male college students. The black and white cohorts were nearly identical in height, weight, and total body water. Among the Whites there was no significant difference between the observed density and that predicted from anthropometry, nor were there any significant differences between the dimensions of body composition calculated from total body water and from observed density. Among the Blacks, however, the observed density was significantly greater than that predicted from anthropometry, and the lean body mass calculated from observed density was significantly greater than that calculated from total body water. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lean body mass of the Blacks is denser than that of the Whites. Separate formulas should therefore be used for converting density to body composition. Based on our data, the correct formula for Blacks is: %fat = 100 X [(4.374/density) - 3.928]. This formula indicates a lean body density of 1.113 g/cm3 in Blacks compared with 1.100 in Whites.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Tall or short? Twenty years after preeclampsia exposure in utero: comparisons of final height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and age at menarche among women, exposed and unexposed to preeclampsia during fetal life.

Women exposed to preeclampsia during fetal life have lower risk of breast cancer, compared with unexposed women, possibly through fetal programming. Hypothetically, preeclampsia exposure could affect well-known risk factors for breast cancer, such as pubertal development or adult anthropometry. Women born in a defined geographic area of Sweden from 1973 through 1978, with verified preeclampsia exposure (n = 230) and nonexposure (n = 359) during fetal life, answered questions about anthropometric measures, smoking, parity, and age at menarche in a telephone interview in early adulthood. Compared with unexposed offspring, female offspring of women who had preeclampsia were lighter and shorter for gestational age, but in young adulthood there were no differences in height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, or age at menarche. When analyzing the effects of other maternal and fetal characteristics, the results indicate that approximately 50% of the variance in final height was explained by parental heights and birth length for gestational age. Young-adult body mass index was weakly associated with maternal body mass index, maternal smoking, and birth weight for gestational age, which together explained 12% of the variance. Neither of the assessed maternal or fetal characteristics were significantly associated with age at menarche or waist-to-hip ratio. These data indicate that neither adult anthropometry nor age at menarche is in the causal pathway between intrauterine preeclampsia exposure and the reduced risk of breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Head circumference and brain and hippocampal volume after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood.

Vulnerability of the hippocampus to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults is related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. The objectives of this study were to determine features of anthropometry and cerebral morphometry late after TBI in childhood and to assess whether hippocampal volume is related to severity of initial ictus and changes in white matter at follow-up. Thirty-three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging 4.9 y after severe TBI that necessitated intensive care; 23 had mechanical ventilation and intracranial pressure monitoring longer than 3 d. Magnetic resonance imaging analyses included volume of brain, hemisphere, ventricles, and hippocampal and perihippocampal regions; spatial distribution of voxel-based morphometry differences in white matter; and eigenvalues of diffusion tensor imaging diffusivity. Patients with longer intensive care ictus had smaller-than-expected occipitofrontal head circumference. Eight of these, identified by voxel-based morphometry, had periventricular white matter loss and smaller-than-expected brain volume for OFC, suggesting "atrophy"; the remainder had expected volume for a smaller OFC, suggesting "growth disturbance." Ninety-three percent of the variation in right hippocampal volume was accounted for by factors related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. It is concluded that anthropometry and cerebral morphometric measurements late after severe TBI in childhood provides useful outcome data and indicate that, despite adequate growth in stature, effects of TBI on brain growth and hippocampal volume may extend into adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Evidence of sustained skeletal benefits from impact-loading exercise in young females: a 3-year longitudinal study.

UNLABELLED: The skeletal effects from intensive exercise throughout puberty are undefined. Forty-five female gymnasts and 52 controls were studied over 3 years, including a heredity aspect. The effects of size, maturity, exercise, and diet were identified using a multilevel regression model. Results demonstrated sustained skeletal benefits resulting from exercise throughout all stages of pubertal development. INTRODUCTION: Weight-bearing exercise is beneficial for peak bone mass development. However, whether skeletal benefits achieved with exercise are maintained if training remains intensive throughout the pubertal years is not entirely clear. The influence of familial resemblance for bone mass remains undefined in physically active versus inactive children. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term influences of impact-loading exercise on bone quantity and quality in young females after controlling for growth, maturation, and hereditary factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At baseline, 45 gymnasts (G) and 52 normally active controls (C) 8-17 years of age were recruited. Anthropometry, diet, physical activity, and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were measured annually for 3 consecutive years. DXA scans of total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were taken three times at 1-year intervals. A multilevel regression model was fitted, and the independent effects of body size, maturity, physical activity, and diet were identified over time. To assess heredity influences, 27 G mothers and 26 C mothers volunteered for cross-sectional measurements of anthropometry, QUS, and BMC/BMD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Gymnasts were smaller and lighter (as were their mothers) than controls, but they had significantly higher QUS and axial and appendicular BMC and BMD, with > 170 g more bone mineral in TB across puberty (after adjustment for maturity [years from peak height velocity], height, weight, energy, and protein intake). Gymnasts had up to 24-51% higher BMC and 13-28% higher BMD, depending on skeletal site. These results provide evidence of sustained skeletal benefits from impact-loading exercise, which are unlikely to result entirely from heredity, throughout pubertal years.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Simple predictors of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcome in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether baseline polysomnography, cephalometry, and anthropometry data could predict uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) success or failure. DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed polysomnography, cephalometry, and anthropometry data from patients who underwent UPPP for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). SETTING: A university medical center. PATIENTS: OSA was diagnosed by polysomnography in 46 patients who underwent UPPP surgery for their sleep disorder. INTERVENTIONS: UPPP surgery with/or without tonsillectomy. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The mean patient age was 43 years, and the mean body mass index was 32.5 kg/m(2). The mean presurgical apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 45, and the mean baseline nadir oxygen saturation was 81%. Successful surgery was defined as a reduction in AHI to < 10 or to < 20 with a 50% reduction from the patient's baseline AHI. Of the 46 patients, 16 were successfully treated and 30 did not respond to surgical treatment. A mandibular-hyoid distance (MP-H) > 20 mm was found to be significantly (p = 0.05) predictive of failure of UPPP. When stepwise regression analysis was performed utilizing postsurgical AHI as the dependent variable and presurgical AHI, age, body mass index, baseline nadir O(2) saturation, and five cephalometric measurements as independent variables, MP-H distance significantly (r = 0.524; p = 0.01) correlated positively with postsurgical AHI. The distance between the superior point of a line-constructed plane of the sphenoidale (parallel to Frankfort horizontal) and a point at the intersection of the palatal plane perpendicular to the hyoid correlated negatively with postsurgical AHI (r = 0.586; p = 0.05). By creating a logistic model of this data, an MP-H distance < 21 mm, an angle created by point A to the nasion to point B < 3 degrees, and the presence of a baseline AHI < 38 enhanced the predictability of UPPP success. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a baseline AHI < 38 and an MP-H < or = 20 mm, and the absence of retrognathia are predictors of improvement after UPPP. Based on these findings, we would advocate the continued evaluation of cephalometric measurements and careful consideration of surgical treatment options for OSA.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnosis of child and adolescent nutritional status]

OBJECTIVE: To present a review on the methods for the assessment of child and adolescent nutritional status, emphasizing anthropometry and the various methods for the assessment of body composition; pointing out their advantages, limitations and risks. METHODS: Chapters of textbooks, theses, and articles relevant to the topic, as well as personal files and authors previous publications were selected. RESULTS: Anthropometry, which consists of the assessment of physical dimensions and global composition of the human body, has been regarded as the most frequently used isolated method for nutritional diagnosis, especially in childhood and adolescence, due to its ease of use, low cost and innocuousness. The most frequently adopted measurements aim at determining body mass, expressed by weight; linear dimensions, especially height; body composition and reserves of energy and proteins, estimated through subcutaneous fat and muscle mass. Laboratorial methods especially developed for the assessment of body composition are presented here. The justification for the use of methods that expose children and adolescents to ionizing radiation is also presented. CONCLUSIONS: On defining methods for the assessment of nutritional status, we should select those that better detect the nutritional deficiencies we want to correct, also taking into consideration their costs, level of personal skill required for their proper application, necessary time for application, acceptability by the studied population and possible health risks.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the nutritional status of Indian children from Alto Xingu, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status and estimate body composition of Indian children from Xingu Indigenous Park (XIP), rain forest Amazon region, by using anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance (BI) tests. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-four Indian children (89 girls and 75 boys) of unknown age were evaluated by means of anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance. Weight and height were used to calculate z-score for weight-for-height (W/H) index. Two equations based on the resistance values obtained from the bioelectrical impedance were used to determine body composition. The values obtained were compared to standard reference. RESULTS: Z-score median for weigh-for-height index was 0.59 (boys) and 0.46 (girls) (P=0.27), respectively. Among the children studied only 1.8% showed z-score W/H <-2 standard deviations (SD), and 3% showed z-score W/H >2 SD. Mean resistance values were 625.4 +/- 79.2 Ohms (girls) and 588.8 +/- 68.9 Ohms (boys) (P<0.01). The percentage of body composition values obtained for girls were 14.2% fat mass (FM) and 85.8% fat-free mass (FFM), and 11.7% (FM) and 88.3% (FFM). The values for the boys were 14.9% (FM) and 85.1% (FFM), and 10.3% (FM) and 89.7% (FFM). CONCLUSIONS: There were low rates of obesity and malnutrition, what leads us to believe that the nutritional status among the Indian children from XIP has been kept in good standard along the last three decades, even under some degree of the Western culture influence. The Indians' body composition enhanced the good nutritional status among the studied population. BI played an important role in the estimation of body composition in this field study.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resting energy expenditure in cystic fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: Study of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), with the aim of determine its possible increase and its relationship with nutritional clinic and analitic parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Measurement of REE in 18 patients (11 female) with CF, without acute pulmonary exacerbation. Their age was between 5 years 3 months and 21 years 7 months. REE was expressed as kcal/day and as percentage of the predictive education of World Health Organization (WHO) for calculation of REE in function of gender, age and weight. It was also determined complete anthropometry and body composition derived (Siri), bioelectrical impedance, pulmonary function (FEV1 and FVC), chest X-ray (Score Chrispin) and blood sample (leucocits, VSG, IgM, vitamin A, C, E and serum lipids). RESULTS: The mean REE was 1280 +/- 246 kcal/day. There was strong correlation with fat free mass (anthropometry) (r: 0.92; p < 0.0001) and with ratio height 2/resistance by bioelectric impedance (r: 0.89; p < 0.0001). If expressed as percentage of WHO education, REE was 104.2 +/- 9.8%. In chronic infected by Pseudomona sp. was 106.8 +/- 11.5% and 101.0 +/- 6.6 in no infected patients. REE was 102.9 +/- 6.4% in prepubertal subjects, 102.2 +/- 10.8% in pubertal, and 108.6 +/- 12.1 in postpubertal subjects. There was no significative correlation with nutritional status, but it was reported significative correlation with severity of pulmonary disease (FEV1: r: -0.58; p < 0.05. Score Chrispin: r: 0.62; p < 0.005). There was also significative correlation with ratio vitamin E/cholesterol (r: -0.60; p < 0.05), but not with another analitic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: REE is strong correlated with fat free mass in patients with CF. The increased REE values over normal ones is related with severity of pulmonary disease. The decrease of ratio Vitamin E/cholesterol is also related with increase of REE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnosis of malnutrition in the elderly by dual energy absorptiometry].

OBJECTIVES: Denutrition is a frequent condition in elderly persons and may have major consequences. A noninvasive investigation, whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, should allow, by direct measurement of body composition, early and reliable diagnosis of denutrition. This study was conducted to elaborate a diagnostic tool using this exam and to test its validity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A global index of denutrition was proposed combining anthropometric, biological criteria, and the Mini Nutritional Assessment scale. Two agreement analyses were made between classical diagnostic criteria of nutritional status and body fat and fat free mass assessed by anthropometry and absorptiometry. An association between nutritional status and body absorptiometric composition were studied with univariate analysis followed by a multivariate logistic regression model. This model allowed an elaboration of a nutritional absorptiometric index (NAI). RESULTS: One hundred one elderly subjects were included. Twenty-three were considered to be in a state of denutrition. Agreement was poor between anthropometric and biological diagnostic criteria of denutrition. It was good between the different masses assess by anthropometry and absorptiometry. Subjects in a state of denutrition had significantly lower body fat and lower fat free mass. The fat free mass index (fat free mass divided by the square height) and body fat were entered into a logistic model and composed the NAI, which showed good diagnostic validity in terms of specificity and sensitivity. DISCUSSION: Absorptiometry appears to be a simple reliable diagnostic tool for assessing denutrition in elderly persons in routine practice. Further studies are required and should lead to a confirmation of the interest of these absorptiometric indexes.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

["CLAPSEN", a global approach to the rehabilitation of severe childhood malnutrition in Bolivia].

The "CLAPSEN" approach was developed at the Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi in Cochabamba, to provide a global response for the study and treatment of childhood malnutrition. "CLAPSEN" is short for Clinical, Laboratory, Anthropometry, Psychology, Sociology, Nursing (Enfermera in Spanish) and Nutritional care. Most of the malnourished children admitted to Cochabamba Hospital are from poor families, more than three quarters of whom have only recently arrived in the city. Acute malnutrition is just one of the manifestations of a generally unfavorable environment. Malnutrition should not be considered as a simple deficiency in energy, protein or micronutrients, but rather as a multi-deficiency syndrome, also involving a lack of basic health and social care. This study demonstrates that malnourished children display a considerable degree of psychological retardation and of immune system depression. After five weeks of rehabilitation, the children were considered to have recuperated physically, as assessed by anthropometry, but not psychologically, as assessed by the adapted Dewer Score, or immunologically, as shown by the size of the thymus or the extent of maturation of lymphocytes. This strategy was not designed as a long-term approach for treating malnutrition, but rather as a research project to characterize the children arriving at the hospital, to determine the reasons for their malnutrition and to identify strategies that could be implemented earlier by health centers of social services, to prevent deterioration in the condition of these children to severe malnutrition requiring hospital admission. We believe that, in this Latin American context, in which the rate of acute malnutrition is low, the hospital should continue to be involved in the treatment of severely malnourished children with associated diseases. The child's stay in hospital should be short and once the child has recovered clinically, he should be sent home. In light of the observed levels of social deprivation, psychosocial and immune deficits, there appears to be a need for continued support for the family, to ensure the full recovery of the child and to prevent relapses.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2000

The effect of electroacupuncture on shoulder subluxation for stroke patients.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of electroacupuncture on shoulder subluxation for stroke patients. Twenty hemiplegic patients with shoulder subluxation were randomly and equally divided into two groups. The subjects in the control group received conventional therapy, and the subjects in the study group were treated with electroacupuncture and conventional therapy for four weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS) for shoulder pain, motor function status, anthropometry, and X-ray assessment were used to evaluate the status of shoulder subluxation before and after treatment. The results indicated that the pain scores decreased in the study groups significantly more than those in the control group. The degrees of shoulder reduction, including the measurement of anthropometry and X-ray assessment in the study group, were more than those of the control group. However, the motor function status showed no significant difference between two groups. It is concluded that electroacupuncture can be an effective adjuvant management in the treatment of shoulder subluxation for stroke patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

In the absence of dietary surveillance, chitosan does not reduce plasma lipids or obesity in hypercholesterolaemic obese Asian subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Absorbitol on body weight, anthropometry, body composition, blood pressures and lipid profiles in obese, hypercholesterolaemic subjects without dietary restriction. DESIGN: A randomised, double blind. Placebo-controlled study. SUBJECTS: Normal volunteers with no history of chronic illnesses (n=88) who were obese (body fat percentage > 20% in males and > 30% in females) and hypercholesterolaemic (total cholesterol > 5.20 mmol/L). Sixty-eight (72.3%) subjects completed the study. INTERVENTION: After a 4 week run in phase, 4 placebo/Absorbitol (250 mg) capsules were prescribed 3 times a day before meals. Subjects received written information on healthy lifestyle but there was no dietary restriction or monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, body mass index, lean body mass, waist, hip, blood pressure, fasting lipids and insulin levels were taken at baseline, 4th and 16th week of the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analyses were on an intention-to-treat basis. Comparisons between groups were made using Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests for parametric and non-parametric data respectively. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the measured parameters in Absorbitol treated subjects compared to those on placebo, with exception of HDL-cholesterol which increased in the absorbitol group and decreased in the placebo group (p=0.048). The side effects of Absorbitol were also comparable to that of placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of dietary surveillance, Absorbitol does not bring about improvement in weight, anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure or lipid profile.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Small female and large male responses in rear impact.

The objective of this study was to conduct rear impact sled tests using 5(th), 50(th), and 95(th) percentile Hybrid III dummies and evaluate proposed injury criteria. Head restraint positions of differing height (750, 800 mm) and backset (0, 50, 100 mm) were used to determine axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, N(ij), and N(km)). The time sequence to attain each parameter was also determined. Three events were identified in the dummy rear impact response. Event I was coincident with the torso bottoming out the seat cushion, Event II occurred at the time of the peak neck flexion moment, and Event III occurred at the time of maximum head to head restraint involvement. Parameters such as backset, head restraint height, seat-head restraint interaction, and anthropometry affected impact responses. Head rotations increased with increasing backset and increasing head restraint height. However, the N(ij) and N(km) did not exhibit such clear trends. The 50(th) percentile dummy responded with consistent injury criteria values, e.g., the magnitude of the injury criteria increased with backset increase or head restraint height decrease. However, the 5(th) and 95(th) percentile dummies did not demonstrate such trends. These findings underscore the need to include subject anthropometry in addition to seat and head restraint characteristics for better assessment of rear impact responses.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation on the growth and development of children from gangsan primary school in Kundulun district of Baotou City].

In order to evaluate the growth and development of primary school children and the effect of anemia on body height and weihgt, a routine examination on anthropometry and heomoglobin was carried out among the children from Gangsan Primary School in the Kundulun District of Baotou City, including 580 boys and 561 girls for anthropometry and 579 boys and 560 girls for hemoglobin in the Spring of 2001. The results showed that the growth and development of children were higher than the average results of children published in 1992 National Nutrition Survey, and also higher than the results from the Chinese school children physique development in 1995. The average prevalence of anemia was 26.2%, and the girls suffered from anemia were much higher than the boys (30.9% and 21.8% respectively). The highest prevalence of anemia in boys was in the second grades(29.3% and 28.9%), however, the highest prevalence of anemia in girls was in the second grade(43.2%). Compared with normal children, the children suffered from anemia were in lower height, lower body weight and lower body mass index significantly(P < 0.001); The present study indicated that anemia might have adverse effects on the growth and development of children.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2002

Physical fitness: a comparative study between students of residential (Sainik) and non-residential schools (aged 12-14 years).

Physical Fitness Index (PFI), of fifty Residential (Sainik) School children (Mean +/- SD, 13.18 +/- 0.48 yrs) and forty four Non-Residential school children (Mean +/- SD, 13.15 +/- 0.66 yrs) of Bijapur, Karnataka, was assessed by Harvard Step Test. Their height (cm), weight (kg), chest circumference (cm), and mid arm circumference (cm) were recorded as physical anthropometry. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated (kg/m2). Results indicated that Non-Residential School children had poor physical anthropometry and showed a less PFI score (Mean +/- SD, 60.56 +/- 13.49), as compared to Residential (Sainik) School children (Mean +/- SD, 85.7 +/- 16.91). Regular physical activity with uniform diet and better physical composition attributed higher physical fitness in the children of Residential (Sainik) school in comparison to their sedentary Non-Residential counter part.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Features of isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia in Jamaican adults.

Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia (IPH) can be defined as a two-hour plasma glucose concentration > or = 11.1 mmol/L with a fasting plasma glucose concentration < 7.0 mmol/L. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of IPH in a cohort of Jamaican individuals, and to determine if simple clinical features may predict the presence and subsequent diagnosis of IPH. A cohort of 1694 adults aged 25-74 years without physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus was randomly selected. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Anthropometry, blood pressure and lipid profiles were measured. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus by the 1999 World Health Organization criteria was 6.4%. IPH accounted for 24% of these cases and 1.4% of the entire population. Individuals with IPH were significantly older, with greater body mass index, waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than individuals with normal glucose tolerance. Individuals with IPH were not significantly different from individuals with fasting plasma glucose levels > or = 7 mmol/L (i.e. fasting hyperglycaemia) in anthropometry or blood pressure. However, total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly elevated in the IPH group. OGTT screening of individuals with impaired fasting glucose (i.e. 6.1-6.9 mmol/l) could reduce the IPH group by 50%. Reducing the threshold for fasting glucose to 5.6 mmol/L would correctly classify 87% of the population. We concluded that individuals with IPH have features of the metabolic syndrome, which can aid in selection for screening. OGTT screening of individuals with fasting glucose values of 5.6-6.9 mmol/l is needed to identify IPH.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Subject characteristics and low back pain in young athletes and nonathletes.

Factors associated with low back pain (LBP) were sought by means of a questionnaire and physical measurements in 138 adolescents. One-hundred athletes and 38 nonathletes, 138 subjects total (58 boys and 80 girls; age range 10.3-13.3 yr), were studied. The questionnaire included questions on physical activity and LBP. Quantitative measurements on anthropometry, flexibility (joint hypermobility and muscular tightness), and strength were performed. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of LBP between athletes and nonathletes. Among the athletes, the duration of training during the past 12 months (min.wk-1) was higher in subjects with the experience of LBP during the past 12 months (N = 23) compared with nonsymptomatic subjects (N = 76) (mean 493 +/- 308 min.wk-1 vs 354 +/- 160 min.wk-1; P less than 0.0001). Similar differences were also seen between subjects with positive lifetime histories of LBP and nonsymptomatic subjects. Various differences were seen in the measurements of anthropometry, flexibility, and strength between boys and girls as well as between athletes and nonathletes. In a multivariate analysis, the cumulative incidence of lifetime history of LBP was associated with tightness of hip flexor muscles only (P = 0.014). LBP during the past 12 months was associated only with the amount of training during the past 12 months (min.wk-1) (P = 0.0066). Our study suggests that high training duration predisposes young athletes to LBP. However, e.g., the flexibility measurements cannot be used to determine athletes at high risk.

Adolescent↗