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Results for “Adolescent Development”

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PubMed1986

Cognitive development and the dynamics of decision-making among adolescents.

Cognitive development was examined in relation to the amount of time students would deliberate before making a decision, the effect of perceived emotional stress on decision making, and identification of all possible decisions that would have to be made. Subjects were 94 eighth-11th grade students in New Mexico and Montana. Results indicated abstract thinkers had a better decision-making process than concrete thinkers and made more health promoting decisions. Health educators are challenged to create educational strategies that enhance abstract development and teach classic steps of decision-making, thus improving the decision-making ability of youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Development of perceived adolescent relationship scale.

The purpose of the present study was to develop an easily administered scale to assess adolescents' perceptions of both their own social competence and social participation in relationships. Six items were used to generate two factors that accounted for about 68% of the variance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire: development and psychometric testing.

This paper describes the development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure healthy lifestyle in adolescents. The Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire (ALQ) was tested on 292 adolescents residing in eastern Canada using item analysis, factor analysis, and reliability measures. Factor analysis isolated seven dimensions to a healthy lifestyle in adolescents, which accounted for 56.0% of the variance in the 43-item measure. The seven factors were: identity awareness, nutrition, physical participation, safety, health awareness, social support, and stress management. The alpha reliability coefficient for the total scale is .91; alpha coefficients for the subscales range from .60 to .88. The instrument warrants further testing and development with different adolescent populations. The instrument will enable researchers to investigate lifestyle patterns in adolescents and to assess the impact of interventions of lifestyle change in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating the efficacy of an integrated curriculum on adolescent health and development for pre-service nursing education in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: An integrated adolescent curriculum on health and development (ADH) was implemented in a pre-service nursing programme in a university. AIM: This study examined the efficacy of an ADH curricular framework in improving the competency variables of student nurses in delivering ADH services. METHOD: The design of the study was quasi-experimental with the systematically designed ADH training curriculum as an intervention. Pre- and post-tests incorporating an experimental group and a control group for a sample of 101 student nurses were used. FINDINGS: Reports from 50 student nurses in the experimental group indicated that there was a significant increase from the pre-test to the post-test phase in the total score for the variables in the ADH Competency Checklist (Z=-5.71, p<0.001) and its four subscales: the professional development subscale (Z=-5.37, p<0.001), the psychosocial and physical well-being subscale (Z=-5.66, p<0.001), the health behaviours and lifestyles subscale (Z=-5.07, p<0.001), and the identity and reproductive health subscale (Z=-4.86, p<0.001). Significant changes were detected in the ADH competency variables for the control group in the post-test phase. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal that the systematic integration of ADH in the nursing curriculum had the positive impact of increasing the competency of student nurses for the examined variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS among adolescents in less developed countries: are they effective?

The objective of this study was to summarize and critically assess the effects of interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS among adolescents in less developed countries. Reports of studies that evaluated interventions for preventing HIV/AIDS/STDs among persons aged 11-25 years were obtained from online computer databases, by searching conference proceedings and relevant journals, and by following up references cited in published reports. Studies were included if they investigated any educational, behavioral, psychosocial or other intervention that aimed to prevent or reduce HIV/AIDS/STD among persons aged 11-25 years in a less developed country. Only studies that included a control group, and which involved pre- and post-intervention assessments were included. Outcome measures included: (i) changes in safe sex practices (abstinence, condom use, limitation of sexual partners, avoidance of casual sex), (ii) knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention methods, (iii) perception of HIV/AIDS/STD risks, (iv) self-efficacy with regard to condom negotiation and refusal of sex, (v) uptake of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), and (vi) reduction in incidence of HIV/AIDS/STDs. Studies were assessed in terms of intervention format (e.g., education, role-play, video), duration, and setting (school or community). Reported improvements in outcome measures in intervention versus control groups were assessed. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen of these were conducted in Africa and three in Latin America. Twelve of the sixteen studies were school-based, and four were community-based. The interventions reviewed were not resoundingly successful in achieving their goals of increasing knowledge of HIV/AIDS, altering attitudes, improving negotiation and communication skills, or in influencing positive behavior evidenced through consistent condom use, abstinence, or reducing the number of partners. Considering the importance of HIV/AIDS prevention among adolescents, design of evaluation studies of programs in less developed countries need to be improved. The use of randomized controlled trials or other rigorous approaches for evaluating population-based behavioral interventions (e.g., Solomon Four design) is recommended.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Separation anxiety in parents of adolescents: theoretical significance and scale development.

Parents of adolescents commonly face separation-related issues associated with children's increasing independence and imminent leave-taking. The aims of this investigation were (1) to develop a reliable and valid measure of parental emotions associated with separation and (2) to validate the measure by relating it to other attributes (attachment relationship quality, parent-child communication, and parent-adolescent differentiation) assessed in mothers, fathers, and their adolescents. The newly constructed, 35-item Parents of Adolescents Separation Anxiety Scale (PASAS) was administered to 686 parents of teenagers in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 or college-bound freshmen and seniors. Factor analyses supported formation of two subscales: Anxiety about Adolescent Distancing (AAD) and Comfort with Secure Base Role (CSBR); both subscales showed distinctive patterns of change with child age. Parents' reports indicated that healthy adult attachment styles were associated with lower AAD and higher CSBR scores; children of parents who had higher AAD scores reported lower quality of attachment to both mothers and fathers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Adolescent medicine: the development of a new specialty.

The purpose of this article is to review the developments that contributed to the appearance of Adolescent Medicine. A historical account is followed by the application of two related sociological concepts: a) Rosen's hypothesis of changes in the attitudes of the medical profession to specialization and b) the process of segmenting theory as developed by Butcher and Strauss. The article concludes with a discussion of the implication of those theories for the future of the new specialty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Papilla (nipple) development in puberty. The adolescent male.

Papilla (nipple) development was studied in 230 males (119 black, 111 white) aged 3-29 years to compare this development to the established criteria for sexual maturation. Comparison was also made with a previous study of female nipple development to determine whether or when any differences between male and female nipple development occurred. Our male subjects were further assessed to determine if nipple size differed in the presence or absence of gynecomastia. Significant nipple development occurred between pubic hair stages PH1 (diameter 2.8 mm), PH4 (4.4 mm), and PH5 (5.4 mm). Similarly, there was significant incremental growth between genital stages G1 (3.0 mm), G3 (4.6 mm), and G5 (5.5 mm). Nipple development was similar in both sexes through stage PH3, but significantly diverged at stage PH4 (p less than 0.000001) because of a marked increase in female nipple diameter. Boys with gynecomastia had a significantly larger nipple size than boys who had none (p less than 0.001). Differences in nipple diameter between the sexes and between boys with and without gynecomastia probably result from differences in estrogen levels. Perhaps in the future, it will be possible on the basis of nipple diameter to predict which adolescent boys will have persistent gynecomastia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of ostomy surgery between the ages of 6 and 12 years on psychosocial development during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ostomy surgery performed between the ages of 6 and 12 years on psychosocial development during subsequent childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. DESIGN: Ethnographic. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Six women and 4 men (mean age 30.7 years) who responded to a notice in a chapter newsletter of the United Ostomy Association. METHODS: Spradley's Ethnographic interview format was used for this study. One interview was conducted with each informant over a 4-week period, and a second, more detailed interview was conducted with 2 subjects who were identified as key informants. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed to detect shared patterns in the informants' language. INSTRUMENTS: The Ethnograph computer software program was used as an aid in analyzing the interview transcripts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The informants' subjective experiences during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. RESULTS: Nine of the 10 informants adjusted well in the first years after surgery. Key factors in good adjustment were support from family and a perception of "normalcy," including managing one's own ostomy care. All informants reported that their ostomy had a negative impact on their lives during adolescence and that they would have appreciated contact with other teens facing the same dilemma. The age at which an informant underwent ostomy surgery did not influence the difficulties reported during adolescence. CONCLUSION: Ostomy surgery performed between the ages of 6 and 12 years can have long-term effects on psychosocial development. Nurses should promote normalization, teach self-care of the ostomy as soon as possible after surgery, and refer children and parents to mutual support groups as appropriate.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Plasma leptin is associated with insulin resistance independent of age, body mass index, fat mass, lipids, and pubertal development in nondiabetic adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The rising epidemic worldwide in overweight and obese children requires urgent attention. Leptin has been found to be associated with body weight control and possibly affects insulin sensitivity. Since insulin resistance is associated with obesity in adults and possibly in adolescents, we set out to investigate the association of plasma leptin level with various anthropometric indices, body fat mass (FM), lipids, and insulin resistance (IR) index in nondiabetic adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study from three high schools in Taipei City in Taiwan. SUBJECTS: A total of 402 nondiabetic subjects (162 boys and 240 girls; age range, 10-19 y; mean age, 15.8+/-1.9 y, and mean body mass index (BMI), 24.8+/-4.6 kg/m(2)) were recruited. MEASUREMENTS: The fasting plasma leptin, plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and anthropometric indices including height, weight, waist (WC) and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were examined. Total body FM and percentage body fat (FM%) were obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The homeostasis model was applied to estimate the degree of IR. RESULTS: The plasma leptin levels were significantly higher in girls (17.45+/-10.13 ng/ml) than boys (8.81+/-6.71 ng/ml, P<0.001). The plasma leptin levels were positively correlated to BMI, WC, WHR, FM, FM%, and triglycerides (TG). The IR index was positively correlated to BMI, WC, WHR, FM, FM%, TG, and leptin. Using the multivariate linear regression models, we found that plasma leptin remains significantly associated with IR index even after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, FM, WC, Tanner stage, and TG. CONCLUSION: Plasma leptin was associated with IR index independent of age, gender, BMI, FM, WC, Tanner stage, and TG. Plasma leptin levels in adolescents could be a predictor for the development of the metabolic syndrome disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Mom, dad, I'm straight: the coming out of gender ideologies in adolescent sexual-identity development.

Little attention has been given to how femininity and masculinity ideologies impact sexual-identity development. Differentiating violations of conventional femininity and masculinity ideologies as part of an overt process of sexual-identity development in sexual-minority adolescents suggested the possibility of a parallel process among heterosexual adolescents. Based on feminist theory and analysis of heterosexual adolescents narratives about relationships, the importance of negotiating femininity and masculinity ideologies as part of sexual-identity development for all adolescents is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Challenging racism, sexism, and social injustice: support for urban adolescents' critical consciousness development.

This mixed-model study examined the relationship between urban adolescents' perceived support for challenging racism, sexism, and social injustice from peers, family, and community members and their critical consciousness development. These relationships were examined by relating participants' qualitative perceptions of support for challenging racism, sexism, and social injustice to quantitative data obtained from Likert-type measures of the reflection and action components of critical consciousness. Perceived support for challenging racism, sexism, and social injustice had a significant impact upon the reflection component of critical consciousness; the significance criterion was supported by effect size estimates. Support for challenging racism, sexism, and social injustice was not significantly related to the action component of critical consciousness. Participants perceived the most support for challenging racism, moderate support for challenging social injustice, and the least support for challenging sexism. Additionally, female participants perceived more support for challenging sexism than male participants. These results suggest that the informal interactions of urban adolescents play a role in shaping their critical consciousness, and hold implications for psychosocial interventions and research with marginalized populations.

Adolescent↗