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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Body size and postcranial robusticity of European Upper Paleolithic hominins.

The robust diaphyses of Pleistocene hominins are said to indicate higher activity levels in these prehistoric humans than among people today. Thus, it could be argued that the prediction of body mass from fossil lower limb diaphyseal cortical area (CA) using recent human regressions might lead to erroneously high body mass estimates. This study uses three body mass prediction formulae based on the following features: reconstructed femoral 80% (subtrochanteric) CA, femoral head diameter (FH), and bi-iliac breadth and stature (BIB-St) among European Early and Late Upper Paleolithic (EUP and LUP) and recent humans from Africa and Europe. All three methods produce similar body mass estimates for all groups studied, including recent humans. Gleaning behavioral differences from these data is more difficult, as no significant differences in CA were found among the fossil and recent Europeans. It has been suggested that the EUP had less robust diaphyses than their LUP counterparts. However, here this result is only obtained when CA is size-standardized to femoral length(3) (Ruff et al., 1993, Am. J. phys. Anthrop.91, 21-53 Trinkaus et al., 1998, in Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp.391-404, New York: Plenum). This should not be interpreted as evidence for lower activity levels in the EUP, but rather as an artefact of standardization, for as Wolpoff (1999), Am. J. phys. Anthrop.109, 416-423 points out, these standardized variables are extremely sensitive to limb length differences, and the EUP have longer limbs than their LUP counterparts. With this in mind, these data do not support a pattern of behavioral differences between EUP and LUP humans, and therefore more sensitive measures than CA may be required to detect such differences.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Toxicity of fenitrothion, an organophosphorus pesticide, against summer population of sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae).

The sunn pest are a group of insect representing several genera of the shield bug (Scutelleridae) and stink bug (Pentatomidae) families, with the species Eurygaster integriceps being the most economically important. The sunn pest is a major pest of wheat and barley in central and western Asia and it accounts for annual losses of 20-30% for barley and up to 100% for wheat. In the recent decades problems have intensified largely due to change in farming practices. Thus this pest threatens food security and reduces the stability of traditionally wheat-based agricultural systems. In order to control pest, the major organophosphorus insecticide used is fenitrothion. So, the aim of the current study was to determine toxicity of fenitrothion against summer population of adult sunn pest. Insecticide toxicity was measured using a topical bioassay. To do so, the toxin was dissolved in acetone and six concentrations of toxin including 25, 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 ppm were prepared. Insects were treated on the pronotum with one micro litre aliquots of insecticide in acetone (for treatments) or acetone alone (for control). The dose-mortality relationship was assessed from above mentioned doses with 30 insects treated per dose. After treatment, insects were maintained at laboratory conditions and mortality was recorded after 48 hours. Results were corrected for control mortality with Abbott's formula and then analyzed and toxicity determined. The obtained results showed that LD10, LD50, and LD90 were 34.7, 90.43, and 235.5, respectively.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Quail poisoning in a child.

CONTEXT: It has been well known since ancient times that the consumption of quail may be deleterious to health. The European quail sub-species (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), common to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia is indeed potentially poisonous to humans, but only during the autumn migration (not during their return flight in spring). Quail poisoning is an acute dietary-toxicological syndrome. ISSUE: In this case report, we describe a rare, non-fatal case of quail poisoning in a 12-year-old boy. The victim was admitted to hospital 5 hours after the consumption of quail because of the signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory findings (elevation of serum muscle enzymes, myoglobinuria) significant of acute rhabdomyolysis. He was treated symptomatically with bed rest, forced continuous diuresis, urine alkalization, and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. The victim recovered completely without sequelae after 8 days hospitalization. LESSONS: The aetiology of this syndrome is still unclear. It has been suggested that a toxic effect or a genetic sensitivity plays a major role. Many cases of quail poisoning in adults have been reported previously on the island of Lesbos during autumn. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in a child.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Ovine salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis].

Salmonella enteritidis subsp. enteritidis ser. abortus ovis, a sheep-adapted serotype, causes a contagious infectious disease with abortion as the main symptom, sometimes accompanied with mortality of lambs. This auxotrophic gram-negative bacterium ranks among the main causes of ovine abortions in some countries of Europe and of western Asia. The disease tends toward an endemic pattern with a multi-annual rhythm in the frequency of abortions. Bacteremia leads to bacterial colonization of the feto-placental unit, the principal site of salmonella multiplication. Peripartum vaginal excretion, coming with abortion or sometimes with lambing of living lamb at term, is massive. Fecal excretion remains generally undetectable, except during septicemic complication of placental retention. Rams develop a serological response to contamination but remain clinically normal. Frequency of carriers of abortus ovis is reported as low-to-relatively-high. Diagnosis rests on laboratory findings. A sero-agglutination test may offer a strong presumption at the flock level. Isolation of abortus ovis confirms the diagnosis; vaginal discharges, placentas or organs of aborted fetus or of dead animals are plated directly on selective media. Differential diagnosis requires consideration of other salmonelloses and other abortifacient diseases predominating in the area. Introduction of sheep from an infected area to a clean area should be avoided. Isolation of aborting ewes and destruction of contaminated bedding and of all products of abortion reduce contamination. Antibiotic treatment during an outbreak is sometimes disappointing. Annual vaccination with dead or living vaccines is advisable in endemic areas.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the geographical distribution of malaria throughout history.

Climatic changes must have greatly affected the distribution of malaria in prehistoric times. Paleobotanical evidence, snowline depression studies and information obtained from deep sea sediment cores, indicate that southern Europe must have suffered a drop of summer temperatures of approximately 9 degrees C during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 years ago. Such a drop would have been decisive as regards the distribution of malaria and its vectors. If present at all, the disease would have been confined to the southernmost parts of the continent but P. falciparum and today's most effective vectors--A. labranchiae and A. sacharovi--would have been excluded from Europe. In western Asia, summer temperatures 6 degrees C lower than those of today would have had less effect on the malaria situation. The introduction of falciparum malaria in southern Europe is placed in Hellenistic and Early Imperial Roman times, based on paleoclimatological evidence and historical and medical data. In America P. falciparum is also considered a late entrant but vivax and quartan malaria may have been introduced in pre-Columbian times. In the Pacific, the disease is known to have been spread by man since the Age of Discovery until contemporary times.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

User preferences for contraceptive methods in India, Korea, the Philippines, and Turkey. World Health Organization Task Force on Psychosocial Research in Family Planning and Task Force on Service Research in Family Planning.

Research was conducted to determine the patterns of contraceptive choice in four developing countries and to investigate the association between method selection and demographic/socioeconomic variables, future family planning intentions, and users' perceptions of methods and preference for personnel. After listening to a balanced presentation of information on the methods, each woman indicated her choice and was then interviewed to determine her reasons for selecting that method. The pattern of contraceptive selection differed from the previous pattern of contraceptive use in each clinic, and this suggests that the presentation of balanced information combined with the provision of a free choice of methods is a useful approach to the assessment of the demand.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological characteristics of cholera in the Republic of Dagestan. An assessment of the epidemic-control measures].

Retrospective analysis of epidemic cholera manifestations was made in Daghestan using the data of operative epidemic analysis of the break in 1994. Unexpected prolongation of epidemic process of cholera for Daghestan, which was imported by pilgrims from Southern-Western Asia, has been shown using climate-geographical social-demographical and sanitary-hygienic peculiarities. Common laws of development of epidemic complications were demonstrated, as well as the main ways of infection transmission of great number of Daghestan settlements in epidemic process. The importance of antiepidemic means and significant role of created specialized antiepidemic groups have been emphasized in rapid carrying out of means in infection focus, including massive investigation of people in settlements.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2001

Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.

Over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include Japanese encephalitis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Chikungunya viruses. However, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. The first of these disease agents to emerge was Hendra virus, formerly called equine morbillivirus. This was followed by outbreaks caused by a rabies-related virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, and a virus associated with porcine stillbirths and malformations, Menangle virus. Nipah virus caused an outbreak of fatal pneumonia in pigs and encephalitis in humans in the Malay Peninsula. Most recently, Tioman virus has been isolated from flying foxes, but it has not yet been associated with animal or human disease. Of nonzoonotic viruses, the most important regionally have been enterovirus 71 and HIV.

Animals↗