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PubMed1998

Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers.

There appear to be no brain imaging studies investigating which brain mechanisms subserve affective, impulsive violence versus planned, predatory violence. It was hypothesized that affectively violent offenders would have lower prefrontal activity, higher subcortical activity, and reduced prefrontal/subcortical ratios relative to controls, while predatory violent offenders would show relatively normal brain functioning. Glucose metabolism was assessed using positron emission tomography in 41 comparisons, 15 predatory murderers, and nine affective murderers in left and right hemisphere prefrontal (medial and lateral) and subcortical (amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, and thalamus) regions. Affective murderers relative to comparisons had lower left and right prefrontal functioning, higher right hemisphere subcortical functioning, and lower right hemisphere prefrontal/subcortical ratios. In contrast, predatory murderers had prefrontal functioning that was more equivalent to comparisons, while also having excessively high right subcortical activity. Results support the hypothesis that emotional, unplanned impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressive impulses generated from subcortical structures due to deficient prefrontal regulation. It is hypothesized that excessive subcortical activity predisposes to aggressive behaviour, but that while predatory murderers have sufficiently good prefrontal functioning to regulate these aggressive impulses, the affective murderers lack such prefrontal control over emotion regulation.

Affect↗

PubMed2001

The dyadic regulation of affect.

Accelerated Experiential-Dynamic Psychotherapy integrates experiential, relational, and psychodynamic elements. Deep authentic affective experience and its regulation through coordinated emotional interchanges between patient and therapist are viewed as key transformational agents. When maintaining attachment with caregivers necessitates excluding particular affects, a patient's capacity to regulate emotion becomes compromised. Being in an emotionally alive therapeutic relationship enables patients to better tolerate and communicate affective states; doing so, in turn, fosters security, openness, and intimacy in their other relationships. A clinical vignette will illustrate how using the therapist's affect, and focusing on the patient's experience of it, contributes to the repair of affect regulatory difficulties.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Disorders of affective and linguistic prosody in children after early unilateral brain damage.

Prosody is that quality of speech that imparts meaning by changes in intonation, pitch, and stress. The right hemisphere (RH) appears to be dominant for affective prosody in adults, while the left hemisphere (LH) mediates the more linguistic aspects of nonverbal communication. Few similar studies have been reported of individuals who suffered early unilateral brain damage, when brain reorganization or plasticity might be expected to play a role in ameliorating the adverse effects of focal brain damage. In this study, comprehension and expression of affective and linguistic prosody were tested in subjects with documented unilateral brain damage of pre- or perinatal onset and in matched controls. Both RH- and LH-lesion groups demonstrated difficulty on tasks involving expression of affective prosody, and on tests of linguistic prosody, compared with controls. Only the RH-lesion group was impaired on an affective comprehension task. The results indicate that even after very early unilateral brain damage, prosodic deficits may be present. However, only for affective comprehension does the side of the lesion appear to determine such deficits. The findings suggest that during brain development there is not clear brain lateralization for prosody and there may be bilateral representation for these skills during early development. There may be limitations to the ability of the developing brain to reorganize after early injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Effect of satisfaction with one's abilities on positive and negative affect among individuals with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that self-evaluation processes have on psychologic well-being among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The study used a longitudinal research design with 4 data collection points. Participants were 227 adults with recently diagnosed RA. Data were collected via mailed questionnaire and telephone interview. Two dimensions of psychologic well-being were assessed--positive affect and negative affect. RESULTS: We found that, among participants who viewed the abilities being evaluated as very important, greater satisfaction at time 1 was associated with less negative affect at time 2 and time 4. Satisfaction was not associated with positive affect at any of the time points, however. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that dissatisfaction with illness-related abilities can exacerbate psychologic distress. The findings also highlight the need for research examining the role that positive affect plays in adaptation to RA.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Subtyping binge eating-disordered women along dieting and negative affect dimensions.

OBJECTIVE: Because etiologic and maintenance models of binge eating center around dieting and affect regulation, this study tested whether binge eating-disordered (BED) individuals could be subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions and whether subtypes differed in eating pathology, social functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, and response to treatment. METHOD: Three independent samples of interviewer-diagnosed BED women (N = 218) were subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions using cluster analysis and compared on the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Cluster analyses replicated across the three independent samples and revealed a dietary subtype (63%) and a dietary-depressive subtype (37%). The latter subtype reported greater eating and weight obsessions, social maladjustment, higher lifetime rates of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, and poorer response to treatment than did the dietary subtype. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that moderate dieting is a central feature of BED and that affective disturbances occur in only a subset of cases. However, the confluence of dieting and negative affect signals a more severe variant of the disorder marked by elevated psychopathology, impaired social functioning, and a poorer treatment response.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The state construction of affect: political ethos and mental health among Salvadoran refugees.

This essay seeks to extend current anthropological theorizing on emotion. Although anthropologists have convincingly established the specifically cultural status of emotion, recognition also of "state" (including sociopolitical institutions of nation-states) constructions of affect has been slow in coming. The present essay seeks to expand the emerging scholarly discourse on the emotions by examining the nexus among the role of the state in constructing a political ethos, the personal emotions of those who dwell in that ethos, and the mental health consequences for refugees. This analysis is intended as a bridge between analyses of the state construction of affect, on the one hand, and the phenomenology of those affects, on the other. To illustrate, I examine the state construction of affect and its traces in the narrative and clinical presentations of Salvadoran refugees in North America. The saliency of fear and anxiety among a group of psychiatric out-patients is framed by bodily experience, knowledge of illness, and the ethnopsychology of emotion within the context of chronic political violence and poverty. Distinctions between terror and torture, distress and disease are proposed as essential to an account of refugee experience. Future directions for the study of the "state construction of affect" are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

A review of evidence for GABergic predominance/glutamatergic deficit as a common etiological factor in both schizophrenia and affective psychoses: more support for a continuum hypothesis of "functional" psychosis.

Virtually all antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine, rimcazole and lithium ion, are proconvulsants, and convulsive therapy, using metrazol, a known GABA-A antagonist, as well as electro-convulsive therapy, can be effective in treating both schizophrenia and affective psychoses. Many antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine, as well as some of their metabolites, reverse the inhibitory effect of GABA on 35S-TBPS binding, a reliable predictor of GABA-A receptor blockade. A review of relevant literature suggests that 1) "functional" psychoses constitute a continuum of disorders ranging from schizophrenia to affective psychoses with overlap of symptoms, heredity and treatments, 2) a weakening of GABergic inhibitory activity, or potentiation of counterbalancing glutamatergic neurotransmission, in the brain, may be involved in the therapeutic activities of both antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs, and 3) schizophrenia and the affective psychoses may be different expressions of the same underlying defect: GABergic preponderance/glutamatergic deficit. Schizophrenia and affective psychoses share the following: 1) several treatments are effective in both, 2) similar modes of inheritance, 3) congruent seasonal birth excesses, 4) enlarged cerebral ventricles and cerebellar vermian atrophy, 5) dexamethasone non-suppression. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in both schizophrenia and affective psychoses, and several lines of evidence suggest that important environmental factors are neurotropic pathogens that selectively destroy glutamatergic neurons. One group of genes associated with psychoses may increase vulnerability to attack and destruction, by neurotropic pathogens, of excitatory glutamatergic neurons that counterbalance inhibitory GABergic neurons. A second group of genes may encode subunits of overactive GABA-A receptors, while a third group of genes may encode subunits of hypo-active glutamate receptors. Improved antipsychotic drugs may be found among selective blockers of GABA-A receptor subtypes and/or enhancers of glutamatergic neurotransmission. A mechanism similar to kindling, leading to long-lasting reduction of GABergic inhibition in the brain, may be involved in several treatments of psychoses.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗

PubMed1995

Affective modulation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients.

Startle-elicited blinks were measured during the presentation of affective slides in order to investigate emotional responsiveness in 24 male healthy subjects and 34 male schizophrenic patients. Although the two groups did not differ with regard to their subjective and autonomic responses to the slide stimuli, there was a significant difference between the groups in their responses to the startle probes. Patients rated low in affective expression showed a linear response pattern comparable to that of normal controls with largest amplitudes during unpleasant slides and smallest during pleasant slides. Patients without apparent deficit in affective expression showed a quadratic relationship with smaller blink amplitudes during both pleasant and unpleasant slides. Diminished affective expression rated on the basis of a clinical interview is not associated with a general attenuation of the blink reflex or of its modulation by exposure to emotional slides. Thus, we found no indication of an impairment in the perception of affective stimuli nor of reduced appreciation of pleasant stimuli (anhedonia) in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Affective responses to commercial and experimental auditory alarm signals for anaesthesia delivery and physiological monitoring equipment.

The affective response of subjects to the sounds of commercial and experimental auditory alarm signals was tested using a standard experimental protocol for measuring mood states and changes. Both types of signal evoked affective response. The commercial signals, however, evoked more response than the experimental signals, and that response was more negative in affect. A subset of the experimental signals, distinguished by specific acoustic characteristics, evoked particularly low levels of affect. The implications of low-affect alarms for the operating room are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Neuroactive steroids, negative affect, and nicotine dependence severity in male smokers.

RATIONALE: Nicotine administration alters neuroactive steroids in rodent models, and serum levels of the neuroactive steroid DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) appear to be higher in smokers. These molecules may be relevant to tobacco addiction and affective symptoms. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate DHEAS, allopregnanolone, pregnenolone, and other steroids in male smokers to determine potential associations with nicotine dependence severity and negative affect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Allopregnanolone and pregnenolone serum levels were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while DHEAS and other steroid levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in 28 male smokers. Correlational analyses were performed to determine potential associations with rating measures, including the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the addiction subscale of the Ikard Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (ISMQ), the craving item on the Reasons to Smoke (RTS) Questionnaire, and the negative affect and craving subscales of the Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Questionnaire. RESULTS: DHEAS levels were inversely correlated with the negative affect subscale of the Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Questionnaire (r=-0.60, p=0.002) and the RTS craving item (r=-0.43, p=0.03), and tended to be inversely correlated with the FTND scores (r=-0.38, p=0.067) and the ISMQ addiction subscale (r=-0.38, p=0.059), adjusting for age. Allopregnanolone levels were positively correlated with cotinine levels (r=0.57, p=0.006); pregnenolone levels tended to be positively correlated with cotinine levels (r=0.40, p=0.066). CONCLUSIONS: DHEAS levels were inversely correlated with negative affect and craving measures, and may predict nicotine dependence severity. Allopregnanolone levels were positively correlated with cotinine levels, suggesting that this neuroactive steroid may be upregulated in smokers. Neuroactive steroids may represent novel smoking cessation agents.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The influence of current mood on affective startle modulation.

The affect-modulated startle response is a reliable indicator of the affective processing of stimuli. It may be influenced by trait and state affective variables as well as psychopathological status. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of the current mood state on startle modulation. Forty-five healthy volunteers viewed affective stimuli while eye blink responses and subjective emotional ratings were assessed. In addition, the current state of mood was assessed, pre and post the experimental procedure. Subjects were divided into those that were in a more positive and those that were in a more negative mood based on a median split. Compared to subjects in a positive mood those in a more negative mood showed significantly reduced startle amplitudes after viewing the negative and neutral stimuli. The results of the present study show that changes in startle responses are not only related to the current state of psychopathology but also to the general affective state of the participants during the assessments.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Masked facial affect priming is associated with therapy response in clinical depression.

In the present study, automatic processing of facial affect in clinical depression was investigated in the course of an inpatient treatment program. Patients suffering from clinical depression (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 21) completed the facial affective priming task developed by Murphy and Zajonc (1993) twice, about 7 weeks apart. Subjects were instructed to evaluate neutral Chinese ideographs primed by masked displays of sad, happy, and neutral facial affect, including a no-prime condition. In the course of treatment, patients recovered significantly. In acutely depressed patients, no priming based on emotional faces could be found compared to neutral faces at time 1. However, compared to the no-prime condition, negative evaluation shifts elicited by neutral and sad faces were found which were significantly correlated with symptom severity. Patients with persisting high levels of depression after therapy judged ideographs more negatively in all three facial prime conditions at time 1. We conclude that clinically depressed patients are characterized by automatic processing biases for facial affect. An enhanced sensitivity for sad facial expressions and a negatively biased automatic processing of neutral and happy facial affect appears to be associated with depression persistence.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Investigations on the effect of acupuncture on affective and sensory components of pain in patients with different stages of chronic pain].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acupuncture on the affective and sensory experience of pain in chronic pain patients. Furthermore, the study tried to estimate the therapeutical benefit of acupuncture in relation to the stage of chronic pain according to the Mainz pain staging system for chronic pain (MPSS). METHODS: Patients with chronic pain syndromes who received acupuncture treatment answered a standardized pain questionnaire before and after treatment. The questionnaire included the visual-analogue-scale for the intensity of pain, the pain perception scale for the assessment of affective and sensory components of pain perception, and addressed the patients to the three stages of chronic pain (MPSS). RESULTS: From April 1997 to October 1999, patients (n = 165) suffering from chronic headache and facial pain syndromes (23%), spine associated pain syndromes (48%) or other pain conditions (29%) were subsequently included. Treatment with acupuncture showed a more pronounced reduction of the affective assessment than of the sensory assessment of pain. These effects were particularly pronounced in patients assigned to stage 3 of chronic pain (MPSS). CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture in patients with high-stage chronic pain syndromes preferentially influences the affective dimension of pain perception. For the estimation of the overall clinical outcome of acupuncture treatment, a differentiation between affective and sensory components of pain is recommended.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗

PubMed2006

Poor facial affect recognition among boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Children with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (MD) have delayed language and poor social skills and some meet criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorder, yet they are identified by molecular, rather than behavioral, characteristics. To determine whether comprehension of facial affect is compromised in boys with MD, children were given a matching-to-sample test with four types of visual recognition (Object, Face, Affect, and Situation matching) developed by Lucci and Fein. Within-group analyses on 50 boys with MD found decreased Affect matching relative to the other matching conditions. Between-group comparisons on 20 sibling pairs found the boys with Duchenne performed more poorly only on the Affect-matching condition. Thus, mildly impaired facial affect recognition may be part of the phenotype associated with Duchenne or Becker MD.

Affect↗

PubMed1996

Relations between problem orientation and optimism, pessimism, and trait affectivity: a construct validation study.

This study investigated the construct validity of the Positive and Negative Problem Orientation scales of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-R) by examining the relations between these scales and measures of optimism, pessimism, and trait affectivity. Consistent with expectations based on social problem-solving theory, positive problem orientation was found to have a relatively large amount of variance in common with optimism and positive affectivity, and negative problem orientation was found to share a large amount of variance with pessimism and negative affectivity, but not enough to be considered redundant in either case. Positive problem orientation was found to add significant incremental validity to the prediction of adaptive problem-engagement coping even after partialing out the variance associated with optimism and positive affectivity. In addition, negative problem orientation was found to add unique variance to the prediction of psychological distress even after controlling for pessimism and negative affectivity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Role of affect and personality in gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration. Comparative studies in normal men and in male duodenal ulcer patients.

The role of mood state (affect) and personality on basal acid secretion and basal serum gastrin concentrations were examined in seven healthy men and eight patients with duodenal ulcer. In each subject, gastric secretion and affect were assessed simultaneously on 5 separate days. None of 10 self-reported affect variables correlated with daily fluctuations in basal acid secretion in either group. Three variables (tension, conflict, and anxiety) correlated significantly with serum gastrin fluctuations in normal subjects, but these relationships were not present in patients with ulcer, who were hypergastrinemic regardless of their affective state. The degree to which serum gastrin fluctuated was unrelated to personality, as assessed by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. On the other hand, several Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales correlated with the degree of variability in basal acid secretion, including scales that measured impulsivity and social isolation/alienation. These studies indicate that serum gastrin concentrations are related to affective state in normal men, that this relationship is altered in men with duodenal ulcer, and that certain personality traits, such as impulsivity and social isolation, are associated with more labile basal acid secretion rates.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The role of affect in the etiology of chronic headache.

Three hypotheses regarding the possible etiological relationship between affect and headache activity were examined through the use of cross-lagged correlational analyses: (1) the relationship between headache activity and affect (anger, anxiety and depression) is isomorphic, that is, increased headache activity is associated with same day increases in emotionality; (2) increased affect precedes (and thus possibly causes) increased headache activity; and, (3) increased headache activity precedes (and thus possibly causes) increased affect. Only hypothesis one was supported in the present study, and the relationship was found to be weak and only to approach significance (r = 0.163, p less than 0.09). These findings cast serious doubt upon many psychological theories regarding the etiology of headache and on the relationship between affect and headache in general.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Affective facial expression in infants with focal brain damage.

Children are fluent affective communicators by their first birthday. The development of affective facial expression in infants with focal brain damage thus provides a promising context in which to investigate the developing neural substrates of emotions. We examined both positive and negative affective expression in 12 infants (6-24 months) with pre- or perinatal unilateral focal brain damage (6RHD and 6LHD) and their age- and gender-matched controls. Infants were videotaped in free and semi-structured tasks. Interactions were microanalytically coded, including the use of FACS. Both normal and babies with posterior LHD exhibited the full range of appropriate affective expressions. In contrast, infants with posterior RHD showed marked affective impairment to positive, but not to negative simulation.

Affect↗