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PubMed2006

Optimization of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for rapid quantification of deoxynivalenol in durum wheat-based products.

A fluorescence polarization immunoassay previously described for deoxynivalenol (DON) screening in wheat was optimized for the rapid quantification of DON in durum wheat kernels, semolina, and pasta. A background signal was observed in both spiked and naturally contaminated samples, strictly depending on the testing matrix. After subtracting the background DON level for durum wheat (0.27 microg of DON per g), semolina (0.08 microg of DON per g), and pasta (0.04 microg of DON per g), an accurate quantification of DON was possible at levels greater than 0.10 microg/g for all matrices. Average recoveries from spiked samples (0.25 to 1.75 microg/g) were 98, 102, and 101% for wheat, semolina, and pasta, respectively. Comparative analyses of 35 naturally contaminated durum wheat samples, 22 semolina samples, and 26 pasta samples performed by both the fluorescence polarization method and high-pressure liquid chromatography/immunoaffinity cleanup showed a good correlation (r > 0.995). The fluorescence polarization method showed better accuracy and precision with respect to the high-pressure liquid chromatography method and is suitable for the rapid and quantitative determination of DON in durum wheat-based products at levels foreseen by existing or coming international regulations.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Wheat bran supplementation does not affect biochemical markers of bone turnover in young adult women with recommended calcium intake.

We investigated the effect of wheat bran on biochemical indicators of Ca and bone metabolism in nineteen healthy women, aged 25.5 (SE 0.9) years. Subjects received six wheat bran biscuits or six white flour biscuits per day for a period of 4 weeks (crossover). Wheat bran consumption increased fibre intake from 17.7 (SE 1.3) to 29.6 (SE 1.3) g/d (7 d food record) and enhanced P intake from 1225 (SE 59) mg/d to 1663 (SE 65) mg/d; P < 0.001. Mean daily Ca intake during wheat bran consumption (1110 (SE 82) mg/d) significantly (P = 0.008) exceeded Ca ingestion during the white flour period (955 (SE 67) mg/d). Wheat bran increased the number of defecations per week from 7.9 (SE 0.8) to 12.2 (SE 1.4) (P = 0.0018). Urinary Ca excretion over 24 h significantly (P = 0.021) decreased from 473 (SE 53) mumol/mmol creatinine (control period) to 339 (SE 37) mumol/mmol creatinine (wheat bran period). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 2 h fasting urinary Ca/creatinine excretions and 24 h urinary P excretion remained constant. No differences in serum levels of carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (biomarker of bone formation) or in 2 h fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine excretions (biomarker of bone resorption) were observed at the end of the two cycles of dietary supplementation. We conclude that a high fibre intake of approximately 30 g/d has no significant adverse effects on bone turnover in subjects with Ca intakes above 1000 mg/d and that the reduction in 24 h urinary Ca excretion is most probably the result of an adaptation process, induced by a decrease in net absorbed Ca.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Initial stages of interaction of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria with wheat germ roots: adsorption, deformation of root hairs].

The initial stages of colonization of wheat roots by cells of Azospirillum brasilense strains 75 and 80 isolated from soils of the Saratov oblast were studied. The adsorption of azospirilla on root hairs of soft spring wheats rapidly increased in the first hours of incubation, going then to a plateau phase. Within the first 15 h of incubation, exponential-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than stationary-phase cells. Conversely, stationary-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than exponential-phase cells, if the period of azospirilla incubation with the wheat roots was extended. As the time of incubation increased, the attachment of azospirilla to the wheat roots became stronger. The effect of cell attachment to root hairs was strain-dependent; the number of adsorbed cells of a given strain of azospirilla was greater in the case of host wheat cultivars. The deformation of wheat root hairs was affected by the polysaccharide-containing complexes isolated from the capsular material of azospirilla. The suggestion is made that common receptor systems are involved in the adsorption of azospirilla on roots and in root hair deformation.

Azospirillum brasilense↗
PubMed2000

The effect of flaxseed and wheat bran consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women.

Estrogen is metabolized along two competing pathways to form the 2-hydroxylated and the 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites. Based on proposed differences in biological activities, the ratio of these metabolites, 2-hydroxyestrogen:16alpha-hydroxyestrone (2:16alpha-OHE1), has been used as a biomarker for breast cancer risk. Women with an elevated 2:16alpha-OHE1 ratio are hypothesized to be at a decreased risk of breast cancer. Flaxseed, the most significant source of plant lignans, and wheat bran, an excellent source of dietary fiber, have both been shown to have chemoprotective benefits. Some of these benefits may be attributable to their influence on endogenous sex hormone production and metabolism. We examined the effect of flaxseed consumption alone and in combination with wheat bran on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. Sixteen premenopausal women were studied for four feeding treatments lasting two menstrual cycles each in a randomized cross-over design. During the four feeding treatments, subjects consumed their usual diets supplemented with baked goods containing no flaxseed or wheat bran, 10 g of flaxseed, 28 g of wheat bran, or 10 g of flaxseed plus 28 g of wheat bran/day. Urinary excretion of 2-hydroxyestrogen and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, as well as their ratio, 2:16alpha-OHE1, were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Flaxseed supplementation significantly increased the urinary 2:16alpha-OHE1 ratio (P = 0.034), but wheat bran had no effect. These results suggest that flaxseed may be chemoprotective in premenopausal women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and mapping of microsatellite markers specific for the D genome of bread wheat.

The potential of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the D genome of wheat, as a source of microsatellite markers for hexaploid bread wheat was investigated. By screening lambda phage and plasmid libraries of Ae. tauschii genomic DNA, dinucleotide microsatellites containing GA and GT motifs were isolated and a total of 65 functional microsatellite markers were developed. All primer pairs that were functional in Ae. tauschii amplified well in hexaploid wheat. Fifty-five loci amplified by 48 primer sets were placed onto a genetic framework map of the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) 'Opata 85' x 'W7984'. The majority of microsatellite markers could be assigned to the chromosomes of the D genome of wheat. The distribution of the markers along the chromosomes is random. Chromosomal location of 22 loci nonpolymorphic in the reference population was determined using nullitetrasomic lines of Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring'. The results of this study demonstrate the value of microsatellite markers isolated from Ae. tauschii for the study of bread wheat. The microsatellite markers developed improve the existing wheat microsatellite map and can be used in a wide range of genetic studies and breeding programs.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed2000

Production and meiotic pairing behaviour of new hybrids of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) x winter barley (Hordeum vulgare).

New winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) x winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hybrids produced using cultivated varieties (wheat 'Martonvásári 9 krl'(Mv9 krl) x barley 'Igri', Mv9 krl x 'Osnova', 'Asakazekomugi' x 'Manas') were multiplied in tissue culture because of the high degree of sterility and then pollinated with wheat to obtain backcross progenies. Meiotic analysis of the hybrids Mv9 krl x 'Igri' and 'Asakazekomugi' x 'Manas' and their in vitro regenerated progenies with the Feulgen method revealed 1.59 chromosome arm associations per cell in both initial hybrids. The number of chromosome arm associations increased after in vitro culture to 4.72 and 2.67, respectively, in the two combinations. According to the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis, wheat-barley chromosome arm associations made up 3.6% of the total in the initial Mv9 krl x 'Igri' hybrid and 6.6% and 16.5% of the total in in vitro regenerated progenies of the 'Asakazekomugi' x 'Manas' and Mv9 krl x 'Igri' hybrids, respectively. The demonstration by GISH of wheat-barley chromosome pairing in the hybrids and especially in their in vitro regenerated progenies proves the possibility of producing recombinants between these two genera, and thus of transferring useful characters from barley into wheat. In vitro conditions caused an increase in chromosome arm association frequency in both combinations and in fertility in some regenerants.

Chimera↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of chemical agents on the prevention of fungal contamination during household wheat storage in Cixian county].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of several commercial chemical agents (DMF, AP and Chumeijing) on the prevention of fungal contamination in household storage of wheat in Cixian county. METHODS: The antifungal agents tested include dimethyl fumarate, DMF, aluminium phosphide, AP and Chumeijing (a Chinese product comprised of propionic acid, formic acid, sorbic acid and fumaric acid). The chemicals were applied in the wheat containers in the rural households. The fungal contamination and the inhibitory effects on fungal growth in wheat were measured by fungal isolation, culture, identification and count. RESULTS: The fungal contamination in the household wheat before using fungicides were quite common, with an overall contamination rate of 67.5% to 100%. The application of the three chemical fungicides effectively reduced fungal contamination in household stored wheat, and the effective rate for DMF, AP, AMF + AP and Chumeijing was 91.2%, 85.2%, 100% and 100% respectively, while the rate of fungi growth inhibition was (61.9 +/- 21.6)%, (64.0 +/- 21.6)%, (72.5 +/- 18.0)% and (63.1 +/- 24.3)% respectively. CONCLUSION: DMF, AP and Chumeijing are all effective in the prevention of fungal contamination for household stored wheat in Cixian county. AP is not recommended owing to its higher toxicity, compared with the other chemicals tested.

Acids, Acyclic↗
PubMed2001

[Molecular tagging of a major powdery mildew resistance gene MlG in wheat derived from wild Emmer by using microsatellite marker].

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases in many regions of the world. Breeding for resistant cultivars has been proved to be an effective and environmentally safe method to control diseases in wheat production. It is necessary to search for more resistance genes for the diversification of resistance genes in wheat breeding. An Isreali wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) accession "G-305-M" was found resistant to the prevailing E. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate Race No. 15 in Beijing region. The powdery mildew resistance has been transferred from G-305-M into common wheat by crossing and backcrossing (G-305-M/781//Jing 411* 3). Genetic analysis showed that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene at the seedling stage. A segregating BC2F3 family of the cross "G-305-M/781//Jing 411* 3" with 167 plants was chosen for SSR analysis. Totally 96 wheat microsatellite primer pairs were screened, only one primer pair WMS570 could generate polymorphic DNA fragments between the resistant and susceptible plants. After evaluating this polymorphic marker in the segregating population, the microsatellite locus Xgwm570 mapped on chromosome 6AL was found to be linked to the resistance gene, with the estimated genetic distance of 14.9 +/- 3.0 cM. Based on the origin and chromosomal location of the gene, it is suggested that the resistance gene derived from G-305-M should be a novel Pm gene and is temporarily designated MlG.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cadmium and other metals in Swedish wheat and rye flours: longitudinal study, 1983-1997.

Wheat flour (sifted), wheat bran, and rye flour were sampled annually in several different areas in Sweden for 15 consecutive years (1983-1997) for a total of 105, 90, and 30 samples, respectively. These samples were analyzed for their content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with background correction after dry ashing at 450 degrees C. As part of the quality control procedures, an in-house reference material was analyzed in parallel to the samples to ensure reliability of the results. In addition, a certified reference material was analyzed to monitor accuracy of the results. The Cd level in wheat and rye flours (mean 0.029 and 0.017 mg/kg dry wt, respectively) correlated significantly with time (p < 0.05) in 2 phases, tending to increase during the first half of the period and decrease during the latter half. In wheat bran, Cd (mean 0.15 mg/kg) levels did not correlate significantly with time. In wheat flour, Cu, Mn, and Zn (means 1.7, 6.2, and 7.6 mg/kg, respectively) showed a significant linear increase (p < 0.05) in concentration over time. In rye flour, the levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn (means 3.8, 36, 30, and 28 mg/kg, respectively) all decreased significantly (p < 0.05) over time. Similarly, in wheat bran Cu (mean 14 mg/kg) increased and Pb (mean 0.027 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) over time, whereas Ni and Zn showed a significant curved correlation with time and peaked at about the middle of the measurement period.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2001

Genotypic variation in tetraploid wheat affecting homoeologous pairing in hybrids with Aegilops peregrina.

The Ph1 gene has long been considered the main factor responsible for the diploid-like meiotic behavior of polyploid wheat. This dominant gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 5B (5BL), suppresses pairing of homoeologous chromosomes in polyploid wheat and in their hybrids with related species. Here we report on the discovery of genotypic variation among tetraploid wheats in the control of homoeologous pairing. Compared with the level of homoeologous pairing in hybrids between Aegilops peregrina and the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), significantly higher levels of homoeologous pairing were obtained in hybrids between Ae. peregrina and CS substitution lines in which chromosome 5B of CS was replaced by either 5B of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides line 09 (TTD09) or 5G of Triticum timopheevii ssp. timopheevii line 01 (TIMO1). Similarly, a higher level of homoeologous pairing was found in the hybrid between Ae. peregrina and a substitution line of CS in which chromosome arm 5BL of line TTD140 substituted for 5BL of CS. It appears that the observed effect on the level of pairing is exerted by chromosome arm 5BL of T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, most probably by an allele of Ph1. Searching for variation in the control of homoeologous pairing among lines of wild tetraploid wheat, either T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides or T timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, showed that hybrids between Ae. peregrina and lines of these two wild wheats exhibited three different levels of homoeologous pairing: low, low intermediate, and high intermediate. The low-intermediate and high-intermediate genotypes may possess weak alleles of Ph1. The three different T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides pairing genotypes were collected from different geographical regions in Israel, indicating that this trait may have an adaptive value. The availability of allelic variation at the Ph1 locus may facilitate the mapping, tagging, and eventually the isolation of this important gene.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of calcium on biological characteristics of wheat seedlings under ultraviolet-B radiation stress].

Under simulated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm), effect of calcium on biological characteristics of wheat seedlings was studied with pot culture experiment. The results showed that the growth indexes of wheat seedlings on ground and underground in calcium concentration 2 mmol/L treated group were obviously reduced than that of wheat seedlings in control treated group (the descending range of 8.1%-36.1%) under UV-B stress (0.35 W/m2, 6 h per day, for 7 day). And the decreasing degree of growth indexes (3.2%-28.6%) for wheat seedlings in calcium concentration 6 mmol/L treated group were lower than in calcium concentration 2 mmol/L treated group. The experiment proved that calcium can mitigate the damage of ultraviolet-B radiation on wheat seedlings, and this effect was related to that calcium affected physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat seedlings.

Calcium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine in a group of bakers sensitized to wheat flour].

BACKGROUND: Bakers' allergic diseases are a well known occurrence. Wheat flour is the most important allergen responsible for rhinoconjunctivitis and IgE mediated asthma. The good correlation between atopy, wheat flour sensitization and allergic diseases is also well known. In a previous study we described the results concerning sensitivity to wheat flour in a group of 300 bakers, followed up for 8 years. In this study we showed that the same subjects who were sensitive to wheat flour had no symptoms. AIM: The aim of this study was to carry out the metacholine test for bronchial hyperreactivity in a group of 14 bakers selected from the group of 300 previously studied. METHODS: The subjects underwent: pulmonary function test, IgE test, skin prick test with grass pollen, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronissinus, wheat flour, and the metacholine test. RESULTS: The results of the metacholine test showed only one positive case in a subject with positive skin prick test. This agreed with the assumptions of our previous study that showed a sensitization (10%) to wheat flour but a low prevalence of allergic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Limited to the subjects studied, the results indicate an absence of a relationship between positive prick tests and aspecific bronchial hyperreactivity. Recent research that suggest a probable different genetic control of atopy, bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma is discussed. In our opinion effective primary and secondary prevention could account for this absence of relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Identification of blue grained wheat and its irradiation-mutated offsprings by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH)].

Transferring useful chromosome(s), chromosomal fragment(s) or genes from related species into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an effective method for improving wheat cultivars, and DNA:DNA in situ hybridization has been proven to be an effective method for directly demonstrating alien chromosome number and distribution in plant. In this study, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to identify the chromosomal constitutions of the blue-grained wheat Blue-58 originated from distant hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv (2n = 10x = 70) and its irradiation-mutated offsprings. The results showed that, as previously reported, Blue-58 (2n = 42) was a substitution line in which a pair of 4D chromosomes of common wheat was substituted by a pair of 4E chromosomes from Agropyron elongatum. Mutation line LW004 might be a homozygous reciprocal translocation line in which two pair of chromosomes might be involved in the translocation event and it showed high efficiency in utilizing soil phosphorus in our field screening experiments. Mutation line LW43-3-4 was a blue monosomic line with 40 wheat chromosomes plus one 4E chromosome from Agropyron elongatum in its genome and its seeds showed light-blue color. Some other chromosome rearrangements and structure changes were also detected among the mutated offsprings through GISH, such as telomonosomic line (40 W + 1't4E) and a line with a chromosomal constitution of 39 W + 1'4E + 1't4E. Our results indicated very clearly that it was the chromosome derived from Agropyron elongatum carried gene(s) responsible for the blue pigmentation in wheat grains and it was also illustrated from our results that the combination of effective methods for generating mutations at chromosomal level and convenient detection of these mutations played pivotal roles in creating materials for chromosome engineering and in breeding by means of chromosome engineering.

In Situ Hybridization↗
PubMed2002

The cytogenetics and molecular characteristics of a translocated chromosome 1AS.1AL-1DL with a Glu-D1 locus in durum wheat.

Wheat quality depends directly on the grain protein content and protein composition. High and low molecular weight glutenin subunits play an important role in determining the visco-elastic properties of gluten. In an attempt to improve the breadmaking quality of hexaploid triticale, a fragment of wheat chromosome 1D, containing the Glu-D1 allele encoding the 5+10 subunits, was translocated to the long arm of chromosome 1A by Lukaszewski and Curtis. The 1A.1D translocation chromosome was transferred to tetraploid wheat, making the Glu-D1 locus available for the improvement of durum wheat. The goal of this study was to evaluate using cytogenetics and molecular approaches the amount of chromatin introgressed in durum wheat. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with total genomic DNA (GISH) of Aegilops squarrosa L. indicated that the translocated chromosome 1A.1D had a terminal 1DL segment of about 35-40% of the recombinant arm length. Several pairs of microsatellite primers from chromosome 1A and 1D were used to genetically characterize the recombinant chromosome. The mapping data indicated that a 1AL segment, at least 150 cM long, was substituted by a 1DL segment with a minimal length of 72 cM, and that the translocation breakpoint was near the 1A centromeric region. The genetic and physical data highlight a substantial discrepancy between the recombinational and physical map distances. We are using a targeted strategy via the Ph pairing manipulation system to generate small intercalary 1D chromosome segments in a durum wheat background.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

[Regulation of fertilizer application on yield and root growth of spring wheat-faba bean intercropping system].

The effects of N and P fertilizer application on the multiple population yield and root growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)--spring faba bean(Vicia sativa)intercropping system were studied by two field experiments with 0, 150 and 225 kgN.hm-2, three pot and pool experiments with 2 N applications (0, 100 mg N.kg-1 soil) and 3 P applications (0, 100 and 200 mg P.kg-1 soil). The results showed that this intercropping system had a significant advantage of yield and beneficial effects. Compared to Po supply, P fertilization increased the seed yield by 48.39% for intercropped spring wheat and 16.69% for intercropped faba bean in field experiment. Furthermore, the total seed yield of both crops was increased by 20.07% to 43.14% in pool culture, and the grain yield of intercropped faba bean was increased by 58.46% to 78.78%. In the intercropping system, the growth peak of root density of both crops was appeared alternately, the peak of wheat root growth being earlier than that of faba bean. The maximum root weight of intercropped wheat was in its early heading periods, whereas that of faba bean appeared at its maturity periods, which reduced the competition for water and nutrients between the crops, and resulted in yield increase. The weight, length and surface area of wheat roots in P supply were increased by 54.33%, 48.88% and 47.00%, and in N supply, they were increased by 15.25%, 11.61% and 11.46%, respectively. About 57.61% of wheat root weight and 69.20% of faba bean root weight were distributed at 0-30 cm soil depths in the treatments of receiving P fertilizer at various rates, which indicated that P supply increased root weight and length of both crops in the intercropping system.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2002

[NOR (nucleolar organizer region) activity in wheat species with different ploidy levels treated with phytohormones].

The effects of the phytohormones 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 24-epibrassinolide (EB) on the nucleolar sizes in the interphase nuclei of root meristem were studied using the silver-staining procedure in wheat species with different ploidy levels (a polyploid series). In addition, the effects of the phytohormones on the cell mitotic activity in the roots of 5-day-old seedlings were studied. The higher the wheat species ploidy level, the higher its sensitivities to BAP and EB were. In diploid wheat, the maximum increase in the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) activity was observed after treatment with considerably higher phytohormone concentrations compared to tetra- and hexaploid wheat species. The phytohormone treatment increased both the sizes and the number of nucleoli in meristematic cells of seedling roots in all wheat species studied. It was assumed that the differences between the responses of wheat species with three different ploidy levels to different concentrations of phytohormones were related to their effects on the methylation/demethylation of cytosine residues in the rDNA promoter region.

Adenine↗
PubMed2000

[Development of a system for Polymyxa graminis infection and transmission of wheat yellow mosaic virus].

In growth chambers, a system was developed for infection of Polymyxa graminis to wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), which is an obligate parasite. By the system, the fungus could be propagated in large quantity rapidly and the life cycle of P. graminis in wheat was observed in a period of 13 to 15 days. The methods for separating P. graminis as single cystosori from cultured wheat roots or dried roots were simplified. By tests for the factors affecting on P. graminis infection, including inocula types, seedling age of host plants, temperatures, pH value and nutrient contents etc., the system was modified to more perfection. With an integration of optimal temperature and other elements in the system, which affect on infection and development of P. graminis, wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) was transmitted constantly and efficiently by the fungal vector. In average, 70% of wheat plants inoculated by the viruliferous fungi could infected by WYMV and the typical symptom of wheat mosaic disease would appear at 30 days post-inoculation mechanically.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2003

[Studies on application of APAGE in male sterile wheat with alloplamic cytoplasm].

Four male sterile wheat with Aeglops kotschyi, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. bicornis cytoplasm, were crossed with some wheat materials, and from the crosses a series of maintenance lines were selected. The APAGE(acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis indicated that most maintenance lines possessed the gliadin marker Gld1B3 of 1BL/1RS translocation chromosome. The root tip chromosomes of this maintenance lines had two satellite chromosomes, but other maintenance lines without Gld1B3 marker had the same four satellite chromosomes as other common wheat. Three male sterile wheats with Aeglops kotschyi, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa cytoplasm had the same fertility, but the male sterile wheat with Ae. bicornis cytoplasm could produce male sterile. Meantime, the paper discussed application of APAGE technology in breeding of non-1BL/1RS male sterile wheat.

Cytoplasm↗