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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Collision tumor of the thyroid: follicular variant of papillary carcinoma and squamous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Collision tumors of the thyroid gland are a rare entity. We present a case of a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma and squamous carcinoma in the thyroid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a collision tumor with a papillary carcinoma and a squamous carcinoma within the thyroid gland. The clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical profile are reported. The theories of origin, epidemiology and management are discussed with a literature review. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65 year old woman presented with a large thyroid swelling of 10 years duration and with swellings on the back and scalp which were diagnosed to be a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastasis. Clinical examination, radiology and endoscopy ruled out any other abnormality of the upper aerodigestive tract. The patient was treated surgically with a total thyroidectomy with central compartment clearance and bilateral selective neck dissections. The histopathology revealed a collision tumor with components of both a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma and a squamous carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the independent origin of these two primary tumors. Adjuvant radio iodine therapy directed toward the follicular derived component of the thyroid tumor and external beam radiotherapy for the squamous component was planned. CONCLUSION: Collision tumors of the thyroid gland pose a diagnostic as well as therapeutic challenge. Metastasis from distant organs and contiguous primary tumors should be excluded. The origins of squamous cancer in the thyroid gland must be established to support the true evolution of a collision tumor and to plan treatment. Treatment for collision tumors depends upon the combination of primary tumors involved and each component of the combination should be treated like an independent primary. The reporting of similar cases with longer follow-up will help define the epidemiology, biology and establish standardized protocols for treatment of these extremely rare tumors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Benign liver tumors].

UNLABELLED: With widespread use of ultrasonography, fortuitous discovery of benign tumors of the liver raises the question of surgical management in a large number of young subjects. In order to obtain certain diagnosis and determine appropriate management, avoiding unnecessary surgery for asymtomatic tumors with a benign evolution or inversely delaying surgical treatment of malign lesions, the surgeon must be aware of the different features of benign tumors, their expected course, and the capacity of imaging techniques to provide positive diagnosis. DIAGNOSIS: The most frequent benign tumors found in the liver are hemangiomas or angiomas. Lesions measuring less than 3 cm are often fortuitous discoveries at ultrasonography,: a typical homogeneous hyperechogenic zone is sufficient for diagnosis. There are two situations where diagnosis can be difficult: atypical hypoechogenic or large remodeled lesions, hepatopathy in the context of a malignant disease. Certain diagnosis can generally be achieved with MRI. Cystic lesions of the liver are generally biliary cysts. Ultrasonography is the examination of choice and is usually sufficient for diagnosis. In certain cases there is a differential diagnosis with a young hydatid cyst or a cystadenoma although cystadenomas are very rare tumors usually observed in symptomatic middle-aged women. In case of atypical images, cystic or necrotic malignant tumor should also be entertained as a possible diagnosis. Liver cell tumors include adenomas and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Adenomas related to estrogen-progestogen treatment can lead to two potentially fatal complications (intratumor or intraperitonial hemorrhage or more rarely degeneration to hepatocellular carcinoma), justifying systematic resection. FNH is on the contrary ten times more frequent than adenoma; observed independently of hormone replacement therapy, it does not lead to complications and does not require treatment. It is crucial to establish the diagnosis of noninvasive FNH in order to avoid unnecessary surgery. MRI provides 80% and 95% specificity. If the imaging work-up evidences an atypical FNH and/or a non-tumor anomaly, histological proof is needed. As the performance and risk of percutaneous biopsy remain to be assessed, we prefer laparoscopic large needle biopsy with extemporaneous pathology examination. Imaging cannot provide positive diagnosis of adenoma. TREATMENT: The rule is abstention from surgery for confirmed diagnosis of angioma, biliary cyst or asymptomatic FNH, irrespective of the size. For symptomatic patients, it is essential to establish positive diagnosis initially and determine the relationship between the signs and symptoms and the tumor before deciding on adapted surgery (fenestration, enucleation, hepatectomy). Surgery may be necessary for cystadenomas, adenomas or cases of doubtful diagnosis, keeping in mind the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hepatic surgery for benign tumors.

Adenoma, Liver Cell↗
PubMed2005

Applicability of ultrasound in ocular tumors in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the applicability of ultrasound in children diagnosed for neoplasm of the eye. Evaluation of Doppler ultrasound in visualizing blood vessels within the lesion in eye ball, eye socket and eye lids. Establishing the value of the obtained data concerning the image of vessels and blood flow for the diagnosis, monitoring the course of disease and results of treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 80 patients diagnosed and treated for neoplasm of the eye. The study group included 48 girls and 32 boys aged 2 weeks to 18 years. All the patients were subject to full ophthalmologic examination, ultrasound and other imaging techniques. RESULTS: Echogenicity of lesions, focality of growth and the comparison of echostructure did not allow for establishing the degree of malignancy. The presence of vessels in tumor mass and blood flow in tumors were useful for differentiation between malignant and benign tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound methods used significantly improve diagnostic possibilities in orbital tumors in children. The obtained pictures of vessels and flow character are typical for some tumors, which together with histopathology of tumors enables establishing of correct diagnosis. CD/PD ultrasound is helpful in monitoring treatment of selected orbital tumors, enables evaluation of biological evolution of capillary hemangioma and assessment of vascularization degree of tumors treated with chemo- and radiotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A new marker for early detection and indicator of progression of cancer of the bladder. Preliminary results with Ag-NOR index in 38 cases of superficial bladder cancer.

The multiform biology of superficial bladder tumors, both morphologically and evolutively, and the lack of reliable predictors of progression have led the authors to study the Ag-NOR proteins as a new marker of these tumors. It is well known that particularly the low-grade superficial tumors frequently relapse on the same histologic and proliferative module. Their potential of progression is probably present at the time of the first manifestation of the disease or it can show itself along the relapsing evolution with classic modifications translating the cellular dedifferentiation. The NOR index, set up by the authors, has several advantages: firstly, it corresponds to a functional value of normal and neoplastic cells; secondly, it can be used also with paraffin blocks. Another advantage is the semiautomatic lecture, reproducible also in the urinary cytology, mainly of low-grade tumors, reducing the number of false-negatives. The conclusion of the study of 38 cases of superficial bladder cancer has induced the authors to believe that an increased NOR index is a reliable 'marker' of their progression. Therefore, the authors suggest the use of the NOR activity for the surveillance of the urothelial disease and for a more logical therapeutic strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The significance of measurement of several oncofetal antigens in diagnosis and management of epithelial ovarian tumors.

Association of serum alphafetoprotein (alpha FP), human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit (beta-HCG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and ferritin (FER) was studied in a group of 72 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer 15 days after surgery and at various times during 2 years. Only CEA and ferritin are able to reflect tumor burden in detecting evolutive disease; alpha FP and beta-HCG have a diagnostic significance in few cases, probably related to a particular, not evident, histological component of the tumor. Nevertheless the data indicate that the use of marker association can improve our capacity to detect, overall in the residual and evolutive disease, the real clinical burden of the patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Cell senescence and a mechanism of clonal evolution leading to continuous cell proliferation, loss of heterozygosity, and tumor heterogeneity: studies on two immortal colon cancer cell lines.

Extensive karyotypic analysis was performed on early and late passages of two continuous human cell lines, SW480 and SW620, that were derived from the same colon cancer patient. We cultivated these two cell lines in vitro for a period of 24 months and periodically examined their chromosome constitution. SW480 cells, from passage 138, were injected subcutaneously into 20 nude mice. The tumors that grew in nude mice were then cultivated in vitro for several passages to compare histopathologic findings and tumor growth patterns with clonal chromosomal profiles. Despite some karyotypic diversity, the two cell lines exhibited common marker chromosomes and followed similar patterns of evolution. During subsequent passages, acquisition of new chromosomal abnormalities gave rise to sidelines with a near-diploid genome that frequently underwent endoreduplication. Genomic instability seemed to play an important role in the emergence, growth, and subsequent elimination of the heterogenous sidelines by selection, clonal expansion, and cell death by senescence. Despite continuous growth, both the cell lines occasionally showed telomeric associations and random dicentric and multicentric formations. These lesions were considered evidence of cell senescence and were related to the disappearance of particular sidelines through evolution. Successful evolutionary steps were characterized by elimination of pre-existing marker chromosomes that were subsequently replaced in the karyotype by their cytologically intact homologous chromosomes possibly after selective endoreduplication. Frequent loss of heterozygosity for the chromosomes taking part in this process is postulated. We suggest that one of the mechanisms by which cancer cells bypass senescence may be related to their potential for continuous clonal diversification.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical-pathological study of incidental renal cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of renal cell carcinomas incidentally diagnosed (IRCC) and to compare their clinical and pathological characteristics with symptomatic or non-incidentally diagnosed tumors (SRCC). METHODS: We retrospectively study 189 patients who were diagnosed of renal carcinoma between 1990 and 1999. 166 underwent surgery (149 radical nephrectomy; 17 nephron-sparing surgery). We determine the percentage of IRCC detected by radiological tests and compare them with the SRCC diagnosed after presenting with some of the classic symptoms or metastasis, with special focus on tumor size, pathology stage, tumor recurrence, progression and evolution. RESULTS: 87 SRCC (46%); 102 SRCC (54%). There are not differences in terms of age, gender, side, and postoperative hospital stay. Tumor size was higher in the SRCC (mean 8.5 cm) than in the IRCC (6.3 cm). SRCC tumor stage was: pT1 27.3%, pT2 27.3%, pT3a 23.8%, pT3b 16.6%, pT3c 2.3%, and pT4 2.3%; IRCC stage was: pT1 51.3%, pT2 25.6%, pT3a 10.9%, pT3b 10.9%, pT3c 1.2%, and no pT4. The percentage of patients with lymph node involvement was higher (p = 0.02) in the SRCC (15%) than in the IRCC (4.8%). The percentage of patients with metastasis at the time of diagnosis was higher in the SRCC group (26%) than in the IRCC (9.2%). Recurrences were more frequent in the SRCC Group (8.3%) than in the IRCC (1.2%) (p = 0.07). Tumor progression was more frequent in the SRCC group (34%) than in the IRCC (7.3%) (p<0.01). 76% of the patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery were IRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is a high percentage of IRCC (46% in our series from 1990-99). Renal tumors presenting as IRCC have better prognosis, since they have significantly smaller size, lower stage, less advanced disease, less recurrences, and less progression than SRCC.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Implication of RARB in epidermoid (Squamous) lung cancer.

We report a higher frequency of loss of heterozygosity at loci on the short arm of chromosome 3 in human epidermoid lung tumors than in other non-small cell lung tumors. This observation together with the already known involvement of the retinoids in the development of epidermoid metaplasia and neoplasia, especially in lung tissue, prompted us to investigate by RNAase protection assays the status of expression of a gene that maps on chromosome band 3p24 and codes for the B receptor for retinoic acid (RARB). We show that expression of RARB is detectable in normal lung tissue and in most of the cell lines derived from lung tumors, including the five non-small cell lines that clearly had a non-epidermoid phenotype. Strikingly, however, only one of the five epidermoid-tumor-derived cell lines studied showed detectable expression of RARB. Of two lines derived from adenosquamous tumors, one had a clear epidermoid differentiation, and this line also did not express RARB. Taken together, our results strongly implicate RARB in the evolution of epidermoid lung tumors.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗
PubMed2006

Loss of DNA methylation and histone H4 lysine 20 trimethylation in human breast cancer cells is associated with aberrant expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, Suv4-20h2 histone methyltransferase and methyl-binding proteins.

Cancer cells are characterized by epigenetic dysregulation, including global genome hypomethylation, regional hypo- and hypermethylation, altered histone modifications, and disturbed genomic imprinting. Despite the long-established fact that global DNA hypomethylation is a common feature of tumors, very little is known about evolution of this and other epigenetic alterations during tumor progression. The present study was undertaken to characterize the status of epigenetic dysregulation in three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231(S30) that represent different stages of human breast cancer. Our data show that breast cancer cells are characterized by significant alterations in cellular epigenetic status compared to non- tumorigenic MCF-10-2A epithelial breast cells. Interestingly, more malignant MDA-MB- 231 human breast cancer cells have a more prominent loss of DNA methylation accompanied by altered expression of maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, methyl-binding proteins MeCP2 and MBD2, decreased trimethylation of lysine 20 of histone H4 and hyperacetylation of histone H4 compared to MCF-7 cells. The decrease in trimethylation of lysine 20 of histone H4 in MDA-MB-231 cells was accompanied by diminished expression of Suv4-20h2 histone methyltransferase. The results of present study demonstrate that MDA-MB-231 cells have more extensive epigenenic alterations than MCF-7. These results demonstrate that human breast cancer cells are characterized by prominent epigenetic alterations which are associated with increased malignant properties of cancer cells. Such epigenetic dysregulation may contribute to and may be indicative of the formation of a more aggressive tumor phenotype during tumor progression.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

[Congenital neuroblastomas].

BACKGROUND: We consider congenital neuroblastomas (CN) those detected in pregnancy or at the very first hours of life. Due to perinatal sonography, its incidence has increased in the last years. We present herein our experience in the treatment of this condition and we try to find out any different clinical pattern from those neuroblastomas diagnosed later in life. METHODS: We review the CN treated in our hospital from 1990 to 2003, analyzing diagnosis, localization, tumor staging, N-myc amplification, treatment and evolution. RESULTS: Among the 107 neural tumors managed during this period (89 neuroblastomas, 18 ganglioneuromas), 8 were congenital neuroblastomas (7 girls, 1 boy). Two patients had prenatal diagnosis and 6 tumours were detected in routine exploration or casual findings upon neonatal examination. Six were abdominal, 1 thoracoabdominal and 1 abdominopelvic with dumbbell invasion. Three tumours were classified like stage 1, 1 stage 2, 1 stage 3, 1 stage 4 and 2 stage 4S. Although most of them had unfavorable histology, we didn't find N-myc amplification in any tumor. All patients were operated upon, with preoperative chemotherapy in 2 of them. Resection was complete in 7 out of the 8 tumors. The patient who presented neurological symptoms at birth recovered neither motility nor bladder function after resection. All of them survive after 60+/-53 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome in this group of neuroblastomas is better that expected, probably because of its abdominal location. On the contrary in dumbbell neuroblastomas, neurological damage at birth seems to be irreversible.

Female↗
PubMed1985

A detailed analysis of chromosomal changes in heritable and non-heritable retinoblastoma.

Full cytogenetic analysis of 27 different retinoblastoma tumors is presented. Gross aneuploidy of chromosome arms 6p and 1q were very common, being observed in 15/27 and 21/27 tumors, respectively. However, we found that chromosome 13 was rarely missing: only 3/27 had a detectable monosomy affecting 13q14. Monosomy of chromosome 13 by small deletion or rearrangement was also not observed in any of 12 retinoblastoma tumor lines analyzed detail at the 300-400 chromosome band level. A novel observation in retinoblastoma was the discovery of non-random translocations at three specific breakpoints, 14q32 (4/12), 17p12 (5/12), and 10q25 (3/12). Genomic rearrangements similar to those described involving C-myc in Burkitt lymphoma 14q+ cells could not be demonstrated in the four 14q+ retinoblastoma lines using molecular techniques, and a probe mapping to the site implicated to have an activating role in lymphoma. These data suggest that there is a target for rearrangement at 14q32 but it is not the same sequence used in some Burkitt lymphomas. Two other breakpoints (2p24 and 8q24) coincided with the mapped position of cellular oncogenes, but also failed to show a molecular rearrangement with the oncogene probes. The breakpoints, 10q25 and 17p12, are constitutional fragile sites which may predispose these regions to act as acceptors of translocations in malignant cells. One line had double minute chromosomes, and was the only one of 16 (6%) tested with the N-myc probe which had an amplification. Different tumors from single patients with multifocal heritable retinoblastoma showed independent karyotype evolution. Unilateral non-heritable tumors exhibited a high level of karyotype stability throughout both in vivo and in vitro growth. The various common patterns of aneuploidy and translocations probably confer an early selective advantage to malignant cells, rather than induce malignant transformation.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1996

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts.

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumors (OFT) of soft parts are very rare neoplasms recently described by Enzinger et al. (1). They usually present as well-circumscribed, slow-growing, asymptomatic subcutaneous masses. A characteristic finding is a fibrous capsule and an incomplete peripheral shell of mature bone. Although most cases behave as benign tumors, a high rate of local recurrences have been described. We describe a 43-year-old male with a perianal subcutaneous tumor of 10 years evolution. The histopathology was compatible with OFT. Due to the subcutaneous location of OFT, both the dermatologist and dermatopathologist need to know about this rare tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma who undergo resection with curative intent.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a role in the processes of extracellular matrix degradation. Changes in their expression levels have been observed in various tumor types, including lung carcinoma. However, their clinical significance and their prognostic importance in the progression of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remain to be specified. In this study, mRNA expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were evaluated in patients with resected NSCLC, and their associations with disease progression and prognosis were determined. METHODS: Between June 1996 and December 1999, 116 patients underwent resection for NSCLC. Expression levels of MMPs and TIMPs were evaluated using Northern blot analysis in these NSCLC tissue samples and in 39 matched samples of normal lung tissue. RESULTS: MMP-1, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 expression levels were increased in tumor samples compared with matched, corresponding normal tissues. In contrast, TIMP-2 expression was decreased in tumor samples. MMP-1 tumor expression was correlated significantly with the evolution of lymph node status and tumor-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) stage. In contrast, MMP-9 tumor expression was correlated significantly with increased T stage. TIMP-1 overexpression was an independent predictor of worse survival in patients with NSCLC that was not associated with other prognosis factors, such as TNM stage. CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression of TIMP-1 was an independent prognostic marker in patients with NSCLC, and evaluating TIMP-1 may be important for identifying patients who are at greater risk of disease recurrence.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

The axio-somatic model in embryonic and tumoral development.

The growth and evolution of human tissues observed in embryogenesis and neoplasia are both reduced to a cellular theoretical axio-somatic model. The unlimited expansion and phenotype change of the model, are assured by the continuous generation of new cellular mitotic phenotypes which are grafted in a sequential order. Neogeneration results from the interaction between two cells of specific origins and situations: (a) axial cells of actual germ cell origin, generators and vectors of mitotic potential, (b) mitotically exhausted somatic cells of distal phenotypes, involved in meiotic recombinations, generating potential of neodifferentiation. The potentialities of both, axis and soma, are transformed by 'fertilization' in effectively growing new mitotic phenotypes. Bi-potent differentiation of germ line derived cells in gametopoiesis and haematopoiesis, is the source of the axial phenotype, identified in tissues as specific acid fast 'lymphoid' cells and/or vectors, formed by highly condensed hyperchromatinic nuclei and/or micronuclei endowed with DNAs of centromeric and kinetochoric types, wrapped in ceramide rich photo-affinity biomembranes.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2026

Mobile elements in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: integrative evidence and future directions.

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including LINE-1 retrotransposons, Alu and SVA elements, and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), constitute nearly half of the human genome and are increasingly understood to influence multiple dimensions of cancer evolution. Yet, pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) remain almost absent from mobilome research, despite exhibiting genomic and epigenetic contexts permissive to retroelement activation. In this review, we synthesize current evidence linking MGEs to PitNET biology and delineate unresolved but testable mechanisms. Structural genomic studies demonstrate that Alu-mediated non-allelic homologous recombination contributes to germline mutagenesis in MEN1 and AIP, reinforcing the notion that repetitive DNA architecture shapes PitNET predisposition. Transcriptomic analyses reveal global derepression of transposable elements and LINE-1 hypomethylation in subsets of tumors, while mechanistic connections to chromatin instability emerge from recurrent ATRX/DAXX deficiency and TP53 inactivation, both established repressors of retroelements. Furthermore, the retrocopy-derived long non-coding RNA RPSAP52 exemplifies how mobilome-origin transcripts can be co-opted as oncogenic regulators in PitNETs, acting through HMGA2-dependent proliferative networks. Preliminary data also suggest endogenous retroviral activation, with consistent upregulation of HERV envelope genes across distinct tumor subtypes. Nevertheless, no study has yet systematically mapped somatic mobile-element insertions (MEIs), quantified LINE-1 protein activity, or profiled HERV expression at locus resolution in PitNETs. Mobilome biology represents a tractable and conceptually rich frontier with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential in pituitary tumorigenesis.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mixed carcinoid-adenocarcinoma tumor of the appendix: a case report and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].

The layout of the work has stayed motivated from the recent observation of mixed carcinoid, located to the appendix and wide to the peritoneal cable, joint to our observation in an elderly patient with aspecific demonstration clinical-symptomatologic. The study of the endocrine tumors is in continuous evolution also if, to the actual state, there is a better comprehension of this neoplasm, variegated and complex and, under some appearances, still not known well. Jejunoileal carcinoid tumors differ, under many appearances, from those occurring in other sites of the gut. They have relatively high rate of transmural invasion and aggressive clinical behavior, contrasted by a scarce objectivity; the demonstration of symptoms generally implicates the presence of an illness in advanced stage. Also pharmacological therapy made important progress, with the possibility of administer composed able to interfere with the development and the neoplastic growth.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

New therapeutics in spine metastases.

The number of patients who will develop metastatic spinal tumors is estimated to be between 5 and 10% of all cancer patients. As the therapy for systemic cancer improves, the number of patients developing symptomatic spinal tumors that require local therapy will increase. Over the last 10 years there has been a dramatic evolution in our ability to treat spinal tumors. These advances have not only been created by improvements in surgical techniques and instrumentation, but also developments in radiographic imaging, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. It is important for spine surgeons, radiologists, and radiation and medical oncologists to continue developing techniques for spinal salvage that will improve pain relief, achieve mechanical stability, improve or maintain neurologic function and sustain local tumor control. The evolution of these technologies will help to provide palliation and improve quality of life for patients with metastatic disease.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

[Apropos of a large parapharyngeal tumor. Imaging and surgery].

Based on the observation of a voluminous neurinoma of the carotid groove and of the posterior subparotid space, the authors highlight the wide range of parapharyngeal tumors and develop the anatomical bases which shed light on the clinical picture and guide the surgeon. The surgical indication must be put forth cautiously, taking into account the evolutive character of the tumor, the dangers it implies particular in Recklinghausen's disease. Modern radiology plays a major role in the diagnosis and treatment by perfectly visualizing the tumor, its vascularization and its relations with the walls and contents of the parapharyngeal spaces. It will supply indispensable information for directing the coordination between the ENT specialist, the vascular surgeon and the neurosurgeon.

Adolescent↗