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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

ProTeus: identifying signatures in protein termini.

ProTeus (PROtein TErminUS) is a web-based tool for the identification of short linear signatures in protein termini. It is based on a position-based search method for revealing short signatures in termini of all proteins. The initial step in ProTeus development was to collect all signature groups (SIGs) based on their relative positions at the termini. The initial set of SIGs went through a sequential process of inspection and removal of SIGs, which did not meet the attributed statistical thresholds. The SIGs that were found significant represent protein sets with minimal or no overall sequence similarity besides the similarity found at the termini. These SIGs were archived and are presented at ProTeus. The SIGs are sorted by their strong correspondence to functional annotation from external databases such as GO. ProTeus provides rich search and visualization tools for evaluating the quality of different SIGs. A search option allows the identification of terminal signatures in new sequences. ProTeus (ver 1.2) is available at http://www.proteus.cs.huji.ac.il.

Databases, Protein↗
PubMed1998

Small genes/gene-products in Escherichia coli K-12.

Forty-two protein spots of observed M(r) 6-15 kDa were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, stained by Coomassie blue and subjected to Edman microsequencing. All of the proteins could be related back to their encoding open reading frames, thereby vindicating the bioinformatic tools currently utilised in their identification. However, only 14/42 gene-products were expressed as annotated. Translation was confirmed for 14 open reading frames with no attributed function (EcoGene Y-entries), while N-terminal sequence allowed the start codon to be accurately annotated for the genes yigF, yccU, yqiC, ynfD, and yeeX. The methionine start codon was cleaved in 11 gene-products (AtpE, Hns, RpoZ, RplL, CspC, YccJ, YggX, YjgF, HimA, InfA, RpsQ) and a further five showed loss of a signal peptide (PspE, HdeB, HdeA, YnfD, YkfE). Internal (Tig, AtpA, TufA) and N-terminal fragmentation (CspD, RpsF, AtcU) of much larger proteins was also detected, which may have resulted from physiological or translational processes. M(r) and pI isoforms were detected respectively for PtsH and GatB, each being phosphoproteins, as well as RplY which manifested differences with respect to predicted M(r) and pI. In addition, YjgF was shown to belong to a small gene family of unknown function with ancient conserved regions across procaryotes and eucaryotes. YgiN was revealed to have a paralogue and orthologues in Bacillus subtilis, Synechocystis sp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Rhodococcus erythropolis. Orthologues are also reported for YihD, YccU and YeeX. Of the 14 Y-genes, only YkfE possessed no detectable orthologues. These results highlight the need to complement genomic analysis with detailed proteomics in order to gain a better understanding of cellular molecular biology, while the confirmation of the open reading frame start codon using Edman degradation protein microsequencing has yet to be superseded by recent advances in mass spectrometry.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Towards the proteome of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111: setting up a 2-DE reference map.

Polyphasic-taxonomic studies of the past decade have shown that the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises at least nine species, which share a high degree of 16S rDNA (98-100%) sequence similarity but only moderate levels of DNA-DNA hybridization. Members of the Bcc are well known as opportunistic pathogens of plants, animals and humans but also as biocontrol and bioremediation agents. In this study intra-, surface-associated and extracellular proteins of B. cenocepacia H111, which was isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient, were examined by 2-DE coupled to MALDI-TOF MS. MS and MS/MS data were searched against a database comprising all currently available annotated proteins of genetically closely related strains. In total 642 proteins spots were successfully identified corresponding to 390 different protein species, which were classified into functional categories. The majority of these proteins could be linked to housekeeping functions in energy production, amino acid metabolism, protein folding, post-translational modification and turnover, and translation. Noteworthy is the fact that a significant number of truly secreted and membrane proteins were identified in the extracellular and surface-associated sub-proteomes. This indicates that the pre-fractionation protocol used in this study is a highly valuable strategy for unravelling the cellular location of the identified proteins.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Predicted ATP-binding cassette systems in the phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma kunkelii.

Spiroplasma kunkelii is a cell wall-free, helical, and motile mycoplasma-like organism that causes corn stunt disease in maize. The bacterium has a compact genome with a gene set approaching the minimal complement necessary for cellular life and pathogenesis. A set of 21 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) domains was identified during the annotation of a draft S. kunkelii genome sequence. These 21 ABC domains are present in 18 predicted proteins, and are components of 16 functional systems, which account for 5% of the protein coding capacity of the S. kunkelii genome. Of the 16 systems, 11 are membrane-bound transporters, and two are cytosolic systems involved in DNA repair and the oxidative stress response; the genes for the remaining three hypothetical systems harbor nonsense and/or frameshift mutations, so their functional status is doubtful. Assembly of the 11 multicomponent transporters, and comparisons with other known systems permitted functional predictions for the S. kunkelii ABC transporter systems. These transporters convey a wide variety of substrates, and are critical for nutrient uptake, multidrug resistance, and perhaps virulence. Our findings provide a framework for functional characterization of the ABC systems in S. kunkelii.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1999

Sequencing of three lambda clones from the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125.

The nucleotide sequences of three independent fragments (designated no. 3, 4, and 9; each 15-20 kb in size) of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 cloned in a lambda phage vector have been determined. Thirteen putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in sequenced fragment no. 3 and 11 ORFs were identified in no. 4. Twenty ORFs were also identified in fragment no. 9. All putative ORFs were analyzed in comparison with the BSORF database and non-redundant protein databases. The functions of 5 ORFs in fragment no. 3 and 3 ORFs in fragment no. 4 were suggested by their significant similarities to known proteins in the database. Among the 20 ORFs in fragment no. 9, the functions of 11 ORFs were similarly suggested. Most of the annotated ORFs in the DNA fragments of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 were conserved in the Bacillus subtilis genome. The organization of ORFs in the genome of strain C-125 was found to differ from the order of genes in the chromosome of B. subtilis, although some gene clusters (ydh, yqi, yer, and yts) were conserved as operon units the same as in B. subtilis.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2006

A new automated technique for the reconstitution of hydrophobic proteins into planar bilayer membranes. Studies of human recombinant uncoupling protein 1.

Electrophysiological characterisation of the vast number of annotated channel and transport proteins in the postgenomic era would be greatly facilitated by the introduction of rapid and robust methods for the functional incorporation of membrane proteins into defined lipid bilayers. Here, we describe an automated technique for reconstitution of membrane proteins into lipid bilayer membranes, which substantially reduces both the reconstitution time and the amount of protein required for the membrane formation. The method allows the investigation of single protein channels as well as insertion of multiple copies (approximately 10(7)) into a single bilayer. Despite a comparatively large membrane area (up to 300 microm diameter), the high stability of the membrane permits the application of transmembrane voltages up to 300 mV. This feature is especially important for studies of inner membrane mitochondrial proteins, since they act at potentials up to approximately 200 mV under physiological conditions. It is a combination of these advantages that enables the detailed investigation of the minuscule single protein conductances typical for proton transporters. We have applied the new technique for the reconstitution and electrophysiological characterisation of human recombinant uncoupling protein 1, hUCP1, that has been overexpressed in E. coli and purified from inclusion bodies. We demonstrate that hUCP1 activity in the presence of fatty acids is comparable to the activity of UCP1 isolated from brown adipose tissue.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Exploring protein domain structure.

The protein databank contains coordinates of over 10,000 protein structures, which constitute more than 25,000 structural domains in total. The investigation of protein structural, functional and evolutionary relationships is fundamental to many important fields in bioinformatics research, and will be crucial in determining the function of the human and other genomes. This review describes the SCOP and CATH databases of protein structure classification, which define, classify and annotate each domain in the protein databank. The hierarchical structure, use and annotation of the databases are explained. Other tools for exploring protein structure relationships are also described.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2006

LEGER: knowledge database and visualization tool for comparative genomics of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria species.

Listeria species are ubiquitous in the environment and often contaminate foods because they grow under conditions used for food preservation. Listeria monocytogenes, the human and animal pathogen, causes Listeriosis, an infection with a high mortality rate in risk groups such as immune-compromised individuals. Furthermore, L.monocytogenes is a model organism for the study of intracellular bacterial pathogens. The publication of its genome sequence and that of the non-pathogenic species Listeria innocua initiated numerous comparative studies and efforts to sequence all species comprising the genus. The Proteome database LEGER (http://leger2.gbf.de/cgi-bin/expLeger.pl) was developed to support functional genome analyses by combining information obtained by applying bioinformatics methods and from public databases to improve the original annotations. LEGER offers three unique key features: (i) it is the first comprehensive information system focusing on the functional assignment of genes and proteins; (ii) integrated visualization tools, KEGG pathway and Genome Viewer, alleviate the functional exploration of complex data; and (iii) LEGER presents results of systematic post-genome studies, thus facilitating analyses combining computational and experimental results. Moreover, LEGER provides an unpublished membrane proteome analysis of L.innocua and in total visualizes experimentally validated information about the subcellular localizations of 789 different listerial proteins.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Functional insights from the distribution and role of homopeptide repeat-containing proteins.

Expansion of "low complex" repeats of amino acids such as glutamine (Poly-Q) is associated with protein misfolding and the development of degenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease. The mechanism by which such regions promote misfolding remains controversial, the function of many repeat-containing proteins (RCPs) remains obscure, and the role (if any) of repeat regions remains to be determined. Here, a Web-accessible database of RCPs is presented. The distribution and evolution of RCPs that contain homopeptide repeats tracts are considered, and the existence of functional patterns investigated. Generally, it is found that while polyamino acid repeats are extremely rare in prokaryotes, several eukaryote putative homologs of prokaryote RCP-involved in important housekeeping processes-retain the repetitive region, suggesting an ancient origin for certain repeats. Within eukarya, the most common uninterrupted amino acid repeats are glutamine, asparagines, and alanine. Interestingly, while poly-Q repeats are found in vertebrates and nonvertebrates, poly-N repeats are only common in more primitive nonvertebrate organisms, such as insects and nematodes. We have assigned function to eukaryote RCPs using Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Human Reference Protein Database (HRPD), FlyBase, and Wormpep. Prokaryote RCPs were annotated using BLASTp searches and Gene Ontology. These data reveal that the majority of RCPs are involved in processes that require the assembly of large, multiprotein complexes, such as transcription and signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Comparative genomics of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Diatoms are one of the most important constituents of phytoplankton communities in aquatic environments, but in spite of this, only recently have large-scale diatom-sequencing projects been undertaken. With the genome of the centric species Thalassiosira pseudonana available since mid-2004, accumulating sequence information for a pennate model species appears a natural subsequent aim. We have generated over 12,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and upon assembly into a nonredundant set, 5,108 sequences were obtained. Significant similarity (E < 1E-04) to entries in the GenBank nonredundant protein database, the COG profile database, and the Pfam protein domains database were detected, respectively, in 45.0%, 21.5%, and 37.1% of the nonredundant collection of sequences. This information was employed to functionally annotate the P. tricornutum nonredundant set and to create an internet-accessible queryable diatom EST database. The nonredundant collection was then compared to the putative complete proteomes of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and the centric diatom T. pseudonana. A number of intriguing differences were identified between the pennate and the centric diatoms concerning activities of relevance for general cell metabolism, e.g. genes involved in carbon-concentrating mechanisms, cytosolic acetyl-Coenzyme A production, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Finally, codon usage and utilization of C and G relative to gene expression (as measured by EST redundance) were studied, and preferences for utilization of C and CpG doublets were noted among the P. tricornutum EST coding sequences.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genome wide prediction of protein function via a generic knowledge discovery approach based on evidence integration.

BACKGROUND: The automation of many common molecular biology techniques has resulted in the accumulation of vast quantities of experimental data. One of the major challenges now facing researchers is how to process this data to yield useful information about a biological system (e.g. knowledge of genes and their products, and the biological roles of proteins, their molecular functions, localizations and interaction networks). We present a technique called Global Mapping of Unknown Proteins (GMUP) which uses the Gene Ontology Index to relate diverse sources of experimental data by creation of an abstraction layer of evidence data. This abstraction layer is used as input to a neural network which, once trained, can be used to predict function from the evidence data of unannotated proteins. The method allows us to include almost any experimental data set related to protein function, which incorporates the Gene Ontology, to our evidence data in order to seek relationships between the different sets. RESULTS: We have demonstrated the capabilities of this method in two ways. We first collected various experimental datasets associated with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and applied the technique to a set of previously annotated open reading frames (ORFs). These ORFs were divided into training and test sets and were used to examine the accuracy of the predictions made by our method. Then we applied GMUP to previously un-annotated ORFs and made 1980, 836 and 1969 predictions corresponding to the GO Biological Process, Molecular Function and Cellular Component sub-categories respectively. We found that GMUP was particularly successful at predicting ORFs with functions associated with the ribonucleoprotein complex, protein metabolism and transportation. CONCLUSION: This study presents a global and generic gene knowledge discovery approach based on evidence integration of various genome-scale data. It can be used to provide insight as to how certain biological processes are implemented by interaction and coordination of proteins, which may serve as a guide for future analysis. New data can be readily incorporated as it becomes available to provide more reliable predictions or further insights into processes and interactions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of GO annotation retrieval for BioCreAtIvE and GOA.

BACKGROUND: The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) database http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA aims to provide high-quality supplementary GO annotation to proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase. Like many other biological databases, GOA gathers much of its content from the careful manual curation of literature. However, as both the volume of literature and of proteins requiring characterization increases, the manual processing capability can become overloaded. Consequently, semi-automated aids are often employed to expedite the curation process. Traditionally, electronic techniques in GOA depend largely on exploiting the knowledge in existing resources such as InterPro. However, in recent years, text mining has been hailed as a potentially useful tool to aid the curation process. To encourage the development of such tools, the GOA team at EBI agreed to take part in the functional annotation task of the BioCreAtIvE (Critical Assessment of Information Extraction systems in Biology) challenge. BioCreAtIvE task 2 was an experiment to test if automatically derived classification using information retrieval and extraction could assist expert biologists in the annotation of the GO vocabulary to the proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase. GOA provided the training corpus of over 9000 manual GO annotations extracted from the literature. For the test set, we provided a corpus of 200 new Journal of Biological Chemistry articles used to annotate 286 human proteins with GO terms. A team of experts manually evaluated the results of 9 participating groups, each of which provided highlighted sentences to support their GO and protein annotation predictions. Here, we give a biological perspective on the evaluation, explain how we annotate GO using literature and offer some suggestions to improve the precision of future text-retrieval and extraction techniques. Finally, we provide the results of the first inter-annotator agreement study for manual GO curation, as well as an assessment of our current electronic GO annotation strategies. RESULTS: The GOA database currently extracts GO annotation from the literature with 91 to 100% precision, and at least 72% recall. This creates a particularly high threshold for text mining systems which in BioCreAtIvE task 2 (GO annotation extraction and retrieval) initial results precisely predicted GO terms only 10 to 20% of the time. CONCLUSION: Improvements in the performance and accuracy of text mining for GO terms should be expected in the next BioCreAtIvE challenge. In the meantime the manual and electronic GO annotation strategies already employed by GOA will provide high quality annotations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

N-terminal N-myristoylation of proteins: prediction of substrate proteins from amino acid sequence.

Myristoylation by the myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an important lipid anchor modification of eukaryotic and viral proteins. Automated prediction of N-terminal N-myristoylation from the substrate protein sequence alone is necessary for large-scale sequence annotation projects but it requires a low rate of false positive hits in addition to a sufficient sensitivity. Our previous analysis of substrate protein sequence variability, NMT sequences and 3D structures has revealed motif properties in addition to the known PROSITE motif that are utilized in a new predictor described here. The composite prediction function (with separate ad hoc parameterization (a) for queries from non-fungal eukaryotes and their viruses and (b) for sequences from fungal species) consists of terms evaluating amino acid type preferences at sequences positions close to the N terminus as well as terms penalizing deviations from the physical property pattern of amino acid side-chains encoded in multi-residue correlation within the motif sequence. The algorithm has been validated with a self-consistency and two jack-knife tests for the learning set as well as with kinetic data for model substrates. The sensitivity in recognizing documented NMT substrates is above 95 % for both taxon-specific versions. The corresponding rate of false positive prediction (for sequences with an N-terminal glycine residue) is close to 0.5 %; thus, the technique is applicable for large-scale automated sequence database annotation. The predictor is available as public WWW-server with the URL http://mendel.imp.univie.ac.at/myristate/. Additionally, we propose a version of the predictor that identifies a number of proteolytic protein processing sites at internal glycine residues and that evaluates possible N-terminal myristoylation of the protein fragments.A scan of public protein databases revealed new potential NMT targets for which the myristoyl modification may be of critical importance for biological function. Among others, the list includes kinases, phosphatases, proteasomal regulatory subunit 4, kinase interacting proteins KIP1/KIP2, protozoan flagellar proteins, homologues of mitochondrial translocase TOM40, of the neuronal calcium sensor NCS-1 and of the cytochrome c-type heme lyase CCHL. Analyses of complete eukaryote genomes indicate that about 0.5 % of all encoded proteins are apparent NMT substrates except for a higher fraction in Arabidopsis thaliana ( approximately 0.8 %).

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2005

One-step synthesis of labeled sugar nucleotides for protein O-GlcNAc modification studies by chemical function analysis of an archaeal protein.

Herein we present the chemical function analysis of a recombinant sugar nucleotidyltransferase from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus and its use in the one-pot synthesis of chloroacetyl- and alkyne-tagged analogues of uridinediphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The gene was originally annotated as a glucose-1-phosphate deoxythymidylyltransferase; however, kinetic analysis of a panel of sugar-1-phosphates with the protein shows that it is better described as a bifunctional protein that synthesizes UDP-GlcNAc from glucosamine-1-phosphate and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA). A new mass-spectrometry-based assay for the rapid analysis of the acyltransferase activity demonstrates that the enzyme can also accept cheaper truncated N-acetylcysteamine thioester substrates in place of the natural acetyl CoA. The enzyme can tolerate alkyne or chloride substitutions in the acyl moiety, thereby allowing the facile synthesis of tagged sugar nucleotides for future use in protein O-GlcNAc modification studies.

Archaeal Proteins↗
PubMed2025

FUSE-PhyloTree: linking functions and sequence conservation modules of a protein family through phylogenomic analysis.

SUMMARY: FUSE-PhyloTree is a phylogenomic analysis software for identifying local sequence conservation associated with the different functions of a multi-functional (e.g. paralogous or multi-domain) protein family. FUSE-PhyloTree introduces an original approach that combines advanced sequence analysis with phylogenetic methods. First, local sequence conservation modules within the family are identified using partial local multiple sequence alignment. Next, the evolution of the detected modules and known protein functions is inferred within the family's phylogenetic tree using three-level phylogenetic reconciliation and ancestral state reconstruction. As a result, FUSE-PhyloTree provides a gene tree annotated with both predicted sequence modules and ancestral gene functions, enabling the association of functions with specific sequence regions based on their co-emergence. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: FUSE-PhyloTree is provided as Docker and Singularity images including all the required software tools. Images, source code, test data, and documentation are available at https://github.com/OcMalde/fuse-phylotree and https://zenodo.org/records/15855068.

Phylogeny↗
PubMed2003

From genes to proteins: in vitro expression of rickettsial proteins.

The availability of the complete genome sequences of several organisms allows the comparative analysis of genomes, a branch of bioinformatics known as genomics. With this approach, much can be learned about the biology of organisms that are difficult to culture, even when few, if any, of their proteins have been isolated and studied directly. We have focused our interest on Rickettsia conorii, an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for Mediterranean spotted fever, a disease endemic in southern Europe. While bioinformatic annotation of the complete genome of this bacteria has allowed identification of 1,374 genes, a large number of them remain functionally uncharacterized. The final goal of many experiments in molecular biology is to use biological systems to synthesize the protein encoded by the gene being studied. Because three-dimensional structures are more resilient to evolution and change than amino acid sequences, structure determination of some open reading frames should also exhibit structural similarity to previously described protein families. We have thus initiated a systematic expression and structure determination program for the proteins encoded by rickettsial genes of interest. We have cloned different genes of R. conorii by recombinational cloning (GATEWAY), Invitrogen) a method that uses in vitro site-specific recombination to accomplish a directional cloning of PCR products and the subsequent automatic subcloning of the DNA segment into new vector backbones at high efficiency. The constructions in p-Dest17 yielded several clones able to express recombinant proteins with a C-terminal histidine tag. Expression of corresponding proteins was then performed using a cell-free protein expression system (Rapid Translation System, RTS, Roche Diagnostics). The recombinational cloning approach coupled to RTS provides an approach to rapid optimization of protein expression and is very useful to express rickettsial proteins. Moreover, this system is able to overcome some of the limitations encountered with rickettsial proteins highly toxic for E. coli or insect cells.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Aberrant expression of collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 in human solid cancers.

PURPOSE: The collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) is a promigratory protein first found to be expressed during rat tissue repair process. Recent preliminary results revealed CTHRC(1) mRNA in melanoma and breast cancer. However, the full significance of CTHRC1 to human carcinogenesis remains unclear. This study is to further characterize the clinical and functional relevance of CTHRC1 in melanoma and other human solid cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: First, semiquantitative immunohistochemistry analysis was done on 304 clinically annotated, paraffin-embedded biopsies representing different stages of melanoma progression. Then, short interfering RNA was used to inhibit expression of CTHRC1 protein for migration analysis on cultured melanoma cells. Finally, the CTHRC1 expression was surveyed in 310 samples representing 19 types of human solid cancers. RESULTS: In benign nevi and noninvasive melanoma biopsies, there was little CTHRC1 protein expression. In contrast, in invasive primary melanomas, there was a significant increase of CTHRC1 protein (P < 0.01, chi(2) test). There was a further increase of CTHRC1 protein in metastatic melanoma specimens compared with nonmetastatic lesions (P < 0.01, chi(2) test). In addition, inhibition of CTHRC1 expression resulted in decreased cell migration in vitro. Finally, transcription survey in 19 types of human solid cancers revealed aberrant CTHRC1 expression in 16 cancer types, especially cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, thyroid, ovarian, cervix, liver, and the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant expression of CTHRC1 is widely present in human solid cancers and seems to be associated with cancer tissue invasion and metastasis. It potentially plays important functional roles in cancer progression, perhaps by increasing cancer cell migration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Get ready to GO! A biologist's guide to the Gene Ontology.

The Gene Ontology (GO) project provides a controlled vocabulary to facilitate high-quality functional gene annotation for all species. Genes in biological databases are linked to GO terms, allowing biologists to ask questions about gene function in a manner independent of species. This tutorial provides an introduction for biologists to the GO resources and covers three of the most common methods of querying GO: by individual gene, by gene function and by using a list of genes. [For the sake of brevity, the term 'gene' is used throughout this paper to refer to genes and their products (proteins and RNAs). GO annotations are always based on the characteristics of gene products, even though it may be the gene that is cited in the annotation.].

Abstracting and Indexing↗