Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “parainfluenza virus”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Live viral vaccines for respiratory and enteric tract diseases.

In its programme for accelerated development of vaccines for viral respiratory and enteric tract diseases the WHO has assigned a very high priority to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses and rotaviruses. There is also some interest in alternative approaches to immunization against influenza viruses because of the failure of inactivated vaccines to provide complete and reasonably durable immunity. Current attempts to develop satisfactorily attenuated viruses for use in prevention of disease caused by the above viral pathogens are described.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Respiratory virus infection in immunocompromised patients.

Seventy-eight immunocompromised patients were prospectively evaluated for infection with respiratory viruses including parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses and adenoviruses beginning before marrow transplant and continuing to 60 days after transplant or discharge from hospital. Patients were studied both on a fixed surveillance schedule and at any time upper or lower respiratory symptoms developed. Fifteen (19%) patients had a respiratory virus detected including parainfluenza 1 in six patients, adenovirus in five, parainfluenza 3 in two, and influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus in one each. Twelve patients had infection before transplant and 11 of these had upper respiratory symptoms. Three patients had virus isolated only after transplant. Both patients with parainfluenza 3 infection developed pneumonia. One patient died with disseminated adenovirus infection. These data suggest that infections with respiratory viruses are frequent and often symptomatic in immunocompromised patients. Since antiviral therapy is available for some of these infections, early specific viral diagnosis is of potential clinical importance in immunocompromised patients with respiratory symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

In vitro cellular responsiveness in multiple sclerosis patients to a viral isolate from multiple sclerosis brain tissue and to other antigens.

The Clausen modification of the leukocyte migration test was used to test patients with multiple sclerosis, normal subjects, and patients with other neurologic diseases for cell-mediated immunity to 6/94 virus (a parainfluenza virus previously isolated from the brain tissue of a multiple sclerosis patient), c-RNA virus isolated from a tumor, and the nonviral antigens Candida and purified protein derivative. Leukocytes of multiple sclerosis patient showed significantly less mean inhibition of migration by the 6/94 virus (but not by the c-RNA virus, purified protein derivative, and Candida) than did the cells of normal controls and patients with other neurologic diseases. The relationship of these findings to previous observations in this area and to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1997

Cytokine- and virus-stimulated airway smooth muscle cells produce IL-11 and other IL-6-type cytokines.

Inflammation and smooth muscle abnormalities coexist in human airway disorders, and inflammation modulates the proliferative and contractile properties of airway smooth muscle cells. To determine whether human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells have the ability to regulate local inflammatory processes, we characterized the interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine production of HASM cells in vitro. We demonstrated that HASM cells are potent producers of IL-11 when stimulated with IL-1 or transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and that IL-11 levels are synergistically increased by IL-1 and TGF-beta 1 in combination. These studies also demonstrated that IL-1 and TGF-beta 1-stimulated HASM cells produce IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor but not oncostatin M and that respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 stimulate HASM cell IL-11 production. Finally, they demonstrate that, in all cases, the stimulation of HASM cell IL-11 elaboration is pretranslationally mediated since cytokine- and virus-induced alterations in IL-11 protein production were associated with proportionate changes in IL-11 mRNA accumulation. HASM cells are potent producers of IL-11 and other IL-6-type cytokines and may be important regulators of local airway inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness.

To address the role of IL-11 in viral airways dysfunction, we determined whether infectious agents that exacerbate asthma stimulate stromal cell IL-11 production, determined whether IL-11 could be detected at sites of viral infection and evaluated the effects of IL-11 on airway physiology. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), and rhinovirus (RV) 14 were potent stimulators while cytomegalovirus and adenovirus only weakly stimulated and herpes simplex virus type 2 and bacteria did not stimulate IL-11 elaboration. IL-11 was not detected or barely detected in nasal aspirates from children without, but was detected in aspirates from children with viral upper respiratory tract infections. The levels of IL-11 were highest in patients with clinically detectable wheezing. IL-11 also caused nonspecific airways hyperresponsiveness in BALB/c mice. These studies demonstrate that three major causes of viral-induced asthma, RSV, RV, and PIV, in contrast to other viruses and bacteria, share the ability to induce stromal cell IL-11 production. They also demonstrate that IL-11 can be detected in vivo during viral respiratory infections, that the presence of IL-11 correlates with clinical bronchospasm and that IL-11 is a potent inducer of airways hyperresponsiveness. IL-11 may be an important mediator in viral airways disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Experimental models for study of common respiratory viruses.

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that there is excess respiratory disease morbidity in areas of high atmospheric pollution, implying an interactive effect on the clinical illness associated with these common infections. The principal etiologic agents of human respiratory infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 (P1, P3), adenoviruses (AD), rhinoviruses (RV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mpn). Understanding the pathogenesis of the excess morbidity related to pollutants would facilitate detection of undesirable human health effects and provide a basis for intervention strategies. Through use of experimental model systems the mechanism of toxic effects could be defined (whether microbiological, immunological, pathological or physiological) to provide direction for appropriate studies in the human host. Small animal models of IV and Mpn infections have been available for many years; recently, experimental models of several more common viral diseases have been developed. A parallel to human RSV infections is provided by the ferret: virus replicates in the lungs of infant animals, but only in the noses of adults. The common cotton rat infected with RSV develops small airways lesions which may mimic the pathophysiologic changes of bronchiolitis. Both guinea pigs and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to human P3 virus, developing peribronchiolar and interstitial lesions. Practical small animal models for human AD and RV infections are not available because of the high host-specificity of these agents. Both the RSV and P3 model infections are nonlethal which enables study for long-term sequelae. Recent reports of pulmonary function abnormalities among children suffering bronchiolitis in infancy underscores the importance of defining toxic influences which could play a role by making the initial infections more severe.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Croup is associated with the novel coronavirus NL63.

BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of infections with the novel human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) has not been investigated systematically. We therefore determined its association with disease in young children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). METHODS AND FINDINGS: Nine hundred forty-nine samples of nasopharyngeal secretions from children under 3 y of age with LRTIs were analysed by a quantitative HCoV-NL63-specific real-time PCR. The samples had been collected from hospitalised patients and outpatients from December 1999 to October 2001 in four different regions in Germany as part of the prospective population-based PRI.DE study and analysed for RNA from respiratory viruses. Forty-nine samples (5.2%), mainly derived from the winter season, were positive for HCoV-NL63 RNA. The viral RNA was more prevalent in samples from outpatients (7.9%) than from hospitalised patients (3.2%, p = 0.003), and co-infection with either respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus 3 was observed frequently. Samples in which only HCoV-NL63 RNA could be detected had a significantly higher viral load than samples containing additional respiratory viruses (median 2.1 x 10(6) versus 2.7 x 10(2) copies/ml, p = 0.0006). A strong association with croup was apparent: 43% of the HCoV-NL63-positive patients with high HCoV-NL63 load and absence of co-infection suffered from croup, compared to 6% in the HCoV-NL63-negative group, p < 0.0001. A significantly higher fraction (17.4%) of samples from croup patients than from non-croup patients (4.2%) contained HCoV-NL63 RNA. CONCLUSION: HCoV-NL63 infections occur frequently in young children with LRTI and show a strong association with croup, suggesting a causal relationship.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1986

Rapid diagnosis and management of parainfluenza I virus infection in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

During 1983 a severe episode of respiratory infection occurred in a marmoset colony at these laboratories. Of 91 marmosets, 69 showed clinical signs of disease, one died and nine were so ill that euthanasia was necessary. Eight were examined post mortem and all showed consolidation of the lungs. Laboratory studies were carried out in an attempt to establish the cause of the outbreak and an interstitial pneumonia was found in seven animals which were examined histologically. Direct electron microscopy of nasal swabs and lung samples revealed the presence of a high titre of a paramyxovirus, and subsequent immunofluorescence studies established that the particular paramyxovirus involved was parainfluenza virus type I. Subsequent studies showed that surviving affected animals had seroconverted to parainfluenza I virus while animals that had not been implicated in the outbreak had not.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Transmission pattern of parainfluenza 3 virus in guinea pig breeding herds.

In searching for the cause of experimental variations in respiratory research data, serology revealed the prevalence of antibodies against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV 3) in guinea pigs. The aim of the present study was to explore the transmission rate, course, and kinetics of enzootic PIV 3 infection in guinea pig breeding units. In the first part of the study, blood samples to be analyzed for PIV 3 antibodies were collected from guinea pigs of a PIV 3-positive breeding colony at different times after birth. In the same breeding unit, 6 of 12 2-week-old guinea pigs were relocated and separately housed. The PIV 3 serum antibody titers of the two groups were compared at various times from birth to 13 weeks after birth. In the second part of the study, the spread of infectious virus and virus persistence were explored by housing seronegative sentinel animals together with 2- to 3-week-old guinea pigs from three different PIV 3-positive breeding units. The guinea pigs remaining in the breeding colony as well as those removed and housed separately showed declining serum antibody titers for about 1 month after birth, thereafter the titers were stable until about 8 weeks after birth. Five weeks later, the mean antibody titer of the guinea pigs remaining in the breeding colony had increased to a markedly higher level than that of the relocated, separately housed guinea pigs. Seroconversion was demonstrated in 7 of the 14 sentinels housed with the 2- to 3-week-old guinea pigs from PIV 3-positive breeding units. Sentinels housed together with PIV 3-positive guinea pigs 24 weeks after the start of the experiment did not seroconvert. We conclude that young guinea pigs born to PIV 3-positive mothers were protected by maternal immunity against infection with PIV 3 during their first 14 days of life. The guinea pig offspring became infected during the period from about 2 weeks until 8 weeks after birth, as demonstrated by seroconversion of sentinel animals and an increasing mean antibody titer seen beyond 8 weeks of age. The study did not reveal any indication of virus persistence or prolonged carrier status.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Role of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Sudden deafness constitutes a challenge in terms of the etiopathogenic diagnosis. The causative origin of sudden deafness usually remains unknown. However, available evidence suggests that viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection could be one factor involved. In order to analyze the incidence of these infectious agents, a microbiology study was carried out during the acute phase of the disease, and during convalescence, in 24 patients (17 men and 7 women; mean age 39.7 years; range 17-63 years) with idiopathic sudden hearing loss (SHL) according to previously published criteria. In the acute phase most of the patients presented IgG antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (n = 23), herpes simplex virus (n = 24), parainfluenza virus (n = 24), varicella-zoster virus (n = 24) and cytomegalovirus (n = 20). Results obtained from 3 patients suggested the existence of a recent infectious process caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgM+) in 1 patient, Mycoplasma (IgM+) and influenza A virus (complement fixation titer > 1/64) in another and parainfluenza virus seroconversion (a fourfold higher titer between the acute phase and convalescence) in the third. In conclusion, the low incidence of documented positive serological tests in our series (12.5%) may be due to the presence of pathological situations other than acute infection and does not justify routine serological studies in patients with SHL.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Experimental parainfluenzavirus infection in mice: fatal illness with atrophy of thymus and spleen in mice caused by a variant of parainfluenza 3 virus.

Intracerebral inoculation of the YN strain of parainfluenza 3 virus was found to induce an acute fatal illness characterized by marked thymic and splenic atrophy in newborn mice. Previously we showed that the YN strain contains three distinct plaque-type variants, LT, SC, and M. Of these, the M-type variant induced this fatal illness, whereas the other two variants induced hydrocephalus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of multiplex PCR assays and conventional techniques for the diagnostic of respiratory virus infections in children admitted to hospital with an acute respiratory illness.

The performances of four multiplex PCR (m-PCR) were compared to direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and HuH7 cell culture for the detection of viruses in 263 children admitted to hospital with an acute respiratory illness. One hundred fifty (57.6%) nasal aspirates were found DFA-positive; 188 (72.3%) were found positive by both DFA and HuH7 cell culture, and 242 (92%) were PCR-positive. The m-PCR detected 124 viruses which were not found by conventional methods: 68 rhinovirus, 17 human metapneumovirus, 15 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 8 parainfluenza virus (PIV), 5 coronavirus 229E, 3 OC43 and 3 NL63, 4 enterovirus, 2 influenza virus B and C virus. The m-PCR were more sensitive, had the advantages of a shorter delay in specific diagnosis, and a lower cost than DFA and culture. Using these m-PCR, the prevalence of each virus was compared between in-patient and out-patient groups of children attending the emergency unit of the hospital. Nasal aspirates from 411 (91.5%) children were found positive by the PCRs. RSV, rhinovirus, and influenza virus were the most frequent viruses detected in this population, representing 43.6%, 31.8%, and 8.8% of the virus found, respectively, followed by human metapneumovirus (4.4%), coronavirus (3.4%), parainfluenza virus (3.2%), adenovirus (2.3%), and enterovirus (2.1%). RSVs were detected more significantly in the in-patient group than in the out-patient group, and influenza viruses were detected more frequently in the out-patient group than in the in-patient group. Moreover, the use of m-PCR pointed out the frequency of rhinovirus and mixed viral detections in these patients. In conclusion, according to the requirements of speed and low cost of the methods, and to achieve the highest rate of detection of respiratory viruses, the combined use of DFA and m-PCR is today likely to be the best way to improve diagnosis of respiratory illnesses in children.

Cell Line↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interfering and interferonogenic activity of attenuated and original para-influenza viral strains].

A higher interfering activity of attenuated (vaccine) strains of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 which had undergone a long-term adaptation to cell cultures as compared to the original viruses was established. The interferon-inducing activity of vaccine parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 was also higher than that of the original viruses. The high interfering and interferon-inducing activity of attenuated parainfluenza virus strains of type 2 and 3 correlated with reduced virulence of these variants for man. These tests may be used for the assessment of virulence of parainfluenza virus strains type 2 and 3 in the laboratory.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1982

Respiratory disease in calves produced with aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica.

In four experiments, 22 calves were exposed to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus, followed by Pasteurella haemolytica at intervals of three to 13 days. The purpose of each experiment was to study viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tracts. Two experiments, in which the viral aerosols were diluted by the addition of air, produced sporadic temperature elevations while two experiments with undiluted viral aerosols produced consistent temperature elevations. Diluted viral aerosols produced lobular sized lesions in the lungs and hemagglutinating inhibition antibodies in sera, whilst undiluted aerosols produced a synergistic effect in the form of purulent pneumonia in ten of 14 calves when the interval between viral and bacterial aerosols was from three to ten days. Histopathological changes attributable to the virus only were seen in all experiments, and the histopathological changes due to mixed infection of parainfluenza-3 virus and P. haemolytica are described in detail. This is the first report of extensive purulent pneumonia in calves after parainfluenza-3 virus and P. haemolytica exposure. This was achieved using much smaller inocula than in experiments previously reported.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1987

Respiratory viruses in children admitted to hospital in Edinburgh 1972-1985.

The temporal incidence of respiratory viruses identified in children admitted to an Edinburgh hospital over a period of 14 years, 1972-1985, is described, Respiratory syncytial (RS) virus was identified most often, usually (but not in 1979 and 1985) with single peaks of activity in the winter months. Influenza virus infections were seen in the winter and spring but we failed to find evidence of interference between RS and influenza virus. Of the viruses studied, the parainfluenza viruses were the least predictable in their epidemiological behaviour. The results of this study are compared with those of others and the role of certain aspects of the weather is considered.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Conservativism of the matrix protein of paramyxoviruses].

Cross reactions among paramyxoviruses were determined by the immunoblot method. Human parainfluenza viruses, types 1-3, avian parainfluenza virus type 4, mumps, Sendai, and measles viruses were used. Antisera to human parainfluenza viruses were shown to cross-interact with proteins NP and M of other types, and all antisera to the members of Paramyxovirus genus cross-reacted with M proteins of other paramyxoviruses. No cross reactions with measles virus proteins were observed. It is concluded that M protein is the most conservative protein of paramyxoviruses.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Antiviral activities of ribavirin, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide, and 6'-(R)-6'-C-methylneplanocin A against several ortho- and paramyxoviruses.

5-Ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) and 6'-(R)-6'-C-methylneplanocin A (TJ13025) are two novel antiviral agents which are targeted against IMP dehydrogenase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, respectively. These compounds have been examined for their activities against various strains of orthomyxoviruses (influenza virus) and paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus) in vitro. EICAR was 10- to 59-fold more active than ribavirin and TJ13025 was 32- to 330-fold more active than ribavirin against parainfluenza virus types (2 and 3), mumps virus, and measles virus. EICAR was also more active than ribavirin against respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus, whereas TJ13025 was virtually inactive against these viruses. The 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of EICAR and TJ13025 were generally within the 0.1- to 1-microgram/ml range. Although the compounds did not prove cytotoxic to stationary host cells (HeLa, Vero, MDCK, and LLCMK2) at a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml, concentrations of 4 to 13 micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of dividing cells. EICAR and TJ13025 should be further pursued as candidate drugs for the treatment of ortho- and paramyxovirus infections.

Adenosine↗