Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “diet pattern”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phospholipid composition of membrane lipids of hepatic subcellular structures in rats under the effects of different nutrition and phosphorus and fluorine compounds].

A study was made of the phospholipid composition of the membranes of the rat liver nucleus, mitochondria and microsomes under the effect of different nutrition, hydrogen fluoride and phosphine. It was established that prolonged exposure to hydrogen fluoride and phosphine resulted in alterations of the phospholipid composition of the membranes of the liver nucleus, mitochondria and microsomes. The pattern of nutrition, the diet content of retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid and essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine) determined not only the quantitative and qualitative composition of phospholipids but also the action of the foreign substances under study on the cell membranes. The enrichment of the diet with retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid and thiamine reduced the membrane-damaging action of hydrogen fluoride and phosphine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Risk groups as related to gastric cancer].

Under examination were the features of life, labour, habits, inheritance pattern, a type of diet, the course of the disease in 440 gastric cancer patients. The most typical and frequently observed factors were singled out. The material obtained was processed by an electronic computer. The informative value of the risk factors was checked by selection, using questionnaires of patients irrespective of the reason of their referring to the clinic. The age of patients over 40 and the character of work should become the basic indication for limiting the number of persons subject to a gastrological examination.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carotenoids and menstrual cycle phase in young women.

An association between serum carotenoid concentrations and risk for certain cancers has been observed in epidemiological studies. Determinants of serum carotenoid concentrations are known to include dietary intake, plasma lipid concentrations, and body mass. Menstrual cycle phase, which has not been adequately addressed in previous studies, has been suggested to be a possible additional factor to consider in the interpretation of these values in women. We evaluated hormonal status, serum carotenoids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in 48 healthy women at early follicular, mid-luteal, and late luteal phases of one menstrual cycle. Eating patterns were assessed with diet records at two 3-day intervals during the cycle. Analysis was focused on the 30 subjects who were determined to have ovulated during the menstrual cycle under observation. Serum cholesterol was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the late luteal phase of an ovulatory cycle. Lutein concentration was increased in the early follicular phase (P < 0.05) and alpha-carotene was increased in the mid-luteal phase (P < 0.05) only if uncorrected for total cholesterol. Other carotenoids did not vary across the menstrual cycle, whether corrected or uncorrected for total cholesterol concentration. In normal healthy ovulating women, serum carotenoids do not appear to vary with menstrual cycle phase when corrected for serum cholesterol concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[A survey of nutrition knowledge-attitudes-practices of Sichuan urban and rural adults].

To provide a basis for designing nutrition education, two nutrition knowledge--attitudes--practices (KAP) surveys of adults aged 18 to 55 were conducted in 1989 in an urban (N = 1004) and a rural (N = 506) area of Sichuan. The results indicated that the nutrition levels in both sites were low, and an awareness of the relationship between nutrition and certain common diseases was lacking. However, both urban and rural adults possessed good attitudes toward nutrition and nutrition education. Large differences existed between urban and rural adults' food patterns, with the rural diet more monotonous than the urban one. The rural women will be a hard-to-reach audience requiring more intensive efforts. The findings suggest that nutrition education efforts for Sichuan urban and rural area adults will require different contents and emphases, different methods of delivery, and language suitable for each group, in order to obtain good results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol and hypertension--kill or cure?

An association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure levels has been observed in over 60 population studies world wide. The relationship is generally linear but with some studies showing a threshold effect at around 2-3 standard drinks a day. Effects are seen with all types of alcoholic beverages, and in men and women. The affect appears additive to effects of obesity and higher dose oral contraceptives. Studies of acute effects of alcohol suggest an initial vasodilator response, while population studies suggest that heavy drinkers may show some rebound hypertension. Randomized controlled trials show that reducing alcohol consumption lowers blood pressure in both treated and untreated hypertensives. Mechanisms of alcohol induced hypertension are still unclear. Despite predisposing to hypertension, regular light to moderate drinking (1-4 standard drinks a day) appears to protect against coronary deaths and ischaemic strokes, while heavier drinking increases the risk of haemorrhagic stroke and heart disease. There is some suggestion that wine drinking may be associated with lower cardiovascular risks, however in a study of 343 working men we found that beverage preference and drinking patterns correlated strongly with diet habits, smoking education and socioeconomic status, factors that are likely to confound the interpretation of epidemiological studies suggesting favourable cardiovascular effects to a particular beverage. Although light drinkers have lower mortality than non drinkers those drinking more than 2 standard alcohol drinks per day show a rising mortality as well as an increased risk of hypertension. Those facts should be the basis of public health advice on 'safe' levels of drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Dietary control of lactase expression in the weaning rat.

The decline in lactase activity during weaning has been well established. However, its molecular mechanism remains to be explored. We studied changes in the expression of lactase in terms of the transcription and translation processes in rat microvillus membrane by Northern blot and Western blot analysis, respectively. To examine the effect of dietary change from a milk to a non-milk diet on the developmental pattern of lactase expression, weaning was prevented by keeping the rats under suckling conditions for 27 days after birth. This treatment only suppressed the extent of decline: while the weanlings showed 17 percent activity compared to that of 4-day-old rats, the prolonged suckling rats showed only 42 percent. The changes in the expression of lactase mRNA and protein were parallel with the change of lactase activity. In other words, the fundamental pattern of significant depression of lactase expression occurred relatively independent of dietary modification. This observation indicates that the regulation of lactase expression is firmly determined at the transcriptional level, and that dietary factor such as the termination of lactose ingestion has only a relatively minor effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Etiology of Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the United States is rising at an epidemic rate. Although the cause for this rapid rise is unclear, it is well established that nearly all cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma arise from a premalignant lesion of the esophagus, known as Barrett's esophagus. Although Barrett's esophagus is recognized as a precursor lesion, the etiology, prevalence, and malignant risk of this lesion remain unclear. The relatively short, two-decade time frame for the rise in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and the increase across populations is a strong argument for environmental factors as etiological agents, perhaps interacting with genetically determined characteristics that define personal susceptibility. Because of the strong link between Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and the link between Barrett's esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease, risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease have been the prime suspects offered as possible explanations for the rise in esophageal adenocarcinoma. A plethora of hypotheses have been advanced, implicating tobacco and alcohol consumption, changes in obesity and diet, and the changing pattern in use of medications that affect the upper gastrointestinal tract. The following text will review what is currently known about the epidemiology of Barrett's metaplasia, its risk for malignant transformation, and the proposed theories of etiogenesis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Two-year follow-up of a behavioural weight control programme for adolescents in Singapore: predictors of long-term weight loss.

We followed up 112 obese adolescents enrolled in a weight control programme at a polytechnic institute in Singapore for two years. The programme used behavioural and environmental strategies to help students make sustained changes in their diet and physical activity pattern. Of these 112 students, 71.4% lost weight compared to 60% in a comparison group of 86 obese students not in the programme. About one-third (29.5%) had achieved normal weight [body mass index (BMI) < 25] with a mean weight loss of 3.3 kg among boys and 2.3 kg among girls. A stepwise multiple linear regression to determine the best combination of variables predictive of weight loss found three variables to be significantly associated with long-term weight loss: percent of weight loss in the initial 8-week intervention period; increase in exercise or physical activity following intervention, and income. These 3 variables accounted jointly for 59.5% of the variance in weight loss in males and 48% of weight loss in females. We recommend intensive efforts during the initial intervention phase to help students lose weight and strategies that can help students incorporate exercise or increased physical activity in their daily routine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

High versus low protein diets to mink--postprandial plasma urea and creatinine response, osmotic load and pattern of nitrogen and electrolyte excretion.

Nitrogen balance, pattern of excretion of nitrogenous end-products, endogenous urinary N excretion, postprandial plasma urea and creatinine, osmotic load, urinary electrolyte excretion and water intake/output relationships were studied in 12 adult female mink fed a high protein diet (HP; n = 6) providing about 155 g protein/kg or a low protein diet (LP; n = 6) providing about 95 g protein/kg. Two balance periods of each 3 d were used and diets were fed raw or cooked. After the last balance period followed a 48 h fasting period. Postprandial plasma urea and creatinine were studied for 48 h following a test meal given after an overnight fast. Osmotic load was determined based on collection of non-acidified urine carried out during 48 h. Level of protein supply did not affect N balance, being close to zero, whereas slightly negative balances were achieved for fasting animals. Protein supply was clearly reflected in excretion of urinary urea and allantoin but not in creatinine and uric acid. Endogenous urinary N excretion was estimated by a second order regression equation giving an intercept of 280 mg/kg0.75. Post-prandial plasma urea concentrations were strongly influenced by protein supply, HP animals having substantially higher peaks than LP animals, but values returned to fasting values within 24 h after the test meal. Plasma creatinine followed a biphasic pattern with a peak about 2 h after feeding and a nadir approximately 6 h after feeding. Physical form of diet influenced postprandial urea, animals fed raw diets having a higher peak, but not creatinine. The HP diet provided almost the double osmotic load of the LP diet and a corresponding increase in urine volume. The resulting water balances were identical irrespective of diet, showing that water intake/output relationships are very accurately regulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Eating disorders among adolescents: patterns and prevalence.

The purpose of this study was to (a) estimate the prevalence of disordered eating habits among adolescents; and (b) examine relationships between bingeing -dieting and feelings of psychosocial constraint. Disordered eating was defined as bingeing , highly restrictive dieting, emotional eating, or purging. A 71-item questionnaire was completed by 2,004 high school students. Disordered eating, as a distinct syndrome of behaviors, was found in 2% of all subjects. Seven percent of all subjects (11% of all females) were classified as emotional eaters. The prevalence (once a week or more often) of individual behaviors ranged widely: Bingeing = 20%, purging = 5%, feeling out of control about food = 27%. Factor analyses indicated that bingeing -dieting as a cycle was not a major behavioral pattern among subjects. Dieting vs. uncontrollable eating emerged as separate constellations of behaviors. Dieting was related to endorsement of regulation and constraint. Dieting and compulsive eating were both related to feelings of failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Scintigraphic assessment of gastric emptying of canned and dry diets in healthy cats.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize factors that affect solid-phase gastric emptying in healthy cats by use of nuclear scintigraphy and to assess differences in emptying patterns of dry and canned diets. ANIMALS: 20 healthy cats. PROCEDURE: 2 groups of 10 cats each were fed dry or canned diet for at least 2 weeks before scintigraphy was done. Diets were labeled with 99mTc-disofenin. After ingestion of labeled meals, scintigraphic images were obtained at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, then every 30 minutes to 6 hours. Gastric emptying scans were obtained 3 times for each cat for each diet, in a complete crossover design. The T90, T50, and T20 (times when 90, 50, and 20% of initial meal activity remained in the stomach, respectively) were derived from gastric emptying curves fit to nonlinear models. A mixed models approach was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Gastric emptying was well described by a nonlinear model. Meal size, water intake, and diet type significantly (P < 0.05) effected gastric emptying. The T90, T50, and T20 increased with meal size, regardless of diet type or water intake. Gastric emptying of a dry diet meal took significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of an isocaloric meal of canned diet, except when meal size was small. Differences in gastric emptying of dry and canned diets varied with the phase (T90 vs T50 vs T20) of emptying. CONCLUSION: Water intake, meal size, and diet type significantly influence gastric emptying in healthy cats, and these factors must be considered in analysis of gastric emptying data.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that hypertension and coronary heart disease are programmed by exposure to a poor diet during intrauterine life. It has been proposed that the prenatal environment may exert an adverse effect on the development of the kidney and hence later control of blood pressure. These assertions are supported by animal experiments. In the rat, fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet is associated with disproportionate patterns of fetal growth and later elevation of blood pressure. Pregnant female rats were fed control (18% casein) or low protein diets throughout pregnancy, or during specific periods. Nephron number was determined at day 20 gestation, full term and 4 weeks of age. Exposure to low protein throughout gestation, or in mid-late gestation increased total nephron number at day 20. By term nephron number was reduced, relative to controls, in rats that were undernourished between days 8-14 or 15-22 gestation. At 4 weeks postnatally rats exposed to low protein throughout fetal life had a reduced (13%) nephron complement and blood pressures 13 mmHg above control animals. Lower renal size and elevated blood pressure persisted to 19 weeks of age, at which time glomerular filtration rate was normal. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal undernutrition may programme the renal nephron number and hence impact upon adult blood pressure and the development of renal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Dietary habits and consumption patterns in a health district].

OBJECTIVE: To describe nutritional habits in a Health District by defining the patterns of food consumption. DESIGN: A descriptive, crossover study. SETTING: Health District of Molina de Segura, Murcia. METHOD: A community survey by interview of 1,071 people (95% confidence; accuracy to 3%), selected from the Municipal Roll by simple randomised sampling, was performed. The statistical methods were: Chi-squared and Student's tests, ANOVA, Pearson's linear correlation, factorial and discriminatory analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 17.3%, especially men, never took milk products (p < 0.0005). 12.5%, mainly young people, consumed more than 3 eggs a week (p < 0.02). 85% ate fruit daily; 70%, green and root vegetables; and 78%, olive oil. 12.6% had pulses more than 3 days a week. Only 6.5% had potatoes or pasta daily. Among men and young people there was a "bar culture", along with a "fast food" pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The abandoned Mediterranean diet must be promoted. Measures should be taken to moderate young people's and men's alcohol consumption. "Fast food" and "bar culture" patterns are the most deeply rooted. The nutritional education of the chronically ill should also be emphasised.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Spanish food patterns.

Data from household food budgetary surveys and regional, population-based, cross-sectional studies show a declining trend in energy intake in the last decades, also applicable to protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes in absolute terms. The pattern suggests a lower fat content in the diet. Protein intake is 200% of the recommended level. Spanish food patterns underwent dramatic changes between the 1960s and the 1980s, including an important increase in fat intake, up to 44% energy intake from fat in the 1980s. The trend changed in the 1990s, and current fat supply provides an average of 37% of energy intake. Main sources of fat in the Spanish diet are added fats for cooking (49% of total fat intake), especially olive oil; meat and meat products (25%); and a lower percentage provided by milk and dairy products. Most saturated fatty acids are supplied by meats (30%) and dairy products (27%). Rapid urbanisation processes and the growing proportion of females in the active workforce have led to important changes in food patterns in the last decades. On the one hand, some changes had a positive impact, such as increasing variety in the diet and access to food; on the other hand, some changes moved the Spanish diet away from the traditional Mediterranean food pattern. Current food patterns evidence high consumption of animal products: meat, fish, milk and dairy products. It seems advisable to increase consumption of plant foods, particularly whole-grain cereals, potatoes and pulses. Intake of fruit and vegetables shows a shift towards a greater consumption of processed foods rather than fresh products, and overall a greater consumption would be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish.

Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the tryptophan requirement for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is about 0.12% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 0.5% of the dietary protein. Similar studies indicate that the threonine requirement for the same fish is about 0.53% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.21% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement of threonine was confirmed by serum free threonine analysis. A marked increase in serum free threonine occurred at a dietary threonine level of approximately 0.5% of the diet. None of the gross pathological changes previously reported for tryptophan deficiency in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout were observed in channel catfish.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Nuclear all-trans retinoic acid receptors in liver of rats with diet-induced insulin resistance.

Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) expression and RAR binding characteristics were investigated in the liver of rats with high-sucrose (HS) diet-induced insulin resistance. Animals were fed a basal (B) or HS (63 cal%) diet with or without fish oil (FO) (30% w/w of total fatty acids) for two weeks. A significant augmentation (p < 0.01) in the RAR alpha mRNA accumulation in rats fed HS diet when compared to rats fed B diet was demonstrated. In comparison with rats fed B + FO diet, a significant increase (p < 0.005) in the RAR alpha expression was found in rats fed HS + FO diet. In [3H]-retinoic acid (RA) binding studies, Scatchard plots confirmed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the RAR maximal binding capacity (Bmax) only in rats fed HS + FO diet when compared to rats fed B diet. No significant changes in the association constant (Ka) were found among the groups when compared to rats fed B diet. In contrast to RAR alpha, a significant decrease (p < 0.005) in nuclear thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TR alpha 1) expression was found in rats fed HS diet when compared to rats fed B diet. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the TR alpha 1 expression was also detected in rats fed HS + FO diet in comparison with rats fed B + FO diet. In addition, an analogous pattern in the expression of the TR isoform (TR alpha 2) was evaluated as well. In conclusion, the high-sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance might be associated with an increased RAR alpha expression and RAR population, and also with a decreased TR alpha 1 and TR alpha 2 mRNA accumulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Master Amino acid Pattern as sole and total substitute for dietary proteins during a weight-loss diet to achieve the body's nitrogen balance equilibrium.

Results of this multicentric study have shown that by giving Master Amino acid Pattern (MAP) as a sole and total substitute of dietary proteins to 500 overweight participants undergoing the American Nutrition Clinics/Overweight Management Program (ANC/OMP), the participants' body nitrogen balance could be maintained in equilibrium with essentially no calories (MAP 1 g=0.04 kcal), thereby preserving the body's structural and functional proteins, eliminating excessive water retention from the interstitial compartment, and preventing the sudden weight increase after study conclusion commonly known as the yo-yo effect. Study results have shown that the use of MAP, in conjunction with the ANC/OMP regimen, has proven to be safe and effective by preventing those adverse effects associated with a negative nitrogen balance, such as oversized or flabby tissue, stretch marks, the sagging of breast tissue, increased hair loss, faded hair color, and fragile or brittle nails. Also prevented were those anomalies commonly associated with weight-loss diets, such as hunger, weakness, headache caused by ketosis, constipation, and decreased libido. The use of MAP in conjunction with the ANC/OMP also allowed for mean weight loss of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) per week, achieved through reduction of excessive fat tissue and elimination of excessive water retention from the interstitial compartment.

Adolescent↗