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PubMed2006

Multiple image watermarking applied to health information management.

Information technology advances have brought forth new challenges in healthcare information management, due to the vast amount of medical data that needs to be efficiently stored, retrieved, and distributed, and the increased security threats that explicitly have to be addressed. The paper discusses the perspectives of digital watermarking in a range of medical data management and distribution issues, and proposes a complementary and/or alternative tool that simultaneously addresses medical data protection, archiving, and retrieval, as well as source and data authentication. The scheme imperceptibly embeds in medical images multiple watermarks conveying patient's personal and examination data, keywords for information retrieval, the physician's digital signature for authentication, and a reference message for data integrity control. Experimental results indicate the efficiency and transparency of the scheme, which conforms to the strict requirements that apply to regions of diagnostic significance.

Computer Security↗

PubMed2006

An alternate line erasure and readout (ALER) method for implementing slot-scan imaging technique with a flat-panel detector--initial experiences.

This paper describes and demonstrates an electronic collimation method, referred to as the alternate line erasure and readout (ALER) technique, for implementing slot-scan digital radiography technique with an amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT) array based flat-panel detector. An amorphus selenium (a-Se) flat-panel detector was modified to implement the ALER technique for slot-scan imaging. A stepping-motor driven fore-collimator was mounted in front of an X-ray tube to generate a scanning X-ray fan beam. The scanning speed and magnification were adjusted to synchronize the fan beam motion with the image line readout rate. The image lines on the leading and trailing edges of the fan beam were tracked and alternately reset and read out, respectively. The former operation resulted in the erasure of the scatter signals accumulated in the leading edge image line prior to the arrival of the fan beam. The latter operation resulted in the acquisition of fan beam exposure data integrated in the trailing edge image line right after the fan beam passed. To demonstrate the scatter rejection capability of this technique, an anthropomorphic chest phantom was placed in PA position and scanned at a speed of 576 lines (8.0 cm)/s at 117 kVp and 32 mA. A tungsten bar is placed at the entrance side of the chest phantom to measure the scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR), scatter reduction factor (SRF), and contrast-to-noise ratio degradation factor (CNRDF) in the slot-scan images to evaluate the effectiveness of scatter rejection and the resultant improvement of image quality. SPR and CNRDF in the open-field images were also measured and used as the reference for comparison. A scatter reduction by 86.4 to 95.4% across lower lung and heart regions has been observed with slot-scan imaging. The CNRs have been found to be improved by a factor of 2 in the mediastinum areas over the open-field image as well.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

The dbMHC microsatellite portal: a public resource for the storage and display of MHC microsatellite information.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region Microsatellites (Msat) have been extensively used in various applications, such as disease mapping, forensics, and population genetics. A comprehensive review of HLA Msat primers has been previously published based on literature and sequence analysis, but electronic tools are lacking to make it easily accessible and actually used by the community. We have integrated data from this review, with an overlapping set of 31 Msat markers used in the 13th International Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIWS) to create a public archive that will synchronize published descriptions to a common framework. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mhc. Currently, the dbMHC contains 389 primer pairs across the extended MHC targeting 281 distinct repeat regions (approximately 1/45 kb). Literature review and analysis of the primers reveal that over 200 synonymous names have been published for these markers. Users may view or download specific Msat data sets using the portal. Query options include name or partial name, primer sequence, neighboring genes, and/or position. Query results include locus name(s), a graphic showing of the relative location of the marker in relation to the classical HLA genes, a listing of the constituent primer pairs and name, a link to UniSTS, aliases, allele range (bp), overlapping single nucleotide polymorphisms, a link to e-polymerase chain reaction, and physical mapping information. To increase the utility of this resource, researchers using Msat markers in the HLA region are encouraged by the authors to submit new primers to the dbMHC. The minimal Msat submission consists of primers sequences, a submitter's name and contact information. Additional information recommended but not required is the laboratory protocol(s), known allele size range (bp), known aliases, and an exemplar sequence. Assigned UniSTS numbers can be used for primer pair standard identification.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Recent advances in rice biotechnology--towards genetically superior transgenic rice.

Rice biotechnology has made rapid advances since the first transgenic rice plants were produced 15 years ago. Over the past decade, this progress has resulted in the development of high frequency, routine and reproducible genetic transformation protocols for rice. This technology has been applied to produce rice plants that withstand several abiotic stresses, as well as to gain tolerance against various pests and diseases. In addition, quality improving and increased nutritional value traits have also been introduced into rice. Most of these gains were not possible through conventional breeding technologies. Transgenic rice system has been used to understand the process of transformation itself, the integration pattern of transgene as well as to modulate gene expression. Field trials of transgenic rice, especially insect-resistant rice, have recently been performed and several other studies that are prerequisite for safe release of transgenic crops have been initiated. New molecular improvisations such as inducible expression of transgene and selectable marker-free technology will help in producing superior transgenic product. It is also a step towards alleviating public concerns relating to issues of transgenic technology and to gain regulatory approval. Knowledge gained from rice can also be applied to improve other cereals. The completion of the rice genome sequencing together with a rich collection of full-length cDNA resources has opened up a plethora of opportunities, paving the way to integrate data from the large-scale projects to solve specific biological problems.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

The prediction of disruptive behaviour disorders in an urban community sample: the contribution of person-centred analyses.

BACKGROUND: Variable- and person-centred analyses were used to examine prediction of middle childhood behaviour problems from earlier child and family measures. METHOD: A community sample of 164 families, initially recruited at antenatal clinics at two South London practices, was assessed for children's behaviour problems and cognitive ability, maternal mental health, and the family environment when the children were 4 years old. At age 11, children, mothers, and teachers reported the child's disruptive behaviour, and mothers and children were interviewed to identify cases of disruptive behaviour disorders (DBD). RESULTS: Neither social class nor ethnicity predicted the child's disruptive behaviour at age 11. Rather, path analyses and logistic regression analyses drew attention to early behavioural problems, maternal mental health and the child's cognitive ability at 4 as predictors of disruptive behaviour at age 11. Cluster analysis extended these findings by identifying two distinct pathways to disruptive symptoms and disorder. In one subgroup children who showed intellectual difficulties at 4 had become disruptive by 11. In a second subgroup mothers and children both showed psychological problems when the child was 4, and the children were disruptive at age 11. The person-centred approach also revealed a high-functioning group of cognitively able 4-year-olds in supportive environments, at especially low risk for DBD. CONCLUSIONS: Combining variable- and person-centred analytic approaches can aid prediction of children's problems, draw attention to pertinent developmental pathways, and help integrate data from multiple informants.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗

PubMed2005

Detection of atrial fibrillation by implanted devices with wireless data transmission capability.

Remote telemetry may facilitate the management of implantable devices. We tested the reliability of a new automatic, wireless home monitoring (HM) system that archives data every 24 hours. We retrospectively analyzed archival data from 276 consecutive pacing system implants to define temporal atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns and associated ventricular rate. An "AF day" was defined by a >20%/24 hour mode switch (MS) duration, irrespective of the MS number. Management decisions resulting from transmissions were noted. A pilot study confirmed that 89% of 22,356 transmissions were successful, of which >90% were received in <5 minutes. Data integrity was 100% preserved. Overall, AF developed in 29 patients (10.5%), representing a total of 645 AF days (mean = 22.2 +/- 29.6 AF, median = 9 days), over 12 +/- 2 months of monitoring. AF was infrequent ( /=1 day during which the AF burden was >50% of 24 hours. Ventricular rates during 645 AF days in 29 patients averaged 95.1 +/- 9.9 beats/min (median = 94 beats/min). Ventricular rates were >80 beats/min in 25 +/- 30 AF days (median = 11 days). HM enabled rapid anticoagulation decisions. In recipients of implantable devices, automatic wireless telemetry with HM was efficient and reliable. Its application may overcome some current challenges in AF management by early notification and precise measurement of both AF burden and ventricular rate during AF.

Atrial Fibrillation↗

PubMed1993

Defence and safety: their function in social behaviour and psychopathology.

This paper suggests that our intuitive use and understanding of the concepts defence and safety can be opened up to more systematic study and theory. This may provide a powerful framework for biopsychosocial approaches in clinical psychology. Defence and safety can be seen as two fundamental, evolutionary adaptive, information-organizing systems. The operation of these two systems has major effects on biological patterns, social behaviour, relationships and the maturation of self-constructs. It is suggested that many forms of psychopathology represent the activation of evolved, defensive strategies. This paper explores the organization and operation of these two systems and attempts to integrate data from neuropsychological work with ideas from evolutionary theory and social psychology on the effects of threat sensitivity and defensiveness, and safety. It is suggested that interpersonal threats are the most common sources of human defensive behaviour and these are often about separation-rejection or power and subordination. In the latter part of the paper discussion will be on the way people try to create safe environments by putting others down, or by submitting to more powerful others.

Defense Mechanisms↗

PubMed2005

Optimizing the acquisition time profile for a planar integral measurement system with a spinning slat collimator.

This article considers a hypothetical imaging device with a spinning slat collimator that measures parallel-planar-integral data from an object. This device rotates around the object 180 degrees and stops at N positions uniformly distributed over this 180 degrees. At each stop, the device spins on its own axis 180 degrees and acquires measurements at M positions uniformly distributed over this 180 degrees. For a fixed total imaging time, an optimal distribution of the scanning time among the data measurement locations is searched by a nonlinear programming method: Nelder-Mead's simplex method. The optimal dwell time is approximately proportional to the weighting factor in the backprojector of the reconstruction algorithm. By using an optimal dwell-time profile, the reconstruction signal-to-noise ratio has a gain of 23%-24% for the filtered backprojection algorithm and a gain of 10%-18% for the iterative algorithms, compared with the situation when a constant dwell-time profile is used.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Dynamic complex formation during the yeast cell cycle.

To analyze the dynamics of protein complexes during the yeast cell cycle, we integrated data on protein interactions and gene expression. The resulting time-dependent interaction network places both periodically and constitutively expressed proteins in a temporal cell cycle context, thereby revealing previously unknown components and modules. We discovered that most complexes consist of both periodically and constitutively expressed subunits, which suggests that the former control complex activity by a mechanism of just-in-time assembly. Consistent with this, we show that additional regulation through targeted degradation and phosphorylation by Cdc28p (Cdk1) specifically affects the periodically expressed proteins.

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae↗

PubMed1996

Activation of codependent transcription factors is required for transcriptional induction of the vgf gene by nerve growth factor and Ras.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells leads to the elaboration of a neuronal phenotype, including the induction of neuronally expressed genes such as vgf. To study vgf transcription, we have created chimeric vgf/beta-globin genes in which vgf promoter sequences drive the expression of the beta-globin reporter gene or of a chimeric beta-globin gene fused to 3' untranslated vgf gene sequences. We have found that the level of inducibility of the latter construct by NGF resembles that of the endogenous vgf gene. Using transient transfection of the chimeric reporter genes into PC12 cells, into PC12 subclones expressing activated or dominantly interfering mutant Ras proteins, and into PC12 variants expressing specific NGF receptor/Trk mutants, we show that transcriptional regulation of the vgf promoter by NGF is mediated through a Ras-dependent signaling pathway. By mutational analysis of the vgf promoter, we have identified three promoter elements involved in mediating transcriptional induction by NGF and Ras. In addition to the cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE), which binds to ATF-1, ATF-2, and CRE-binding protein in PC12 nuclear extracts, a novel CCAAT element and its binding proteins were identified, which, like the CRE, is necessary but not sufficient for the Ras-dependent induction of the vgf gene by NGF. We also identify a G(S)G element unusually located between the TATA box and transcriptional start site, which binds the NGF- and Ras-induced transcription factor, NGFI-A, and amplifies the transcriptional response. Integrating data from studies of vgf promoter regulation and NGF signal transduction, we present a model for vgf gene induction in which transcriptional activation is achieved through the persistent, direct activation of multiple interacting transcription factors binding to CRE and CCAAT elements, coordinated with the delayed transcription factor action at a G(S)G element resulting from the induced expression of NGFI-A.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Pharmacoproteomics in the development of personalised medicine in Age-related Macular Degeneration (PHARPRO-AMD) study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among people over 55 years of age globally, being neovascular AMD (nAMD) its most aggressive form. Its treatment consists of the use of drugs that block vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Proteomics may allow the identification of differentially expressed proteins between responders and non-responders to each anti-VEGF drug. Thus, the objective of Pharmacoproteomics in the development of personalised medicine in Age-related Macular Degeneration (PHARPRO-AMD) is to find new proteomic biomarkers, predictive of response to antiangiogenic treatment in patients with nAMD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PHARPRO-AMD is a nationwide, multicentre, prospective, observational study. Treatment-naïve patients with nAMD starting anti-VEGF therapy will be enrolled and followed up for 2 years. During this period, clinical variables will be gathered to classify treatment response. In addition, blood, tear and vitreous and aqueous humour samples will be collected and will undergo a ZenoSWATH proteomic analysis. Relevant biomarkers identified and response classification will be used to perform a multivariate logistic regression and construct receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The study is expected to identify a panel of proteomic biomarkers predictive of anti-VEGF treatment response. Integrating data from invasive and non-invasive biological samples may enhance clinical applicability. Once validated, these biomarkers could support the design of future clinical trials on biomarker-guided therapies, helping to optimise treatment regimens and improve visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The PHARPRO-AMD study aims to provide proof-of-concept for biomarker-guided anti-VEGF therapy in nAMD, potentially improving vision outcomes. A notable limitation is the exclusion of patients with visual acuity above 73 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, a criterion chosen to reduce potential ceiling effects and improve response assessment accuracy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approved by the Galician Network of Ethics Committees, with nationwide validity. Anonymised data will be deposited in open-access repositories and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Spanish Clinical Studies Registry (REec) (0033-2024-OBS).

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Pulmonary venous flow velocity patterns in 404 individuals without cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pulmonary venous flow velocity (PVFV) values in a large normal population. DESIGN: Prospective study in consecutive individuals. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: Among 404 normal individuals, the flow velocity pattern in the right upper pulmonary vein was recorded in 315 subjects using transthoracic echocardiography, and in both upper pulmonary veins in 100 subjects using transoesophageal echocardiography. Subjects were divided into five age groups. The PVFV values were compared between transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography within the age groups, and intraindividually between the right and left upper pulmonary veins in transoesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS: Normal PVFV values for the right upper pulmonary vein in transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography are presented. The duration of flow reversal at atrial contraction was overestimated using transthoracic echocardiography (mean (SD): 96 (21) ms in transoesophageal echocardiography, 120 (28) ms in transthoracic echocardiography, p < 0.0001). Systolic to diastolic peak flow velocity ratio (S:D) increased earlier with advancing age with transoesophageal echocardiography than with transthoracic echocardiography. Similar results were found for the corresponding time-velocity integrals. Data from the left and right upper pulmonary veins differed with respect to onset and deceleration of flow velocities, but not for flow durations or peak velocities. CONCLUSIONS: Normal PVFV values generally show a wide range. The data presented will be of value in assessing left ventricular diastolic function and mitral regurgitation using the PVFV pattern.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Information technology for children's health and health care: report on the Information Technology in Children's Health Care Expert Meeting, September 21-22, 2000.

In September 2000, the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research and the American Academy of Pediatrics Center for Child Health Research sponsored a meeting of experts and knowledgeable stakeholders to identify 1) the special information needs of pediatric care and 2) health service research questions related to the use of information technology in children's health care. Technologies that support the care of children must address issues related to growth and development, children's changing physiology, and the unique diseases of children and interventions of pediatric care. Connectivity and data integration are particular concerns for child health care workers. Consumer health information needs for this population extend beyond the needs of one individual to the needs of the family. Recommendations of the attendees include rapid implementation of features in electronic health information systems that support pediatric care and involvement of child health experts in policy making, standards setting, education, and advocacy. A proposed research agenda should address both effectiveness and costs of information technology, with special consideration for the needs of children, the development and evaluation of clinical decision support in pediatric settings, understanding of the epidemiology of iatrogenic injury in childhood, supplementation of vocabulary standards with pediatrics-specific terminology, and improvement in health care access for children, using telemedicine.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Re-engineering pathology: an IT solution to the data conundrum.

AIMS: To develop a simple process for data transfer between disparate laboratory computer systems, and to assist in the rationalisation of services while maintaining or improving clinical care. METHODS: Using existing hardware and software in the laboratories, data manipulation was reduced in the sending and receiving laboratories by using scripting languages to perform the import and export routines from disparate laboratory systems. RESULTS: Data exchange between Carmarthen and Swansea laboratories (12,000 specimens per year) was achieved in a semiautomatic manner for most specimens. Turnaround times were equalled or improved with the new arrangements, and significant reductions were obtained in staff costs. CONCLUSIONS: Data exchange between disparate laboratory computer systems can be achieved inhouse using simple systems. The process offers a route to assist in the management of reducing resources. The process could be readily utilised in other pathology disciplines or with any data integration exercise. There is scope for further enhancement that is currently being investigated.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗

PubMed2003

Watching the Games: public health surveillance for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of the public health surveillance system for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games; document its major findings; and discuss the implications for public health surveillance for future events. DESIGN: Planning for the system took almost three years. Its major components included increased surveillance of communicable diseases; presentations to sentinel emergency departments; medical encounters at Olympic venues; cruise ship surveillance; environmental and food safety inspections; surveillance for bioterrorism; and global epidemic intelligence. A daily report integrated data from all sources. SETTING: Sydney, Australia. Surveillance spanned the period 28 August to 4 October 2000. PARTICIPANTS: Residents of Sydney, athletes and officials, Australian and international visitors. MAIN RESULTS: No outbreaks of communicable diseases were detected. There were around 5% more presentations to Sydney emergency departments than in comparable periods in other years. Several incidents detected through surveillance, including injuries caused by broken glass, and a cluster of presentations related to the use of the drug ecstasy, prompted further action. CONCLUSIONS: Key elements in the success of public health surveillance for the Games included its careful planning, its comprehensive coverage of public health issues, and its timely reporting and communication processes. Future systems need to be flexible enough to detect the unexpected.

Anniversaries and Special Events↗

PubMed2006

LegumeDB1 bioinformatics resource: comparative genomic analysis and novel cross-genera marker identification in lupin and pasture legume species.

The identification of markers in legume pasture crops, which can be associated with traits such as protein and lipid production, disease resistance, and reduced pod shattering, is generally accepted as an important strategy for improving the agronomic performance of these crops. It has been demonstrated that many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in one species can be found in other plant species. Detailed legume comparative genomic analyses can characterize the genome organization between model legume species (e.g., Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus) and economically important crops such as soybean (Glycine max), pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), thereby identifying candidate gene markers that can be used to track QTLs in lupin and pasture legume breeding. LegumeDB is a Web-based bioinformatics resource for legume researchers. LegumeDB analysis of Medicago truncatula expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has identified novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (16 tested), some of which have been putatively linked to symbiosome membrane proteins in root nodules and cell-wall proteins important in plant-pathogen defence mechanisms. These novel markers by preliminary PCR assays have been detected in Medicago truncatula and detected in at least one other legume species, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, and (or) Lupinus angustifolius (15/16 tested). Ongoing research has validated some of these markers to map them in a range of legume species that can then be used to compile composite genetic and physical maps. In this paper, we outline the features and capabilities of LegumeDB as an interactive application that provides legume genetic and physical comparative maps, and the efficient feature identification and annotation of the vast tracks of model legume sequences for convenient data integration and visualization. LegumeDB has been used to identify potential novel cross-genera polymorphic legume markers that map to agronomic traits, supporting the accelerated identification of molecular genetic factors underpinning important agronomic attributes in lupin.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1993

Behaviorally based modeling and computational approaches to neuroscience.

The almost incredible advances that have recently occurred in the power of computers available to scientists in all disciplines have encouraged an explosion of neural network and behavioral models. Some of these have been constrained more by the imagination of the programmer than by rude biological facts. Their relevance for the experimental neuroscientist thus varies from case to case. Some models (e.g. Grillner's model of lamprey swimming movements) are so closely based on known neuroanatomy and neurophysiology that it becomes possible to generate and test precise experimental predictions. Other models (such as MURPHY and NOMAD) use neurobiological principles in their architectures, but do not portray any particular organism. Although it is harder to relate the study of these models of the study of real animals, they fulfill an important explanatory role. They make possible insights into how behavior is controlled by neuronal activity that would be unobtainable in real animals using present methods. Thus, even the excesses of neural modeling have provided a useful impetus to what is undoubtedly a most promising approach to integrating data from the various disciplines concerned with behavior and the mind. The problems have been pointed out by many authors (see citations in our introduction), and a phase of more critical evaluation appears to have begun. We hope that our brief survey of models based on widely different theoretical approaches, but all aimed at explaining behavior, will encourage critical comparisons to be made. As in more mature fields, such as thermodynamics, we can expect that more complete models will force an evaluation of theoretical hypotheses against the entire body of available evidence, rather than just a few pertinent test cases. Such evaluation will make possible a much more rigorous exclusion of invalid or inconsistent theoretical ideas. From such studies, a much smaller, but more robust, set of basic principles can be expected to emerge. From the perspective afforded by our own modeling studies, it appears essential that modeling be informed by a general theory of brain function. In this work, the theory of neuronal group selection provides a useful basis for further work by virtue of its consistency with basic evolutionary and physiological principles and the power of the selection paradigm to shape neural networks in behaviorally adaptive directions.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24: changes from 1998 to 2001.

Integrating data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, national coroner studies, census and college enrollment data for 18-24-year-olds, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, and the Harvard College Alcohol Survey, we calculated the alcohol-related unintentional injury deaths and other health problems among college students ages 18-24 in 1998 and 2001. Among college students ages 18-24 from 1998 to 2001, alcohol-related unintentional injury deaths increased from nearly 1600 to more than 1700, an increase of 6% per college population. The proportion of 18-24-year-old college students who reported driving under the influence of alcohol increased from 26.5% to 31.4%, an increase from 2.3 million students to 2.8 million. During both years more than 500,000 students were unintentionally injured because of drinking and more than 600,000 were hit/assaulted by another drinking student. Greater enforcement of the legal drinking age of 21 and zero tolerance laws, increases in alcohol taxes, and wider implementation of screening and counseling programs and comprehensive community interventions can reduce college drinking and associated harm to students and others.

Accidents, Traffic↗