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PubMed2005

The challenge of raising ethical awareness: a case-based aiding system for use by computing and ICT students.

Students, the future Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professionals, are often perceived to have little understanding of the ethical issues associated with the use of ICTs. There is a growing recognition that the moral issues associated with the use of the new technologies should be brought to the attention of students. Furthermore, they should be encouraged to explore and think more deeply about the social and legal consequences of the use of ICTs. This paper describes the development of a tool designed to raise students' awareness of the social impact of ICTs. The tool offers guidance to students undertaking computing and computer-related courses when considering the social, legal and professional implications of the actions of participants in situations of ethical conflict. However, unlike previous work in this field, this tool is not based on an artificial intelligence paradigm. Aspects of the theoretical basis for the design of the tool and the tool's practical development are discussed. Preliminary results from the testing of the tool are also discussed.

Awareness↗
PubMed2026

Microbial diversity: the essential foundation for life on our planet.

The biological basis of life on Earth is microbial diversity that ensures human health, agricultural productivity, ecological balance, and ecosystem functioning. Microorganisms enable ecosystem restoration through bioremediation, maintain soil fertility, support plant growth, manage vital biogeochemical cycles, and contribute to climate resilience. Precision probiotics, postbiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, and personalized microbiome medicine are the examples of emerging microbiome-based therapies that offer promising therapeutic opportunities. In humans, the gut microbial community is essential for immune regulation, metabolism, and disease prevention. In terrestrial ecological systems, interactions between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other soil microorganisms improve carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, stress resilience, and sustainable agricultural productivity in the given effects of climate change. Emerging uses in agriculture, environmental restoration, and medicine are made possible by advancements in multi-omic techniques, synthetic microbial genomes, microbiome engineering, and artificial intelligence. Considering these developments, issues with ecological complexity, long-term validation, standardization, and field scale application still exist. Therefore, preserving microbial diversity is important for conserving ecological resilience and strengthening the One Health framework, which highlights the mutual dependance of health of animal, human, plant, and environment. This review summarizes what has been discovered about ecological and biomedical relevance of microbiome, identifies important research gaps, highlighting emerging technologies, and evaluates potential future directions for using microbiome to support planetary sustainability.

Bioremediation↗
PubMed1993

Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data.

The test of the association between dietary intake of specific carotenoids and disease incidence requires the availability of accurate and current food composition data for individual carotenoids. To generate a carotenoid database, an artificial intelligence system was developed to evaluate data for carotenoid content of food in five general categories, namely, number of samples, analytic method, sample handling, sampling plan, and analytic quality control. Within these categories, criteria have been created to rate analytic data for beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in fruits and vegetables. These carotenoids are also found in human blood. Following the evaluation of data, acceptable values for each carotenoid in the foods were combined to generate a database of 120 foods. The database includes the food description; median, minimum, and maximum values for the specific carotenoids in each food; the number of acceptable values and their references; and a confidence code, which is an indicator of the reliability of a specific carotenoid value for a food. The carotenoid database can be used to estimate the intake of specific carotenoids in order to examine the association between dietary carotenoids and disease incidence.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1976

Towards the simulation of clinical cognition. Taking a present illness by computer.

Remarkably little is known about the cognitive processes which are employed in the solution of clinical problems. This paucity of information is probably accounted for in large part by the lack of suitable analytic tools for the study of the physician's thought processes. Here we report on the use of the computer as a laboratory for the study of clinical cognition. Our experimental approach has consisted of several elements. First, cognitive insights gained from the study of clinicians' behavior were used to develop a computer program designed to take the present illness of a patient with edema. The program was then tested with a series of prototypical cases, and the present illnesses generated by the computer were compared to those taken by the clinicians in our group. Discrepant behavior on the part of the program was taken as a stimulus for further refinement of the evolving cognitive theory of the present illness. Corresponding refinements were made in the program, and the process of testing and revision was continued until the program's behavior closely resembled that of the clinicians. The advances in computer science that made this effort possible include "goal-directed" programming, pattern-matching and a large associative memory, all of which are products of research in the field known as "artificial intelligence". The information used by the program is organized in a highly connected set of associations which is used to guide such activities as checking the validity of facts, generating and testing hypotheses, and constructing a coherent picture of the patient. As the program pursues its interrelated goals of information gathering and diagnosis, it uses knowledge of diseases and pathophysiology, as well as "common sense", to dynamically assemble many small problem-solving strategies into an integrated history-taking process. We suggest that the present experimental approach will facilitate accomplishment of the long-term goal of disseminating clinical expertise via the computer.

Computers↗
PubMed1988

The ergonomics of computer aided design within advanced manufacturing technology.

Many manufacturing companies have now awakened to the significance of computer aided design (CAD), although the majority of them have only been able to purchase computerised draughting systems of which only a subset produce direct manufacturing data. Such companies are moving steadily towards the concept of computer integrated manufacture (CIM), and this demands CAD to address more than draughting. CAD architects are thus having to rethink the basic specification of such systems, although they typically suffer from an insufficient understanding of the design task and have consequently been working with inadequate specifications. It is at this fundamental level that ergonomics has much to offer, making its contribution by encouraging user-centred design. The discussion considers the relationships between CAD and: the design task; the organisation and people; creativity; and artificial intelligence. It finishes with a summary of the contribution of ergonomics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Practical experience with graphical user interfaces and object-oriented design in the clinical laboratory.

The computing strategy in our laboratories evolved from research in Artificial Intelligence, and is based on powerful software tools running on high performance desktop computers with a graphical user interface. This allows most tasks to be regarded as design problems rather than implementation projects, and both rapid prototyping and an object-oriented approach to be employed during the in-house development and enhancement of the laboratory information systems. The practical application of this strategy is discussed, with particular reference to the system designer, the laboratory user and the laboratory customer. Routine operation covers five departments, and the systems are stable, flexible and well accepted by the users. Client-server computing, currently undergoing final trials, is seen as the key to further development, and this approach to Pathology computing has considerable potential for the future.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research in psychopathology: epistemologic issues.

Etiologic research in psychiatry relies on an objectivist epistemology positing that human cognition is specified by the "reality" of the outer world, which consists of a totality of mind-independent objects. Truth is considered as some sort of correspondence relation between words and external objects, and mind as a mirror of nature. In our view, this epistemology considerably impedes etiologic research. Objectivist epistemology has been recently confronting a growing critique from diverse scientific fields. Alternative models in neurosciences (neuronal selection), artificial intelligence (connectionism), and developmental psychology (developmental biodynamics) converge in viewing living organisms as self-organizing systems. In this perspective, the organism is not specified by the outer world, but enacts its environment by selecting relevant domains of significance that constitute its world. The distinction between mind and body or organism and environment is a matter of observational perspective. These models from empirical sciences are compatible with fundamental tenets of philosophical phenomenology and hermeneutics. They imply consequences for research in psychopathology: symptoms cannot be viewed as disconnected manifestations of discrete localized brain dysfunctions. Psychopathology should therefore focus on how the person's self-coherence is maintained and on the understanding and empirical investigation of the systemic laws that govern neurodevelopment and the organization of human cognition.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical plan-analysis by computer.

The traditional approach to computer-assisted medical decision-making involves designing a computer system which simulates a physician's decision-making process. This paper describes a different approach: Medical Plan-Analysis (MPA). Instead of trying to tell a physician how best to manage a patient, an MPA system critiques a physician's management plan. It is anticipated that this approach may have a number of potential social, medical, and medicolegal advantages. The MPA approach has been implemented in ATTENDING, a system designed using Artificial Intelligence techniques to critique a physician's plan for anesthetic management.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1983

PUFF: an expert system for interpretation of pulmonary function data.

The application of artificial intelligence techniques to real-world problems has produced promising research results, but seldom has a system become a useful tool in its domain of expertise. Notable exceptions are the DENDRAL (1) and MOLGEN (2) systems. This paper describes PUFF, a program that interprets lung function test data and has become a working tool in the pulmonary physiology lab of a large hospital. Elements of the problem that paved the way for its success are examined, as are significant limitations of the solution that warrant further study.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1984

Medical plan-analysis by computer: critiquing the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension.

A computer system, HT-ATTENDING, has been developed using Artificial Intelligence techniques to critique a physician's approach to the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension. HT-ATTENDING (1) assists the physician in the management of a hypertensive patient, (2) helps avoid inadvertent management errors, (3) provides information about new drugs and new treatment modalities, and (4) mentions relevant topical issues, all in the context of discussing an approach to a particular patient's care. To critique a physician's management plan effectively, HT-ATTENDING must accommodate the inherent variation of medical practice as a central part of its design. HT-ATTENDING can be thought of as an "interactive paper" which tailors its content around a proposed approach to a patient's care.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1985

Computer assessment of left ventricular wall motion: the ALVEN expert system.

The current limited success of computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular (LV) dynamics is due to three main reasons: there is a strong tendency to remain within the realm of mathematical modeling for LV dynamics, and it is not at all clear that this is an adequate approach; in places where mathematical models alone may be insufficient, current computer science research into more sophisticated schemes is not yet complete, and thus, more basic research is required, particularly into artificial intelligence, representations of knowledge, and interpretation control structures, before applications such as LV performance can be solved, a view also stated in M. Boehm and K. Hoehne (in "Digital Image Processing in Medicine" (K. Hoehne, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York/Berlin, 1981); there is a distinct lack of knowledge about LV dynamics, in conjunction with disagreements about what is important to model and what terminology is to be used. Although each of these issues is addressed, the first two issues are concentrated on. Furthermore, a language for the expression of definitions for terminology has been designed, and a system for LV dynamics interpretation has been implemented.

Cineradiography↗
PubMed1975

Hypothesis processing as a new tool to aid managers of mental health agencies in serving long-term regional interests.

Mental health planning is partly a political process, involving the articulation of the long-range interests of a regional community, formation of consensus among key people and the appropriate investment of authority, power and responsibility. Conflicts between the short-term self-interests of planners and the long-term general interest usually arise. This paper claims that it is feasible to increase the expected number of cases in which a region's longer-term interest is served without radical changes in existing planning processes or ideologies. The means for doing this are new kinds of information systems that serve planners as tools to increase their awareness about assumptions, hypotheses and problem representations. The conceptual and technological bases for developing such systems stem from progress in artificial intelligence in the direction of hypothesis-processing algorithms. The proposed application to mental health planning is described. Arguments are presented to show how the use of such tools would increase the likelihood that longer-term regional interest are served.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1980

[Segmentation of an experimental signal from morphologic descriptors: application to the electroencephalogram].

Many signals can be defined as a background interrupted by events. Our studied signal, the electroencephalogram, belongs to a special field of experiments in which an expert interprets these events. To carry out automatically this interpretation we have to deal with different approaches, e.g. signal processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. The aim is to research a special pattern with hierarchical cancelling of all the parts of the signal which cannot contain the pattern. To descriminate we have to define what we call a disparity and an analogy. We specify them in terms of morphological structures represented with syntactical rules. Here we present a method of segmentation based on local morphological differences which appear on the signal. We code these differences. The organisation of disparities allow us to separate the parts of the signal which cannot be considered as the background signal. Among these separated parts we research a special type of pattern. For this purpose we use syntactical rules that we built up on a learning set of pattern. These rules concern the elements of the code used for the disparities. We applied this study to electroencephalographic signals and to typical epileptic pattern as complex spikes and waves.

Computers↗
PubMed1981

A method for the quantification of the decision-making process in a computer-oriented medical world.

The aim of this paper is to suggest an original approach to the decision-making process in a computer-oriented medical record, now in use on an experimental basis, at a major District Hospital in Sesto S. Giovanni, near Milano, in a general medicine department. Two types of algorithms are introduced in order to 'capture' more effectively the different steps of the decisional process on the basis of a differential diagnosis approach. The first refers to the field of symbolic reasoning, close to the area of Artificial Intelligence and uses score variables, while the other can handle qualitative expressions since it follows the fuzzy-set approach. A comparison among the performances offered by such algorithms, the physician's decision and the Bayes Rule is then carried on. Further developments should clarify the problems of parameter sensitivity as regards the successive steps to the final diagnosis. The present implementation is suitable for individual hospital departments and educational purposes.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1996

An integrated rule- and case-based approach to AIDS initial assessment.

The traditional approach to the development of knowledge-based systems (KBS) has been rule-based, where heuristic knowledge is encoded in a set of production rules. A rule-based reasoning (RBR) system needs a well constructed domain theory as its reasoning basis, and it does not make substantial use of the knowledge embedded in previous cases. An RBR system performs relatively well in a knowledge-rich application environment. Although its capability may be limited when previous experiences are not a good representation of the whole population, a case-based reasoning (CBR) system is capable of using past experiences as problem solving tools, therefore, it is appropriate for an experience-rich domain. In recent years, both RBR and CBR have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For problem solving in AIDS intervention and prevention, it is useful to integrate RBR and CBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system and an inductive CBR system is proposed to assess AIDS-risky behaviors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

CASE, the computer-automated structure evaluation method, correctly predicts the low mutagenicity for Salmonella of nitrated cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Recently Goldring et al. [Mutation Res., 187 (1987) 67-77] reported the synthesis and purification of a series of nitro-substituted cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. On the basis of expected charge distributions, these chemicals were predicted to be potent mutagens and, yet, contrary to expectation, they were found to be only weakly mutagenic for Salmonella. In their discussion, the authors suggest that application of CASE, an artificial intelligence system recently developed in these laboratories, would also not predict the low mutagenicity of this group of chemicals. In the present report, it is shown that CASE, in fact, correctly predicts the low mutagenicity of nitro-substituted cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Mutagenicity Tests↗
PubMed1990

The structural basis of the mutagenicity of chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium: the National Toxicology Program Data Base.

A portion of the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity data base was analyzed by CASE, an artificial intelligence SAR system. CASE identified 13 structural determinants which, with a high probability (p less than or equal to 0.05) predicted the likelihood of mutagenicity of the 243 chemicals in the data base (sensitivity = 0.989; specificity = 0.950) as well as of chemicals not included in the data base. CASE also identified an additional set of structures which were highly predictive of mutagenic potency (sensitivity = 0.949; specificity = 1.00). Even though there is little overlap among the chemicals included in the NTP and Gene-Tox Salmonella data bases, CASE found significant similarities between the structural determinants of the mutagenicity in the two data bases, thereby validating the analyses and indicating a commonality in the structural basis of mutagenicity.

Information Systems↗
PubMed1989

Needle aspiration biopsy: past, present, and future.

Since its inception more than 50 years ago at Memorial Hospital for Cancer (New York), needle aspiration biopsy has traveled to its present popularity over a torturous road. The early influence of Stewart on the interpretation of aspiration smears and the use of this biopsy method is still worthy of review, particularly the importance of close cooperation between clinician and pathologist. While cytology has been profoundly influenced by individual cell interpretation as practiced by Papanicolaou, it is really pattern recognition that dominates successful diagnosis by the aspiration biopsy smear method. Present concerns over technical variation in procurement of the biopsy and staining methods should be of less importance than identification of the aspiration methodology that produces the best-quality microscopic image. Reliability of diagnosis by aspiration smear must also be judged by a suitable and reproducible standard, something that is not necessarily fulfilled by tissue pathology, although many would believe otherwise. The author proposes that aspiration may also now be judged, like tissue pathology, by clinical outcome. The application and ease of procuring cell samples from tumors for cell image analysis, for flow cytometry and ploidy studies, and for gene rearrangement place this biopsy method in the forefront of the integration of biologic research and clinical medicine. Aspiration biopsy has caused us to explore how the human eye and brain analyze microscopic images and may even assist in the design of useful artificial intelligence diagnostic systems in the future.

Biopsy, Needle↗