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PubMedDate not supplied

Possible use of food consumption surveys to estimate exposure to additives.

Several methods can be and are being used to assess individual food consumption. Four types, namely 24-h recall, dietary records, food frequency and dietary history are discussed. For assessing the exposure to additives it is concluded that the dietary history method is probably the best choice since this method is oriented towards a quantification of habitual food consumption. Dietary records and 24-h recall can be used as long as their short-term nature is accounted for. High intake levels obtained by those methods are in a way a worst-case analysis, especially when the calculations are based on users only. Since children have, on average, a higher consumption per kg of body weight and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are based on body weight, this group must be of special importance in risk assessment regarding additives. However, a relatively high intake among (young) children is an age effect and ADIs refer to lifetime exposure. Both food consumption and additive use in food products are changing over time, so that existing databases are prone to becoming outdated relatively fast. At the end of this paper an overview is given of existing databanks in the EU in relation to the estimation of exposure to additives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Recent developments in derivatization for the chromatographic determination of food additives.

Recent applications of chemical derivatization for the determination of a variety of food additives is presented. Several classes of additives such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, preservatives, sweeteners, colors, waxes, gums, and some indirect additives are included. Derivatization or modification reactions for both gas (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) are discussed. Postcolumn complexation or ion-pairing reactions for LC are also included. Derivatization reactions for GC mainly involve esterification, alkylation, or silylation for improving volatility of the analyte. The addition of chromophores (via coupling reactions) for improved detection is the main reason for forming derivatives for LC.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Additive-induced urticaria: experience with monosodium glutamate (MSG).

In patients with chronic urticaria, the incidence of reactions to any additives, including monosodium glutamate (MSG), is unknown. Although many studies have investigated the association of additives and urticaria, most have been poorly designed. This study sought to determine the prevalence of reactions to additives, including MSG, in patients with chronic urticaria using a rigorous protocol. We studied 65 subjects (44 women, 21 men; ages 14-67). All had urticaria for >6 wk without discernible etiology. Subjects with active urticaria were studied while they were taking the lowest effective dose of antihistamine. Screening challenges to the 11 additives most commonly associated with exacerbations of chronic idiopathic urticaria were performed in a single-blind fashion. The dose of MSG given was 2500 mg. Skin scores were obtained to determine a positive reaction in an objective manner. Subjects with a positive screening challenge were rechallenged (at least 2 wk later) with a double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol as in-patients in our General Clinical Research Center. Two subjects had positive single-blind, placebo-controlled challenges, but neither had a positive double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge. We conclude, with 95% confidence, that MSG is an unusual (<3% at most) exacerbant of chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the performance of broilers, organ weights, and intestinal histology and to evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic feed additive (PB, Eubacterium sp.) with the ability to deepoxidize DON. Two hundred seventy-seven 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 dietary treatments for 6 wk. The dietary treatments were 1) control; 2) artificially contaminated diets with 10 mg of DON/kg of diet; 3) DON-contaminated diets plus probiotic feed additive (DON-PB). The BW and the efficiency of feed utilization were not adversely affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of DON in the diets. A slight improvement in feed intake and BW gain over the course of the experiment was observed in broilers fed DON-PB with no change in feed efficiency. The absolute or relative organ weights were not altered (P > 0.05) in broilers fed the diet containing DON compared with controls and the DON-PB group. The absolute liver weights were numerically increased (P < 0.1) for broilers receiving the diet containing DON-PB. There were no significant differences in the absolute and relative weights of the gizzard, duodenum, pancreas, heart, and spleen. However, the absolute and relative weights of the jejunum and cecum were increased for DON-PB-fed broilers compared with the controls and DON group. No pathological lesions were found in the gut of birds fed DON-contaminated diets during the feeding trial, but mild intestinal changes were observed. The DON altered small intestinal morphology, especially in the duodenum and jejunum, where villi were shorter and thinner (P < 0.05). The addition of the eubacteria to the DON-contaminated feed of the broilers effectively alleviated the histological alterations caused by DON and led to comparable villus length as in the control group. In conclusion, diets with DON contamination below levels that induce a negative impact on health and performance could affect small intestinal morphology in broilers. The histological alterations caused by DON were reduced by supplementing the DON-containing diets with PB. This indicates that in case of DON contamination of feedstuffs, the addition of PB would be a proper way to counteract the possible effects caused by this mycotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A double-blind assessment of additive intolerance in children using a 12 day challenge period at home.

Alleged food-additive intolerance (respiratory, dermatological, behavioural or abdominal) was assessed in 19 children using daily challenge drinks of either, base product alone, base product plus sunset yellow/tartrazine, or base product plus sodium metabisulphite/sodium benzoate. The same type of drink was given for 12 days, double-blind and in random order. During the trial the children were maintained on an additive-free diet under supervision. Diary cards were used to record symptoms and medication usage. If there was an apparent association between symptoms and drink ingredient the trial was repeated, again double-blind. Additive intolerance was confirmed by a consistent deterioration of symptoms in only three children. In one, urticaria was induced by the colourings, in another extremely abnormal behaviour was induced by the preservatives and a third child was only free of asthma and abdominal pain on placebo. This form of individual trial, using 12 daily drinks, overcomes some of the objections to a single challenge study. Despite this, intolerance to the additives was only confirmed in 3/19 children in whom it had been believed to occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Food and food additives in severe atopic dermatitis.

In this study the role of food additives, tyramine and acetylsalicylic acid, was investigated by double-blind placebo-controlled challenges (DBPCC) in 25 children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD). All children challenged with foods (n = 24), except one, showed one or more positive reactions to the DBPCC with foods. Positive reactions presented as different combinations of flares of skin symptoms, intestinal symptoms and respiratory symptoms. Seventeen children (70.8%) showed a positive challenge to egg, 12 to wheat (50%), eight to milk (33.3%) and eight to soya (33.3%). Six children underwent DBPCC with food additives, tyramine and acetylsalicylic acid. All were found to demonstrate positive skin and/or intestinal reactions to at least one of the food additives. Two children reacted to tartrazine, three to sodium benzoate, two to sodium glutamate, two to sodium metabisulfite, four to acetylsalicylic acid and one to tyramine. It is concluded that some foods, food additives, tyramine and acetylsalicylic acid, can cause positive DBPCC in children with severe AD.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Feed additive studies with newly weaned pigs: efficacy of supplemental copper, antibiotics and organic acids.

Six experiments involving 706 newly weaned 28- to 32-d-old pigs were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of copper (Cu) sulfate (to provide 250 mg/kg Cu), antibiotic-sulfa combinations [chlortetracycline, 110 mg/kg + penicillin, 55 mg/kg + sulfamethazine, 110 mg/kg; i.e., Aureo-Sulfa-Penicillin (ASP) or tylosin, 110 mg/kg + sulfamethazine, 110 mg/kg; i.e., Tylosin-Sulfa (TS)] and anhydrous citric or fumaric acid (.75 to 1.5% of the diet). The basal experimental diet was a 19% crude protein (CP)-fortified corn-soybean meal diet (1.08% lysine) containing 7% dried whey and 3% fish meal. Marked and consistent gain and gain/feed responses occurred from the Cu supplement, particularly during the first week postweaning. The antibiotic-sulfa combinations were less efficacious than Cu during the 1-wk postweaning stress period. During either the 1- or 3-wk growth periods, ASP and TS showed additivity with Cu in promoting rate and efficiency of weight gain. Liver Cu was increased by Cu addition to the diet, but neither ASP nor TS affected Cu deposition in the liver. In a factorial experiment involving 17% (1.01% lysine) or 20% CP (1.23% lysine) corn-soybean meal diets containing either no dried whey or an addition of 25% whey, Cu supplementation elicited marked improvements in rate and efficiency of weight gain, particularly in diets without added whey. Likewise, whey addition improved pig performance, especially when added to the diets containing no supplemental Cu.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides inoculants, or a chemical additive on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value of crimped wheat grains.

The preservation of crimped wheat grains by three bacterial inoculants or a chemical additive was compared. Crimped wheat grain [56.8 g dry matter (DM)/kg] was conserved in 1.75-kg plastic bag, mini-silos without treatment, with 4L/tonne of Crimpstore (CS; an additive containing a mixture of ammonium formate, propionate, ethyl benzoate, and benzoate, SAS Kelvin Cave, Ltd., UK) or 1 x 10(5) cfu/g of each of three inoculant additives containing Lactobacillus fermentum (A), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (B), and Lactobacillus buchneri (C). Six replicates were conserved per treatment. Ensiling DM losses, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability were measured in the silages after 68 d of ensiling. All the silages were well fermented and remained stable for 84 h after aeration. Subsequently, the rate of deterioration was slowest in crimped grains treated with CS treatment, followed by those treated with inoculant C, while those treated with inoculant A deteriorated most rapidly. Residual water-soluble carbohydrate concentration was higher in crimped grains treated with CS than those treated with the inoculants. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations were lowest in CS-treated crimped grains, followed by inoculants C and A. DM losses were greater in CS-treated crimped grains than in crimped grains treated with inoculants A and C. In vivo digestibility was also measured in Texel-cross lambs fed a grass silage basal diet supplemented with the additive-treated crimped grains or a conventional, lamb finisher concentrate. Dry matter intake and digestibility were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, bacterial inoculants containing L. buchneri are promising preservatives for crimped wheat grains.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Estimation of inorganic food additive (nitrite, nitrate and sulfur dioxide), antioxidant (BHA and BHT), processing agent (propylene glycol) and sweetener (sodium saccharin) concentrations in foods and their daily intake based on official inspection results in Japan in fiscal year 1998.

The mean concentration and daily intake of inorganic food additives (nitrite, nitrate, and sulfur dioxide), antioxidants (BHA and BHT), a processing agent (propylene glycol), and a sweetener (sodium saccharin) were estimated based on the results of an analysis of 34,489 food samples obtained in official inspections by 106 local governments in Japan in fiscal year 1998. The ratios of mean concentrations of these seven food additives to each allowable limit were 20.0%, 53.9%, 15.5%, 6.2%, 0.4%, 18.5%, and 5.7%, respectively. The daily intakes of these food additives estimated from their concentrations in foods and the daily consumption of foods were 0.205, 0.532, 4.31, 0.119, 0.109, 77.5, and 7.27 mg per person, respectively. These amounts were 6.8%, 0.3%, 12.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 6.2%, and 2.6% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), respectively, when body weight was assumed to be 50 kg. No remarkable differences in the daily intakes of these seven food additives or the ratios to the ADI were observed compared with the results based on the official inspections in fiscal years 1994 and 1996.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2000

[Food additives: effects on pregnancy and lactation].

Exposure to several substances in a critical period of life, as in perinatal age, could cause long-term effects. Among these agents we can consider food additives, defined as "substances used to conserve, colour or flavour ailments without nutritional effects". Food additives utilisation by women during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not to be considered completely safe; actually, current evidence suggests that these substances induce alterations of the differentiation of several cell-types, resulting in development of disease during the adult age. During pregnancy, for instance, E100 color additive, is suspected to be embryotossic, amaranth causes a reduced olfactory orientation in F1 generation mice and beta-cyclodextrin produces a transient neonatal growth retardation in rodents. The food additive methylmercury is excreted in human milk and causes neurotoxicity in breastfed babies. Steroids pass in human milk, too: they can inhibit lactation and cause newborn breast ipertrophy. Regulations to avoid these early exposures may contribute to an important improvement of health conditions of humankind.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Assessing food additive toxicity using a cell model.

Food additives are widely used for technological purposes and their presence is often substantial daily diet. They have also been accused forvarious toxic reactions in humans. The toxicity of the food color tartrazine, the preservatives sodium nitrate and sodium benzoate, and the antioxidant BHT, was studied using the protozoan Tetrahymenapyriformis as a toxicological model. The 4 food additives were added to Tetrahymena cultures and DNA content of the protozoan nuclei measured by an image analysis system. These food additives caused a statistically significant increase in DNA content suggesting stimulation of the mitotic process. This system may contribute to the investigation of the cellular action of food additives, since mitogenic stimuli substantially alter susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Subjective perception of hypersensitivity to selected additives-containing foods in children and adolescents from schools in Bialystok].

The incidence of adverse reactions to food additives is difficult to establish and therefore not completely known. The aim of the present study is an attempt to determine the actual incidence of this problem in the population of school-age children and adolescents. The current work is the preliminary stage of this study and contains recapitulation of information obtained from parents and foster-parents of 5044 children aged 6-16 years from Białystok. Analysis of data has revealed that 9.8% of children complain of undesired symptoms after consumption of additive-containing foods. The problem referred to younger children statistically significantly more frequently (p < 0.05), while no correlation was found with sex (47.9% boys, 52.1% girls). The foods most frequently associated with adverse symptoms appeared to be: sparkling drinks e.g. Coca-Cola, orangeade--9% and sweets products (e.g. chewing-gums, crisps, sweets, cakes)--6.4%. The most common symptoms related to the consumption of additive-rich foods were: abdominal pain--9.9%, cutaneous rash--8.8%, cough and rhinitis--5.5% and 5.6%, headache--4.9%. The preliminary findings should be verified using double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge tests in order to establish the actual incidence of food additive intolerance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Comparison of subjectively perceived hypersensitivity to selected additives-containing foods among children with and without food allergy/intolerance].

The incidence of adverse reactions to food additives is difficult to establish and therefore not completely known. The equally important problem is to what extent food additives induce ailments and to what degree they exacerbate symptoms of the already existing disease, e.g. urticaria, atopic dermatitis, asthma or rhinitis. The aim of the present study is to establish the actual incidence of this problem in the population of school-age children and adolescents. This work presents the preliminary evaluation. Analysis of the questionnaire data obtained from parents or foster-parents of 5044 children aged 6-16 years from Białystok has revealed that 9.8% of children complain of subjective adverse symptoms after consumption of particular foods containing additives. The aim of this stage of the study is to determine and compare the incidence of adverse symptoms ascribed to food additives in the group of children with food allergy and/or intolerance and in unburdened children. The incidence of each of the evaluated features (i.e. type of food, clinical symptoms) was statistically significantly higher in children with symptoms of allergy or intolerance (p < 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of a xylanase feed additive on Lactobacillus species in the jejunum of piglets].

rRNA extracts from the jejunum of rearing piglets fed a wheat/rye based diet with or without a xylanase feed additive were hybridized against eight Lactobacillus spp. specific digoxigenin labelled oligonucleotide probes. Known concentrations of sample- or culture RNA extracts were used to calibrate and quantify hybridization signals from different sample extracts and hybridizations. The xylanase feed additive tended to increase total eubacterial rRNA in the terminal jejunum, probably a result of increased Lactobacillus spp. rRNA in the central and terminal jejunum. However, individual animal variations were high. L. reuteri was the major Lactobacillus species followed by L. acidophilus and L. mucosae. L. amylophilus and L. crispatus were not detected in all RNA extracts. The results of this study show that the xylanase feed additive modifies Lactobacillus spp. populations on the species level in piglets in addition to their well known effects on digesta viscosity and nutrient digestibility. The implications of these effects for the intestinal microbiota require further analysis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

[Feed additives in whole milk fattening. Effect on production and health of fattening calves].

In two fattening trials, each time 64 male calves of Simmental x Red Holstein cross breeds were used to investigate the influence of different commercial feed additives containing at the same time antimicrobial agents, minerals and vitamins on growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion and health condition. Calves whose milk diets were supplemented had, depending on products used, higher growth rates (9 to 28%) and better feed conversion rates (2 to 12%) compared to control calves which were fed only whole milk. This improved performance is primarily due to higher feed intakes. It is questionable how much the minerals and vitamins in addition to antimicrobial agents contributed to the improvement. The additional mineral supply caused after 8 weeks a statistically significant higher haemoglobin content, serum magnesium and glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes compared to the exclusive whole milk feeding. Calves which were fed no additives refused feed intake more often as a result of disease incidence and required veterinary treatment more frequently.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic substantiation of using new antibiotic preparations, tylosin phosphate and vitagrin as food additives].

Hygienic regulation of the use of the agents studied in animal experiments as food additives has been validated with respect to the dose level, regimen of addition and the period of waiting for slaughter. It is recommended that tylosin-phosphate should be included into the animals' ration as a food additive in a dose of 60 mg/kg for a short time (2-3 days), the period of waiting for slaughter being not less than 6-7 days. Addition of vitagrin has been recommended for young growing animals in a dose of 400-500 g/ton of feed. The dose of vitagrin should be reduced to 200-300 g/ton of feed one-two months before slaughter, with a 10-day period of waiting for slaughter.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A multicomponent additive intended for preparing infant milk mixtures enriched with essential and protective factors].

Hen eggs were used for the preparation of a multicomponent additive to milk mixtures for infants. Lysozyme hydrolysate containing up to 1 mg/ml lysozyme was obtained from egg albumen according to a specially developed technology. The hydrolysate was supplemented with vitamins C and PP. The egg yolk was used for the preparation of a yolk-fatty emulsion enriched with vitamin E, copper sulfate and ferrous lactate. Characteristics of the cow milk and milk mixtures supplemented with the multicomponent additive are maximally close to those of the human milk. The clinical trials of the lactic acid mixtures enriched with the multicomponent additive showed their high effectiveness in the nutrition of normal and sick infants. The technology of the additive production is simple; it is inexpensive and can be easily transported.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives and contaminants, with a view to recommending acceptable daily intakes for humans, and to prepare specifications for the identity and purity of food additives. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of principles governing the toxicological evaluation of food additives and contaminants, including flavouring agents, and the establishment and revision of specifications, with comments concerning limits for arsenic, lead and heavy metals. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological data on various specific food additives (including tert-butylhydroquinone, mineral oils, waxes and alitame) and on beta-cyclodextrin, nitrate, nitrite, potassium bromate and the contaminants ochratoxin A and patulin. Annexed to the report are a table summarizing the committee's recommendations for acceptable daily intakes of these substances and changes in the status of specifications, and a list of further toxicological studies required or desired.

Antioxidants↗