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PubMed2006

Finite element analysis of impact and shaking inflicted to a child.

This study compares a vigorous shaking and an inflicted impact, defined as the terminal portion of a vigorous shaking, using a finite element model of a 6-month-old child head. Whereas the calculated values in terms of shearing stress and brain pressure remain different and corroborate the previous studies based on angular and linear velocity and acceleration, the calculated relative brain and skull motions that can be considered at the origin of a subdural haematoma show similar results for the two simulated events. Finite element methods appear as an emerging tool in the study of the biomechanics of head injuries in children.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

Daily physical activity and its relation to aerobic fitness in children aged 8-11 years.

A positive relationship between daily physical activity and aerobic fitness exists in adults. Studies in children have given conflicting results, possibly because of differences in methods used to assess daily physical activity and fitness. No study regarding daily physical activity and fitness in children has been published, where fitness has been assessed by direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake and related to daily physical activity intensities by accelerometers. We examined 248 children (140 boys and 108 girls), aged 7.9-11.1 years. Maximum workload and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) by indirect calorimetry were measured during a maximum bicycle ergometer exercise test. Exercise capacity was adjusted for body mass and (body mass)2/3. Daily physical activity was evaluated by accelerometers, worn around the waist for 4 days. Mean accelerometer counts and time spent in vigorous physical activity were calculated. VO2PEAK was correlated with mean accelerometer counts (r=0.23 for boys and r=0.23 for girls, both P<0.05), but somewhat better with time spent in vigorous activity (r=0.32 for boys, r=0.30 for girls, both P<0.05). All results remained virtually the same regardless of the method used to adjust for differences in body size.

Body Size↗

PubMed2005

Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states.

We investigated the effects of the odor of jasmine tea on autonomic nerve activity and mood states in a total of 24 healthy volunteers. We used the odor of jasmine tea at the lowest concentration that could be detected by each subject but that did not elicit any psychological effects. R-R intervals and the POMS test were measured before and after inhalation of the odors for 5 min. Both jasmine tea and lavender odors at perceived similar intensity caused significant decreases in heart rate and significant increases in spectral integrated values at high-frequency component in comparison with the control (P < 0.05). In the POMS tests, these odors produced calm and vigorous mood states. We also examined the effects of (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, at the same concentration as in the tea, and (S)-(+)-linalool. Only (R)-(-)-linalool elicited a significant decrease in heart rate (P < 0.05) and an increase in high-frequency component in comparison with the controls, and produced calm and vigorous mood states. Thus, the low intensity of jasmine tea odor has sedative effects on both autonomic nerve activity and mood states, and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its components, can mimic these effects.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2001

The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males.

Eleven previously sedentary adult males, serving as the experimental (EXP) group [mean (SE) age 36.6 (1.7) years, body mass 87.2 (4.3) kg, body mass index, BMI, 28.4 (1.5) kgm(-2)] participated in a 16-week supervised exercise program (3 days x week(-1), 30 min day(-1), at approximately equal to 80% of heart rate reserve) to determine the temporal effects of a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise program on heart rate variability (HRV). Five sedentary males [mean (SD) age 36.6 (4.2 )years, body mass 83.8 (6.6) kg, BMI 22.8 (1.7) kg x m(-2)] served as non-exercising controls (CON). HRV was measured every 4 weeks from a resting electrocardiogram obtained while subjects paced their breathing at 10 breaths x min(-1) (0.167 Hz). The time-domain measures of HRV recorded were the proportion of adjacent intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50), the root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), and the standard deviation of the resting interbeat interval. The frequency-domain measures recorded were high (HF) and low (LF) frequency oscillations, as determined using the fast Fourier transform technique. Aerobic capacity (i.e., peak oxygen uptake) increased by 13.8% in EXP (P < 0.001), but did not change in CON. Resting heart rate did not change in either EXP or CON. In EXP, pNN50 at week 12 (P<0.01), rMSSD at weeks 12 (P < 0.01) and 16 (P = 0.05), and HF power at weeks 12 (P < 0.01) and 16 (P = 0.05) were elevated above baseline. Time- and frequency-domain measures of HRV remained unchanged in CON. It is concluded that a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise program produces increases in time- and frequency-domain measures of HRV within 12 weeks.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Modeling inhibition of type II units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

Type II units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are characterized by vigorous but nonmonotonic responses to best frequency tones as a function of sound pressure level, and relatively weak responses to noise. A model of DCN neural circuitry was used to explore two hypothetical mechanisms by which neurons may be endowed with type II unit response properties. Both mechanisms assume that type II units receive excitatory input from auditory nerve (AN) fibers and inhibitory input from an unspecified class of cochlear nucleus interneurons that also receive excitatory AN input. The first mechanism, a lateral inhibition (LI) model, supposes that type II units receive inhibitory input from a number of narrowly tuned interneurons whose best frequencies (BFs) flank the BF of the type II unit. Tonal stimuli near BF result in only weak inhibitory input, but broadband stimuli recruit enough lateral inhibitors to greatly weaken the type II unit response. The second mechanism, a wideband inhibition (WBI) model, supposes that type II units receive inhibitory input from interneurons that are broadly tuned so that they respond more vigorously to broadband stimuli than to tones. Physiological and anatomical evidence points to the possible existence of such a class of neurons in the cochlear nucleus. The model extends an earlier computer model of an iso-frequency DCN patch to multiple frequency slices and adds a population of interneurons to provide the inhibition to model type II units (called 12-cells). The results show that both mechanisms accurately simulate responses of type II units to tones and noise. An experimental paradigm for distinguishing the two mechanisms is proposed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Timing of surgical intervention does not influence return of esophageal peristalsis or outcome for patients with achalasia.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter is the primary abnormality in esophageal achalasia, and that the absence of esophageal peristalsis is secondary to the outflow obstruction caused by the lower esophageal sphincter. Furthermore, it has been proposed that early elimination of the resistance at the level of the gastroesophageal junction by surgical intervention could result in return of esophageal peristalsis. This study aimed to assess whether the timing of surgical intervention affects the return of esophageal peristalsis and the clinical outcome for patients with achalasia. METHODS: Between January 1991 and May 2003, 173 patients underwent a Heller myotomy by minimally invasive surgery for treatment of esophageal achalasia. Of these patients, 41 (24%) had pre- and postoperative esophageal manometry. These patients were divided into three groups based on the duration of symptoms: group A (10 patients; duration of symptoms 12 months group B (19 patients, duration of symptoms 12 to 60 months), and group C (12 patients; duration of symptoms longer than 60 months). RESULTS: The average duration of symptoms (dysphagia was present in all patients) was as follows: group A (8 +/- 4 months), group B, (35 +/- 16 months), and group C, (157 +/- 94 months). Vigorous achalasia was present in 40%, 21%, and 17% of the groups respectively. The differences between the groups were not significant. Postoperatively, improvement in esophageal motility was seen in no patient in group A, 1 patient (5%) in group B, and 1 patient (8%) in group C. Excellent or good results were obtained for 90% of the group A patients, 95% of group B patients, and 92% of the group C patients. Again, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that: a) the presence of vigorous achalasia is independent of symptoms duration; b) the timing of surgical intervention does not influence the return of peristalsis; and c) the results of a Heller myotomy are independent of symptoms duration.

Esophageal Achalasia↗

PubMed2004

Hippocampal microdialysis during spontaneous intraoperative epileptiform activity.

BACKGROUND: The actual mechanisms underlying human hippocampal epileptogenicity, a process ultimately mediated by neurochemical events, remains to be fully elucidated. We submit early insight data regarding microdialysis (MD) recovery of the neuroactive amino acids glutamate, aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the intraoperative and intact, spontaneously epileptiform human hippocampus. METHOD: Generally anaesthetised temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients (N=7) undergoing therapeutic and anatomically standardised resective surgery were also subjected to ipsilateral anterior hippocampal MD with concomitant hippocampal electrocorticography (ECoG). Recovered 10-min dialysate samples were quantified for glutamate, aspartate and GABA using high-performance liquid chromatography; corresponding ECoG data was assessed for epileptiform activity (EA); mesial resection tissue was postoperatively examined and graded for hippocampal sclerosis. FINDINGS: Mean 'Sample 3' dialysate absolute recovery of glutamate, aspartate and GABA from hippocampi with minimal EA (N=5) was ( micro M+/-SEM): 6.406+/-2.143, 0.600+/-0.215, and 0.357+/-0.093, respectively. In contrast, 'Sample 3' dialysate absolute glutamate, aspartate and GABA levels ( micro M) from the hippocampi of two patients with vigorous EA were: 101.099 and 211.861, 21.860 and 14.482, and 4.241 and 4.817, respectively. Mesial resection tissue in all cases demonstrated hippocampal sclerosis, though the histopathological degree of sclerosis varied between patients. INTERPRETATION: These preliminary intraoperative findings suggest that dialysate glutamate, aspartate, and GABA levels from the sclerotic anterior hippocampus likely reflects the functional status of the sampled tissue - i.e., lower levels of these neuroactive amino acids are to be expected during quiescent or minimal EA versus considerably higher levels corresponding to vigorous EA.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Cost-savings achieved by eradication of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA)-16 from a large teaching hospital.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus continues to be an increasing problem worldwide, although its prevalence in the Nordic countries still is low. In 1997 an unusually readily transmissible strain of epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus, EMRSA-16, was introduced by a single patient into a 2,600 bed teaching hospital in Sweden. Despite the standard "search and destroy" policy (Standard MRSA Control Programme), the outbreak took on epidemic proportions. Therefore, the hospital management chose to implement vigorous and costly actions (Intensive MRSA Control Programme). These measures were successful, and the strain was completely eradicated. Whether the actions taken were cost-effective was analysed using an analytical framework in which different scenarios were simulated (decision analytic modelling). Thus, the relative costs and consequences of the Standard MRSA Control Programme and the Intensive MRSA Control Programme could be compared in a simple manner. Coefficients were developed from the observations of the transmission of the bacteria during the period preceding the study period. These were then used to simulate the outcome of the alternative programmes. The uncertainty of the results was explored in sensitivity analyses. The Intensive MRSA Control Programme was shown to be cost saving after slightly more than 24 months of implementation. In conclusion, due to vigorous control efforts, a large EMRSA-16 outbreak in a university hospital was stopped. The initial costs of the control programme were high, but future healthcare resources were saved.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2005

Survival analysis for a large-scale forest health issue: Missouri oak decline.

Survival analysis methodologies provide novel approaches for forest mortality analysis that may aid in detecting, monitoring, and mitigating of large-scale forest health issues. This study examined survivor analysis for evaluating a regional forest health issue - Missouri oak decline. With a statewide Missouri forest inventory, log-rank tests of the effects of covariates on the survivor function and equality of the survivor function among classes were conducted for selected oak species. Additionally, hazard functions were determined for diameter classes for damaged and undamaged oaks. Results indicate that mortality appears to vary significantly among some inventory classes such as oak species, but not among other classes such as ownership class. Indicators of individual tree vigor (i.e., crown class and ratio) were more significant predictors of oak tree mortality than site/stand attributes (i.e., density and aspect). Finally, results indicate that even fast-growing oak trees are at high risk of mortality if damaged by disease. Survival analyses, such as those applied in this study, may enable testing of forest health hypotheses using large-scale inventories. In the context of Missouri's oak forest decline, study results suggest management efforts should focus on limiting the spread of disease damage, increasing the vigor of residual trees, and emphasizing small trees when developing stand prescriptions.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2006

Exercise prescription and thrombogenesis.

Lifestyle habits, such as exercise, may significantly influence risk of major vascular thrombotic events. The risk of primary cardiac arrest has been shown to transiently increase during vigorous exercise, whereas regular moderate-intensity exercise is associated with an overall reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. What are the mechanisms underlying these paradoxical effects of vigorous exercise versus exercise training on thrombotic modification? This review analyzes research regarding effects and their underlying mechanisms of acute exercise, endurance training, and deconditioning on platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Evidence suggests that (i) light, acute exercise ( < or = 49% VO(2 max)) does not affect platelet reactivity and coagulation and increases fibrinolytic activity; (ii) moderate, acute exercise (50 to approximately 74% VO(2 max)) suppresses platelet reactivity and enhances fibrinolysis, which remains unchanged in the coagulation system; and, (iii) strenuous, acute exercise ( > or = 75% VO(2 max)) enhances both platelet reactivity and coagulation, simultaneously promoting fibrinolytic activity. Therefore, moderate exercise is likely a safe and effective exercise dosage for minimizing risk of cardiovascular diseases by inducing beneficial anti-thrombotic changes. Moreover, moderate-intensity exercise training reduces platelet reactivity and enhances fibrinolysis at rest, also attenuating enhanced platelet reactivity and augmenting hyper-fibrinolytic activity during strenuous exercise. However, these favorable effects of exercise training on thrombotic modification return to a pre-training state after a period of deconditioning. These findings can aid in determining appropriate exercise regimes to prevent early thrombotic events and further hinder the cardiovascular disease progression.

Blood Coagulation↗

PubMed2003

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve restores motility in an animal model of achalasia.

Esophageal peristalsis generally does not return to normal after surgical treatment of achalasia. Direct electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is known to stimulate antegrade peristalsis in the normal esophagus; however, it is not known whether electrical stimulation will induce return of peristalsis once an achalasia-like disorder has been established. The objective of this study was to perform quantitive and qualitative measurements of motility during electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve in an animal model of achalasia. An already established and verified animal achalasia model using adult North American opossums (Didelphis virginiana) was used. Fifteen opossums were divided into three groups. Sham surgery was performed on three animals (group 1). In group 2 (n=6) a loose Gore-Tex band (110% of the esophageal circumference) was placed around the gastroesophageal junction to prevent relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing. In group 3 (n=6) a relatively tighter band (90% of the esophageal circumference) was used to further elevate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. At 6 weeks, after manometric and radiolologic confirmation of achalasia, electrical stimulation of the esophagus was performed before and after removal of the band using a graduated square-wave electrical stimulus. Changes in esophageal neural plexi were assessed histologically. Pre- and postoperative manometric data were compared using standard statistical techniques. No difference was observed in esophageal characteristics and motility after sham surgery in group 1. Animals in group 2 demonstrated a vigorous variety of achalasia (high-amplitude, simultaneous, repetitive contractions), moderate esophageal dilatation, and degeneration of 40% to 60% of intramuscular nerve plexi. Animals in group 3 developed amotile achalasia with typical low-amplitude simultaneous (mirror image) contractions, severely dilated ("bird beak") esophagus, and degeneration of 50% to 65% of nerve plexi. Vagal stimulation in group 2 demonstrated a significant increase in the amplitude of contractions (P<0.001) and return of peristaltic activity in 49% of swallows before band removal. After band removal, all of the contractions were peristaltic. In group 3 vagal stimulation before and after removal of the band demonstrated a significant increase in amplitude of contractions (P<0.0001) but no return of propagative peristalsis before band removal, however, 44% of contractions were progressive in the smooth portion of the esophagus after removal of the band. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve improved the force of esophageal contractions irrespective of the severity of the disease; however, peristaltic activity completely returned to normal only in the vigorous (early) variety of achalasia. Removal of the functional esophageal outlet obstruction, as with a surgical myotomy, may be necessary to obtain significant peristalsis with vagal pacing in severe achalasia.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Physical Activity in the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease.

There are compelling epidemiologic and clinical data demonstrating that regular physical activity reduces the incidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. The hypothesis that exercise decreases atherosclerotic coronary heart disease has never been directly tested in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Nevertheless, there are sufficient data to recommend that adults should routinely engage in moderately vigorous physical activity. Exercise training also improves multiple atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors, including low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and obesity. Some of this effect attributed to exercise training is actually an acute effect of recent exercise and not a chronic metabolic adaptation. There are multiple randomized controlled clinical trials of exercise training in patients with established coronary artery disease enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation programs. These results demonstrate that exercise training reduces total cardiovascular mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease. The evidence cited above supports the recommendation that all stable adults should participate daily in a minimum of 30 minutes of moderately vigorous physical activity. Less activity than this is probably beneficial, whereas more activity is probably more beneficial.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Hemodynamic effects of calcium channel and beta-receptor antagonists: evaluation by Doppler echocardiography.

To evaluate the ability of Doppler echocardiography to identify hemodynamic changes due to cardiac medications, 10 volunteers underwent Doppler examination at rest and immediately following vigorous treadmill exercise. Upon completion of the control test, each subject received moderate oral doses of propranolol, verapamil, pindolol, or nifedipine, and the same exercise protocol was repeated. During four control tests, values for peak acceleration and flow velocity integral were similar for each subject at rest and exercise. Following propranolol and pindolol, resting acceleration fell by 4.5 and 2 m/sec2, respectively p less than 0.05. Resting acceleration was unchanged by verapamil and increased following nifedipine by 1.7 m/sec2 (p less than 0.0001), but neither verapamil nor nifedipine altered either Doppler parameter. Flow velocity integral was increased by nifedipine at rest and by each of the beta-blockers during exercise (p less than 0.05). We conclude that (1) rest and exercise Doppler measurements are stable and reproducible, given stable cardiovascular status; (2) pindolol produced less hemodynamic depression as measured by Doppler echocardiography at rest relative to propranolol, but showed similar potency at maximal exertion; (3) nifedipine enhanced global cardiac performance at rest, but neither calcium antagonist affected Doppler measurements during exercise; and (4) Doppler echocardiography is a useful, noninvasive technique for evaluating hemodynamic effects of medication at rest and during vigorous exercise.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1994

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and coronary artery disease.

Substantial data suggest that elevated triglycerides are associated with increased coronary risk, and may be an independent coronary risk factor. Although it is generally accepted that patients with hypertriglyceridemia can have marked improvement in lipids after vigorous nonpharmacologic therapy, data to support this belief are lacking. This study assessed 313 consecutive patients before and after outpatient phase II cardiac rehabilitation and exercise programs to compare the response of patients with elevated triglycerides (> or = 250 mg/dl; n = 39) to vigorous nonpharmacologic therapy with the response of patients with "normal" triglyceride levels (< 150 mg/dl; n = 157). The independent effects that baseline triglycerides, as well as other variables, had on improving lipids after nonpharmacologic therapy were also determined. After cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, patients had improvement in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, LDL/HDL ratios, body mass index, percent body fat, and METs. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia were younger (p = 0.05) and had higher baseline body mass index (p < 0.001) and LDL/HDL ratios (p < 0.0001) but lower HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.0001) than patients with low baseline triglycerides. Both groups had improvement in lipids, obesity indexes, and exercise capacity. However, patients with hypertriglyceridemia had significantly greater reductions in triglycerides (-31% vs +3%; p < 0.0001), but had less improvement in both LDL cholesterol levels (0% vs -4%; p < 0.01) and LDL/HDL ratios (-5% vs -9%; p = 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Assaying proteinases with azocoll.

Azocoll, an insoluble, ground collagen to which a bright-red azodye is attached has been widely used for the assay of proteolytic enzymes. Earlier studies showed that hydrolysis of azocoll progressed linearly as a function of proteinase concentration but in an exponentially increasing manner as a function of time. No explanation for the latter behavior has been offered. We have found that assays of both crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis and commercial preparations of subtilisin BPN' gave linear rates of hydrolysis of azocoll as a function of protease concentration; however, both gave increasing rates of hydrolysis of azocoll as a function of time. In attempting to improve and standardize proteolytic assays using azocoll we have found: (a) the absorption maximum of solubilized azocoll at pH 7.8 is 516 nm and is not significantly altered at acid pH; (b) assays which are perfectly linear as a function of time can be obtained by using azocoll that has been vigorously prewashed with buffer; (c) the soluble filtrate removed by prewashing can regenerate the nonlinear time courses previously observed; and (d) the rate of hydrolysis of azocoll can be varied by a factor of 3 by varying the rates of agitation of the assay tubes. In summary, to obtain reproducible, linear assays it was essential to prewash commercial azocoll and agitate reaction tubes vigorously.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed1977

Compensatory responses of goat mothers to their impaired young.

The behaviour of a mother goat towards her young normally compensates for differences between them in their vigour at birth. Weakening the first-born with drugs still does not prevent its getting equal access to the udder, though weakening the second-born may render it so much less vigorous that maternal compensation does fail. When the mother is unable to distinguish her kids by sight or smell, she is unable to modulate her responses to the kids and then the more vigorous kid always establishes priority of access to the bladder. We conjecture that this is what normally occurs under harsh environmental conditions where the mother's milk supply is occasionally inadequate for two kids.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1991

Kinetic advantage of the interaction between the fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes and the complexes of the respiratory chain.

Respiration-linked oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA and saturated fatty acyl (C4, C8 and C14)-CoA esters was studied in different mitochondrial preparations. Oxidation of acyl-CoA esters was poor in intact mitochondria; however, it was significant, as well as, NAD+ and CoA-dependent in gently and in vigorously sonicated mitochondria. The respiration-linked oxidation of crotonyl-CoA and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA proceeded at much higher rates (over 700%) in gently disrupted mitochondria than in completely disrupted mitochondria. The redox dye-linked oxidation of crotonyl-CoA (with inhibited respiratory chain) was also higher in gently disrupted mitochondria (149%) than in disrupted ones. During the respiration-linked oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA the steady-state NADH concentrations in the reaction chamber were determined, and found to be 8 microM in gently sonicated and 15 microM in completely sonicated mitochondria in spite of the observation that the gently sonicated mitochondria oxidized the 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA much faster than the completely sonicated mitochondria. The NAD(+)-dependence of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA oxidation showed that a much smaller NAD+ concentration was enough to half-saturate the reaction in gently disrupted mitochondria than in completely disrupted ones. Thus, these observations indicate the positive kinetic consequence of organization of beta-oxidation enzymes in situ. Respiration-linked oxidation of butyryl-, octanoyl- and palmitoyl-CoA was also studied and these CoA intermediates were oxidized at approx. 50% of the rate of crotonyl- and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA in the gently disrupted mitochondria. In vigorously disrupted mitochondria the oxidation rate of these saturated acyl-CoA intermediates was hardly detectable indicating that the connection between the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and the respiratory chain had been disrupted.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗

PubMed1985

A comparison of the acute effects of dextroamphetamine and fenfluramine in depression.

Fenfluramine (Fen) 40 mg, a selective releaser of serotonin, and dextroamphetamine (Dex) 15 mg were administered in a double-blind crossover design to 16 subjects with major affective disorder, depression. Three hours after administration both drugs significantly improved depression and improved vigor, fatigue, and confusion-bewilderment on the subscales of the Profile of Mood States. Dex was significantly better than Fen only on the vigor and fatigue subscales. Other data from this study suggest that when used acutely Fen can mimic long-term antidepressant effects, whereas the acute effects of Dex are similar to its stimulating effects in normals.

Adult↗