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PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental transmission of Chlamydia psittaci to turkeys from wild birds.

Wild birds were inoculated with Chlamydia psittaci to determine species that could be potential hosts and vectors in transmitting the agent to domestic turkeys. Infection occurred in turkeys exposed to starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and Inca doves (Cardafella inca). Mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) shed the agent sparingly, but turkeys exposed to them did not become infected, These findings and knowledge of the habits of these various species are discussed. It was concluded that the Inca dove should be considered a potential source of turkey chlamydiosis in Texas. The species studied and other species not studied should be included in serologic surveys and surveillance studies attempting isolation of chlamydiae.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1977

Gonadotrophin concentrations during growth and maturation in domestic turkeys.

1. Circulating immuno-reactive-luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured between hatching and either 17 or 30 weeks of age in turkeys. 2. In one experiment both sexes were reared together. The pattern of changes in gonadotrophin concentration with age consisted of high LH concentrations at 3 to 8 and 16 to 19 weeks old and FSH peaks between weeks 3 and 10 and at weeks 18 and 19. 3. In two separate experiments male and female birds were reared separately for 17 weeks. In these turkeys the LH concentration was high for 3 weeks following hatching and also after 10 weeks, while FSH was elevated at weeks 10 and 15 in females and at weeks 7 and 13 in males. 4. There were lower plasma LH concentrations in turkeys which had received testosterone implants while the FSH concentration was elevated. 5. Pinealectomy in female turkeys led to increased FSH concentrations at 2 weeks but depressed FSH concentrations thereafter.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Photosensitizing effects of Cymopterus watsonii and Cymopterus longipes in chickens and turkey poults.

Two-week-old straight-run white broiler chicks and 2-week-old straight-run white turkey poults were fed seed or whole plants Cymopterus watsonii or seed of Cymopterus longipes at 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6% of body weight, and then placed in sunlight for 5 hours each day for 7 days. All plant material produced moderate to severe photosensitivity in chicks. Toxic signs included photophobia; red discoloration of beak, comb, and feet; loss of feathers in the periorbital area; dried serous fluid on comb and edge of beak; keratoconjunctivitis; and multiple lesions on feet and legs. Turkey poults showed a syndrome similar to that of chicks. Mortality was particularly high in turkeys fed C. longipes seed. Toxic signs in turkeys 6 weeks after treatment included tremors in the legs; upturning and shortening of the upper beak; and shortening disfigurement, and gangrene of the toes. Two phototoxic furocoumarins, oxypeucedanin and isoimperitorin, were isolated from C. longipes seed. Either compound, administered orally, produced photosensitivity in 2-week-old chicks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological survey of infectious bursal disease virus serotypes 1 and 2 in California turkeys.

The prevalence of two infectious bursal disease (IBD) viruses--serotype 1, of chicken origin, and serotype 2, of turkey origin--was studied in California turkeys. Serum samples were collected from 15 turkey flocks representing nine counties. The virus-neutralization test was used. Overall, only 15% of 342 samples were positive for serotype 1, whereas 89% were positive for serotype 2. However, 12 out of 15 flocks had a least one sample positive for serotype 1, and 14 out of 15 flocks had at least one sample positive for serotype 2. Flocks with antibodies to serotype 1 had low geometric mean titers (GMTs) (1.5 to 8.8) and low-to-medium prevalence rates (5 to 53.3%). Flocks with antibodies to serotype 2 had high GMTs (36.8 to 2048) and high prevalence rates (60 to 100%). Results of this study lead us to question the efficacy of IBD vaccination in turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Catecholamine-induced desensitization of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. Structural alterations in the beta-adrenergic receptor revealed by photoaffinity labeling.

Preincubation of turkey erythrocytes with isoproterenol results in an impaired ability of beta-adrenergic agonists to stimulate adenylate cyclase in membranes prepared from these cells. The biochemical basis for this agonist-induced desensitization was investigated using the new beta-adrenergic antagonist photoaffinity label [125I]p-azidobenzylcarazolol ([125I]PABC). Exposure of [125I]PABC-labeled turkey erythrocyte membranes to high intensity light leads to specific covalent incorporation of the labeled compound into two polypeptides, Mr approximately equal to 38,000 and 50,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Incorporation of [125I]PABC into these two polypeptides is completely blocked by a beta-adrenergic agonist and antagonist consistent with covalent labeling of the beta-adrenergic receptor. After desensitization of the turkey erythrocyte by preincubation with 10(-5) M isoproterenol, the beta-adrenergic receptor polypeptides specifically labeled by [125I]PABC in membranes prepared from desensitized erythrocytes were of larger apparent molecular weight (Mr approximately equal to 42,000 versus 38,000, and 53,000 versus 50,000) compared to controls. When included during the preincubation of the erythrocytes with isoproterenol, the antagonist propranolol (10(-5) M) inhibited both agonist-promoted desensitization of the adenylate cyclase and the altered mobility of the [125I]PABC-labeled receptor polypeptides. These data indicate that structural alterations in the beta-adrenergic receptor accompany the desensitization process in turkey erythrocytes.

Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field studies with convalescent serum and infectious bursal disease vaccine to control turkey coryza.

Convalescent serum given to 1-day-old poults delayed clinical signs of turkey coryza by several days and reduced mortality on infected farms. Turkey breeders immunized with cell-culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or turkey infectious bursal disease virus (TIBDV) had a marked increase in virus-neutralization (VN) antibody titers. The VN antibody titer was significantly higher in progeny poults than in poults from unimmunized breeders. Clinical turkey coryza and mortality was considerably less in poults from IBD- or TIBD-vaccinated breeders than in control poults. They also responded more favorably to hemorrhagic enteritis and fowl cholera vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Purification and properties of the turkey erythrocyte protein.

The regulatory component (G/F) of adenylate cyclase has been purified from turkey erythrocyte plasma membranes by adaptation of procedures developed for purification of the rabbit liver protein. The major modifications entail inclusion of high concentrations of NaCl to facilitate extraction and reconstitution of the protein. A typical preparation yields 200 micrograms of protein with a reconstitutive specific activity of 3-4 mumol . min-1 mg-1. Turkey erythrocyte G/F contains two putative subunits of 35,000 and 45,000 daltons. The 52,000-dalton polypeptide that appears to be a component of rabbit liver G/F is lacking. In solution, G/F behaves as a particle with Mr = 81,000. This value is reduced to 50,000 in the presence of activating ligands, suggesting dissociation of subunits. Activation of G/F by guanine nucleotide analogs is markedly accelerated in the presence of high concentrations of Mg2+. Reconstitutive and physical properties of the protein are also affected by fluoride. Cyc- S49 lymphoma membranes reconstituted with turkey erythrocyte G/F acquire properties that are characteristic of the turkey adenylate cyclase system; at least certain differing characteristics of adenylate cyclase systems are thus dictated by the nature of their G/F.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1981

Attenuation of turkey meningo-encephalitis virus in BHK21 cells.

Turkey meningo-encephalitis virus was adapted to BHK21 cell culture. Cytopathic effects were characterized by rounding and detachment of cells within 48 hours. Attenuation was achieved by 41 successive passages in BHK21 cell cultures. Turkeys and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), kept under laboratory conditions and inoculated with the attenuated virus, did not develop symptoms of turkey meningo-encephalitis but reacted by the production of haemagglutination inhibition antibody. They resisted intracerebral challenge with pathogenic strains of turkey meningo-encephalitis virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics and serologic studies of two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus in turkeys.

Two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were distinguished using the virus-neutralization test. An IBDV isolate from chickens, two commercial IBDV vaccine viruses, and an IBDV isolate from turkeys were designated serotype I. Two IBDV isolates from turkeys were designated serotype II. A common antigen shared by serotype I and serotype II viruses was detected using an indirect immunofluorescent assay. The virions of both IBDV serotypes were determined to be nonenveloped icosahedrons with diameters ranging from 58 to 60 nm. The virion densities of one serotype I isolate and two serotype II isolates were similar (1.32 g/ml). Twenty-three turkey breeder flocks and 22 commercial turkey flocks from Ohio, North Carolina, and Indiana were tested for antibodies to the two IBDV serotypes. Seventy percent of the 23 breeder flocks had antibody titers to serotype I, and 75% had antibody titers to serotype II. None of the 22 commercial flocks had antibodies to serotype I, and 77% had antibody titers to serotype II. Antibodies to serotype I were detected only in breeder flocks that were vaccinated using a commercial serotype I IBDV vaccine. Only antibodies to serotype II viruses were naturally widespread in the flocks tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of infectious bursal disease virus on the immune system of turkeys.

In 1979 it was reported that an infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolated from a case of respiratory disease of turkeys differed antigenically from the chicken isolates of this virus. We injected turkey poults with the turkey-originating TY89 and chicken-originating BD/6 isolates of IBDV and studied their effects on antibody production to the virus, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens, and microscopic structure of the bursa of Fabricius. The chicken isolate BD/6 caused a significant decrease in the response to sheep erythrocytes, lower serum IgG, transient decrease in the response of lymphocytes to PHA, and mild microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius. The turkey isolate TY89, however, caused no obvious damage to the immune system of the infected poults. We suggest that a partial and transient functional disorder of the immune system of poults can occur after infection with IBDV originating from chickens, even if the poults exhibited no clinical signs.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of ammonia on the quantitative clearance of Escherichia coli from lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys aerosol vaccinated against Escherichia coli.

Turkeys were given an aerosol vaccine to determine their ability to clear a virulent inhaled pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, while they were being maintained in the presence of atmospheric NH3. Turkeys were exposed to 2 concentrations of NH3 (10 and 40 microliters/L of air). More E coli was found in lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys exposed to NH3. Turkeys not exposed to NH3 had better clearance of E coli. Vaccination against E coli improved the rate of clearance of E coli in birds not exposed to NH3.

Air Sacs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro cytotoxicity of an Alcaligenes faecalis and its relationship in in vivo tracheal pathologic changes in turkeys.

Two isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis from turkeys with respiratory disease were indistinguishable physically, biochemically, and for specific agglutinating antibodies. The isolates differed in in vitro cytotoxicity for turkey tracheal organ cultures and in ability to induce clinical rhinotracheitis in poults. The isolate designated NCDp induced in vitro cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ cultures. Additionally, poults inoculated with NCDp developed severe clinical signs of rhinotracheitis, flaccid (collapsing) trachea, bacterial colonization of the cilia, and degeneration and loss of the columnar epithelium from the anterior one third to one half of the trachea. The isolate designated NCDm induced little or no cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ culture. Isolate NCDm caused mild clinical signs of rhinotracheitis and colonized the trachea of inoculated poults, but it caused no other observable changes. A correlation seems to exist between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo pathogenicity for these isolates of A. faecalis.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reciprocal competitive exclusion of salmonella and Escherichia coli by native intestinal microflora of the chicken and turkey.

Both the native intestinal microflora of chickens that protected chicks against salmonellae and Escherichia coli and native turkey intestinal microflora were evaluated for their reciprocal protective capacity in both species against Salmonella typhimurium and a pathogenic strain of E. coli. Nalidixic-acid-resistant forms of the S. typhimurium and E. coli strains were used in seeder-bird and individual-bird challenge tests. Reciprocal protection was provided by native chicken and turkey intestinal microflora in chicks and poults against S. typhimurium and the pathogenic strain of E. coli. The chicken and turkey microflora appeared to be equally effective in protecting the two species from S. typhimurium, but protection against E. coli was somewhat greater in the chicken than in the turkey.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epizootiology of avian influenza--simultaneous monitoring of sentinel ducks and turkeys in Minnesota.

Isolation-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were placed on ponds in turkey-rearing areas in Minnesota, and their cloacae were periodically swabbed to attempt isolating virus from embryonated chicken eggs. Nearby turkeys were sampled by taking cloacal and tracheal swabs as well as blood samples. Hemagglutinating viruses were identified at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa. During this two-year study, the weekly influenza virus-isolation rate from ducks varied from 0 to 24.4%. A total of 213 influenza viruses were isolated from the ducks. Twenty-six influenza virus subtypes were detected. Ninety-seven flocks of turkeys were diagnosed as having influenza by virus isolation and/or serology. Eight influenza virus subtypes were involved in the turkey outbreaks, and seven of these were also detected in the ducks and/or other avian species. The weekly infection rate of the sentinel ducks correlated directly with observations of wild ducks at the monitoring sites. Influenza virus was isolated from water samples collected near the sentinel duck sites during the study.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Experimental transmission by mosquitoes of Plasmodium hermani between domestic turkeys and pen-reared bobwhites.

Plasmodium hermani was experimentally transmitted from domestic turkey poults (Meleagris gallopavo) to pen-reared bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and then from these bobwhites back to domestic turkey poults. Transmission was achieved by Culex nigripalpus both by bites of the mosquito and by intraperitoneal injection of sporozoites. All of the 23 bobwhites and the 13 turkeys exposed to sporozoites became infected. These results indicate that the bobwhite might be a reservoir host for this malaria of wild turkeys in nature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of strains of the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas for turkey embryos and poults.

Strains of mycoplasmas isolated from turkey embryos and identified as belonging to the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas were found to produce lethal infections in experimentally exposed turkey embryos. Some strains produced exudative airsacculitis in experimentally exposed poults. Of 4 strains used to inoculate poults, two produced moderate airsacculitis, one produced a slight airsacculitis, and one had little or no effect on turkey poult air sacs. Microscopic examination revealed that the air-sac lesions resulting from infection with these mycoplasmas were similar to those resulting from infections with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, and M. synoviae. The results were considered to indicate that some strains of the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas are pathogenic for turkeys.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1981

Immunogenicity of capsular antigens of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

Capsular antigens were isolated from Pasteurella multocida, strain P-1059 and their immunogenicity was tested in turkeys. The crude capsular antigen (CCA) was extracted from bacterial cells grown on membranes by heating at 56 C in a 2.5% NaCl solution. The purified polysaccharide antigen (PPA) was obtained by precipitation of CCA by cetylpyridinium chloride. Young adult turkeys were inoculated at 0 and 14 days and were challenge exposed at 28 days by IM inoculation of a live culture of P-1059. The turkeys were observed for 2 weeks and mortality was recorded; bacterial isolation was done at the time of necropsy. In 3 trials, CCA provided 80% to 100% protection; in 1 trial, PPA failed to provide protection. Freund's incomplete adjuvant and aluminum hydroxide gel were effective as potentiating agents when higher than 280 microgram of CCA was used. The CCA showed significant (P less than 0.05) protection after treatment with heat (100 C, 5 min), chloroform, or trypsin, but lost its immunogenicity completely by acid hydrolysis. The CCA was not toxic to mice at 2 mg. The limulus lysate test showed that CCA contained endotoxin in less than or equal to 5% of the total solids. These results indicate that the surface antigen isolated from P multocida by saline extraction was immunogenic in young adult turkeys.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1981

Cytotoxic activity of pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis in turkey tracheal organ cultures.

Turkey tracheal organ cultures were used to study the virulence of Alcaligenes faecalis isolants that have been shown to be pathogenic for turkey poults. Viable infected and noninfected tracheal rings were examined by phase-contrast microscopy, and fixed stained sections were examined by light microscopy. Alcaligenes faecalis at concentrations of 10(8) and 10(9) colony-forming units/ml caused ciliostasis, hydropic degeneration (characterized by blebbing of the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, and cytoplasmic vacuolation), and eventual sloughing of the ciliated epithelium. Only ciliated epithelial cells appeared affected. For comparison, other bacterial isolants not pathogenic for turkeys were tried in this system. These bacterial isolants included 3 isolants of A faecalis from human beings and isolants of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and A faecalis from turkeys. Inoculation of each of these bacterial cultures onto tracheal organ cultures failed to produce the lesions described.

Alcaligenes↗