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PubMed1995

Cognitive effects of ketogenic weight-reducing diets.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ketogenic weight reducing diets have adverse effects on cognitive performance. SUBJECTS: 21 overweight women (mean BMI = 41 kg/m2). DESIGN: Randomized double-blinded study. METHOD: Subjects were randomized to ketogenic or nonketogenic liquid formula very low energy diets, that were comparable in energy and in protein content. Subjects remained on the diet for 28 days and were reevaluated periodically with brief measures of cognitive performance assessing attention and mental flexibility. RESULTS: Weight losses were comparable on the two diets (Mean = 8.1 kg). Performance on attention tasks did not differ as a function of the diet. However, performance on the trail making task, a neuropsychological test that requires higher order mental processing and flexibility, was adversely affected by the ketogenic diet. The worsening in performance was observed primarily between baseline and week one of the ketogenic diet. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to confirm this finding and to determine whether ketogenic diets negatively affect other complex mental tasks, such as problem solving.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better cognitive function among older male veterans receiving primary care.

Among older persons, the effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function remain inadequately defined. The authors sought to determine whether light to moderate drinking is associated with better cognitive function among older men. Participants included men aged 65 years or older enrolled in a Veteran's Administration (VA) primary care clinic. Current (past 1 year) and lifetime use, cognitive functioning (as determined by the Trail Making Part B, Symbol Digit, FAS, and Hopkins Verbal Learning tests), and demographic, psychosocial, and medical status were obtained using standardized methods. Participants (N = 760) had a mean age of 74 (range, 65-89) years. Current drinkers (n = 509) as compared with never (n = 31) and former (n = 220) drinkers demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance on 3 (Trails B, Symbol Digit, and Hopkins Verbal Learning) of the 4 tests (P < .01 for all comparisons). In multiple linear regression models, current light to moderate drinking (ie, 7 or fewer drinks per week), as compared to a reference group of never and former drinkers, was associated with better performance on the Trails B, Symbol Digit, and Hopkins Verbal Learning tests (P < .01 for all comparisons). The number of years drinking 7 or fewer drinks per week also was independently associated with better cognitive performance. Current consumption of 7 or fewer drinks per week and the number of years drinking at this level are both associated with better cognitive performance in older male veterans receiving primary care. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that light to moderate drinking confers cognitive benefits to older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Perioperative effects of melatonin and midazolam premedication on sedation, orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative effects of melatonin and midazolam given in premedication, on sedation, orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance. METHODS: Exogenous administration of melatonin not only facilitates the onset of sleep but also improves its quality. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in 66 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were given melatonin 5 mg, midazolam 15 mg or placebo, 90 min before anaesthesia, sublingually. Sedation, orientation and anxiety were quantified before; 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after premedication; and 15, 30, 60 and 90 min after admission to the recovery room. Neurocognitive performance was evaluated at these times, using the Trail Making A and B and Word Fluency tests. The differences between the groups were analysed by ANOVA. Two-way comparisons were performed by Scheffé analysis. Sedation and amnesia were analysed by the chi2 test. RESULTS: Patients who received premedication with either melatonin or midazolam had a significant increase in sedation and decrease in anxiety before operation compared with controls. After operation, there was no difference in sedation scores of all groups. Whereas, 30, 60 and 90 min after premedication the melatonin and midazolam groups exhibited a significantly poorer performance in Trail Making A and B tests compared with placebo, there were no significant differences among the groups in terms of neuropsychological performance after the operation. Amnesia was notable only in the midazolam group for one preoperative event. CONCLUSION: Melatonin premedication was associated with preoperative anxiolysis and sedation without postoperative impairment of psychomotor performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Autism and visual agnosia in a child with right occipital lobectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Autistic disorder is a developmental handicap with an unknown neurological basis. Current neuropsychological models for autism suggest an abnormal construction of visual perceptual representation or a deficit in executive functions. These models predict cerebral lesions in the temporo-occipital or frontal regions of autistic patients. The present study aimed at studying the presence of symptoms of autism and visual agnosia in a 13 year old girl who had a right temporo-occipital cortical dysplasia that was surgically removed at the age of 7. METHODS: Neuropsychological evaluation included Wechsler and Kaufman intelligence scales, a test of word fluency, digit span, Corsi block, California verbal learning, Trail making, Benton facial recognition, Snoodgrass object recognition tests, Rivermead face learning subtest, and developmental test of visual perception. The ADI-R was used to show current and retrospective diagnosis of autistic disorder. Neuroimagery included brain MRI, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and PET. RESULTS: Brain MRI showed a right occipital defect and an abnormal hyperintensity of the right temporal cortex. PET and SPECT disclosed a left frontal hypometabolism together with the right occipital defect. Neuropsychological testing showed a visual apperceptive agnosia and executive function deficits. Psychiatric study confirmed the diagnosis of autistic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Although the possibility that autism and visual agnosia were dissociable factors in this patient cannot be excluded, the finding of both deficits supports the possibility that occipito-temporal lesions can predispose to the development of autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fluvoxamine in the treatment of demented elderly patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

The efficacy of fluvoxamine on cognitive functioning and behavioral changes was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 46 elderly demented patients. The patients had a DSM-III diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia or multi-infarct dementia and were aged greater than or equal to 65 years. Twenty-two patients were given 150 mg fluvoxamine per day and 24 received placebo tablets; 14 and 15 patients, respectively, completed 6 weeks of treatment. Within treatments, there were no significant changes in median scores on neuropsychological tests (picture recall and recognition, trail making and finger tapping) or the GBS scale scores (degrees of dementia) or GBS subscale score (clinical profiles, including symptoms common in dementia, motor, emotional and intellectual functioning). Between treatments, the median changes in psychometric test scores did not differ significantly. However, within and between treatments, there were trends favoring fluvoxamine on symptoms common in dementia (confusion, irritability, anxiety, fear-panic, mood level and restlessness). In conclusion, the study does not support the hypothesis that fluvoxamine improves cognitive functioning or behavioral changes in elderly dementia patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Indoor mold exposure associated with neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairment: a preliminary report.

Recently, patients who have been exposed indoors to mixed molds, spores, and mycotoxins have reported asthma, airway irritation and bleeding, dizziness, and impaired memory and concentration, all of which suggest the presence of pulmonary and neurobehavioral problems. The author evaluated whether such patients had measurable pulmonary and neurobehavioral impairments by comparing consecutive cases in a series vs. a referent group. Sixty-five consecutive outpatients exposed to mold in their respective homes in Arizona, California, and Texas were compared with 202 community subjects who had no known mold or chemical exposures. Balance, choice reaction time, color discrimination, blink reflex, visual fields, grip, hearing, problem-solving, verbal recall, perceptual motor speed, and memory were measured. Medical histories, mood states, and symptom frequencies were recorded with checklists, and spirometry was used to measure various pulmonary volumes and flows. Neurobehavioral comparisons were made after individual measurements were adjusted for age, educational attainment, and sex. Significant differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance; a p value of less than 0.05 was used for all statistical tests. The mold-exposed group exhibited decreased function for balance, reaction time, blink-reflex latency, color discrimination, visual fields, and grip, compared with referents. The exposed group's scores were reduced for the following tests: digit-symbol substitution, peg placement, trail making, verbal recall, and picture completion. Twenty-one of 26 functions tested were abnormal. Airway obstructions were found, and vital capacities were reduced. Mood state scores and symptom frequencies were elevated. The author concluded that indoor mold exposures were associated with neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairments that likely resulted from the presence of mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2000

The psychometric and cardiac effects of dimenhydrinate in the hyperbaric environment.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the psychometric and cardiac effects of dimenhydrinate at 1 and 3 atmospheres (atm) of pressure (0 and 66 feet of sea water, respectively), and to make recommendations about the drug's safety in the diving environment. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study SETTING: Monoplace hyperbaric chamber of a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Thirty active divers (mean age 38 yrs). INTERVENTIONS: A bank of seven tests was used to assess cognitive function during four different dive combinations: placebo-1 atm, placebo-3 atm, dimenhydrinate-1 atm, and dimenhydrinate-3 atm. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were recorded during all dives. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of dimenhydrinate, depth, and drug-depth interaction. Dimenhydrinate resulted in a significant decrease in scores of mental flexibility (trail-making, part B, p<0.05) but had no effect on scores in the six other psychometric tests (p>0.05). It had no effect on mean heart rate (p>0.05), although frequent unifocal ventricular ectopic beats occurred in two subjects after ingestion of the drug. Depth resulted in a significant decrease in verbal memory test scores (p=0.001) and mean heart rate (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Dimenhydrinate adversely affects mental flexibility. This effect, when added to the adverse effect of depth on memory, may contribute to the dangers of diving.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Fine motor speed deficits in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome.

Forty-two alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) patients (12 in study 1, 30 in study II) averaged slower tapping speeds than 35 alcoholic controls on the Halstead-Reitan manual finger tapping task. KS subjects also tapped slower than 26 normal volunteers in study II. Inverse relationships were found between finger-tapping speed dominant hand and verbal word fluency in one sample, and tapping speed and time to completion on Trail Making Part B and Tactual Performance Test in the other. The most powerful demographic predictors of tapping speed among age, education, length of abstinence, and affective state were age and education. Tapping speed was associated with cognitive tasks measuring frontal systems function (i.e., verbal fluency and Trail Making Part B) in KS subjects. There was no relationship between fine motor performance and general memory scores in the KS subjects. Decreased tapping speed for KS patients was postulated to result from compromised fine motor task initiation and persistence rather than mere slowing, as in Parkinson's disease. These findings suggest disruption of frontocerebellar systems that influence motor generation and set maintenance not previously explored in KS.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive and motor functioning in Parkinson disease: subjects with and without questionable dementia.

BACKGROUND: The nature of cognitive performance in subjects with Parkinson disease (PD) without dementia is controversial, perhaps because of failure to exclude subjects with unrecognized very mild dementia. OBJECTIVE: To compare cognitive and motor functioning in well-characterized subjects with PD without overt dementia with healthy elderly control subjects. DESIGN: Subjects' conditions were evaluated clinically and psychometrically at entry into a longitudinal study of cognitive and motor performance in elderly subjects. Measures included a global dementia staging scale, the Washington University Clinical Dementia Rating; psychometric tests, including Logical Memory, Digit Span, Associate Learning, Information, Block Design, Digit Symbol, Trail-making A, Crossing-off, Boston Naming Test, and Word Fluency; and motor measures, including finger tapping, gait velocity, reaction time, and movement time. SETTING: A university-based research facility. SUBJECTS: There were 3 groups of subjects: healthy elderly control subjects (n=43), subjects with PD without dementia (n=58), and subjects with PD with questionable dementia (n=22), each evaluated at time of entry. RESULTS: As expected, both PD groups were impaired on motor measures (gait velocity, finger tapping, and movement time) compared with the healthy elderly control group. Neither PD group showed slowing in reaction time. The subjects with PD with questionable dementia were more impaired on Logical Memory, Block Design, Digit Symbol, and Trailmaking A compared with the subjects with PD without dementia. Although free of clinically evident cognitive dysfunction (Clinical Dementia Rating score, 0), the PD group without dementia was impaired with respect to the healthy elderly control group on all measures from the psychometric assessment except Digit Span, Associate Learning, and Word Fluency. CONCLUSIONS: The PD group without dementia showed global cognitive impairments in comparison with the healthy elderly control group, possibly because the healthy elderly control subjects represented idealized aging. Although the deficits were of small magnitude, this finding suggests that PD may predispose to subclinical cognitive impairment. Longitudinal follow-up is required to determine whether subjects with PD destined to develop overt dementia can be distinguished from those who do not.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The effects of antihypertensive treatment on cognitive function: results from the HOPE study.

OBJECTIVES: Hypertension is associated with impaired cognition, but it is unclear whether this impairment is reversible. We sought to evaluate the effect of blood pressure reduction on cognition. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind trial. SETTING: A single center, with assessments in subjects' domiciles. PARTICIPANTS: Community-screened subjects more than 69 years of age who had median diastolic pressures > 99 mm Hg and systolic pressures > 159 mm Hg or diastolic > 85 mm Hg and systolic > 179 mm Hg with Mini-Mental State Examination scores of 20 to 28. Subjects had not previously received antihypertensive treatment. INTERVENTION: Captopril 12.5 mg twice daily or bendrofluazide 2.5 mg daily for 24 weeks, preceded by a 2-week placebo phase. MEASUREMENTS: Cognition was evaluated by a psychometric test battery comprising Immediate and Delayed Logical Memory, Paired Associates recall, Raven's Progressive Matrices, Halstead Reitan Trail Making A, and the Anomalous Sentences Repetition Test. RESULTS: Eighty-one subjects (28 male, 53 female) were treated (41 captopril, 40 bendrofluazide). At entry, mean age was 76.1 years (range 70-84), mean blood pressure was 191 (160-230) mm Hg systolic, 101 (88-110) mm Hg diastolic, and mean MMSE score 26.1. A total of 69 subjects completed the trial. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the difference between pretreatment and Week 24 blood pressures wer 15 mm Hg, 35 mm Hg, and 50 mm Hg (systolic) and 5 mm Hg, 10 mm Hg, and 19 mm Hg (diastolic). There were no significant differences in any psychometric test between captopril and bendrofluazide. The 19 subjects in the quartile that lowered their diastolic blood pressure most ( > or = 19 mm Hg) had improved scores on Anomalous Sentences (P = .012) and Paired Associates (P = .044) compared to the 19 subjects in the least blood pressure responsive quartile (fall < or = 5 mm Hg)s. CONCLUSION: The treatment of hypertension is not hazardous to cognitive function in older people with pre-existing cognitive impairment. Long-term adequate blood pressure control may reverse cognitive impairment associated with pre-existing hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: working memory, frontal lobe MRI morphology and frontal cerebral blood flow.

The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene is considered a leading schizophrenia candidate gene. Although its role in increasing schizophrenia susceptibility has been conflicting, recent studies suggest the valine allele may contribute to poor cognitive function in schizophrenia. V(158)M COMT genotype was obtained on 159 schizophrenia patients and 84 healthy controls. The effects of COMT genotype on four measures of working memory/executive functions (Wisconsin Card Sorting, digit span backward, Trail Making and N-back tests) and on MRI frontal brain volumes were examined. Genotype distributions were not significantly different between patients and controls. There were no significant genotype or genotype-by-group effects on any working memory/executive function measures. No genotype or genotype-by-diagnosis interaction effects were found with MRI frontal lobe volumes. Randomization analyses using [(15)O]H(2)O positron emission tomography (PET) cerebral blood flow data found Val/Val patients had higher frontal lobe activation than Met/Met patients while performing the one-back task. Overall, these findings do not support a major role for COMT in increasing susceptibility for schizophrenia or in mediating frontal lobe function. Age-related changes and phenotypic heterogeneity of schizophrenia may influence the complex relationships between COMT genotype and cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Clinical pharmacology of sibutramine hydrochloride (BTS 54524), a new antidepressant, in healthy volunteers.

The cardiovascular, anticholinergic and central effects of single doses of 30, 45 and 60 mg of sibutramine hydrochloride (BTS 54524), a new potential antidepressant, were compared with amitriptyline (50 mg) and placebo given at weekly intervals in a randomised design to six healthy male volunteers. Sibutramine was associated with increases in both supine heart rate and systolic blood pressure at 1, 2 and 6 h after 60 mg (P less than 0.05). Amitriptyline caused a significant 50-60% decrease in salivation compared with placebo at 2 and 6 h but there were no changes with sibutramine. No significant changes in pupil size were detected with either drug. Visual analogue rating scales (VARS) revealed significant drowsiness with amitriptyline but neither sedative nor stimulant effects with sibutramine. Impairments of simple auditory and visual reaction times, visual two-choice reaction time, finger tapping and trail making, measured using an automated test battery, occurred with amitriptyline compared with sibutramine. If sibutramine proves to be an effective antidepressant it should be devoid of anticholinergic or central depressant effects. Chronic dosage studies are indicated to evaluate the clinical significance of its cardiovascular effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Is impaired set-shifting an endophenotype of anorexia nervosa?

OBJECTIVE: Set-shifting difficulties have been reported in subjects with anorexia nervosa and appear to persist after recovery; therefore, they may be endophenotypic traits. The goals of this study were to investigate whether set-shifting difficulties are familial by examining discordant sister-pairs in comparison with healthy unrelated women and to replicate, with a broader battery, the lack of influence of an acute illness state on neuropsychological performance. METHOD: Forty-seven pairs of sisters discordant for anorexia nervosa and 47 healthy unrelated women who were comparable in age and IQ completed neuropsychological tasks selected to assess set-shifting ability. Analyses of variance with standard errors that are robust against correlations within family clusters were used to compare the groups. Results were adjusted for obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Subjects with acute (N=24) and fully remitted (N=23) anorexia nervosa were compared to assess state versus trait effects. RESULTS: Sisters with and without anorexia nervosa took significantly longer than unrelated healthy women to shift their cognitive set (CatBat task) and demonstrated greater perceptual rigidity (Haptic Illusion task) but did not differ significantly from each other. Women with anorexia nervosa were slower than other groups on Trail Making tasks. Women who had fully recovered from anorexia nervosa made significantly fewer errors than those with acute anorexia nervosa on the Trail Making alphabet task, but these subgroups did not differ on other measures. CONCLUSIONS: Both affected and unaffected sisters had more set-shifting difficulties than unrelated healthy women. This finding, together with the replicated finding that set-shifting difficulties persist after recovery, suggests that set-shifting difficulties are trait characteristics and may inform the search for the endophenotype in anorexia nervosa.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the 5HT antagonist cyproheptadine on neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenia.

This study tests the hypothesis that the ability of atypical neuroleptics to improve negative symptoms is due to 5HT-receptor antagonism and enhanced frontal lobe function. We investigated the effects of cyproheptadine (a 5HT2 antagonist) on neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functions in chronic schizophrenic patients. Eighteen stable schizophrenic patients on depot neuroleptic medication participated in a 4-week double blind crossover study. Outcome measures were clinical symptoms rating scales, neuropsychological tests (verbal fluency, Stroop colour word task, trail making) and antisaccade eye movements. During the cyproheptadine phase statistically significant improvement was seen on Stroop colour word task, verbal fluency and Trail B tests. The ability to suppress reflexive eye movement to a target light in an anti saccade task was also significantly enhanced. The patients had low clinical ratings of negative symptoms and they were unaffected by cyproheptadine. The results indicate that 5HT2C receptors selectively modulate speed and motor control mechanisms related to frontal lobe functions but this was not associated with changes in symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pretreatment with hyperbaric oxygen and its effect on neuropsychometric dysfunction and systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomized double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVE: Animal studies have shown that pretreatment with hyperbaric oxygen can induce central nervous system ischemic tolerance and also modulate the inflammatory response. We evaluated this therapy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Sixty-four patients were prospectively randomized to group A (n = 31; atmospheric air, 1.5 atmospheres absolute) or group B (n = 33; hyperbaric oxygen, 2.4 atmospheres absolute) before on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, coronary disease severity, left ventricular function, Parsonnet score, Euroscore, bypass time, myocardial ischemia time, and number of grafts were comparable in both groups. Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina, New York Heart Association dyspnea, and previous myocardial infarction were significantly higher in group B. Inflammatory markers were analyzed before surgery and 2 and 24 hours after bypass. Neuropsychometric testing was performed 48 hours before surgery and 4 months after surgery and included trail making A and B, the Rey auditory verbal learning test, grooved peg board, information processing table A, and digit span forward and backward. Neuropsychometric dysfunction was defined as more than 1 SD deterioration in more than 2 neuropsychometric tests. Chi-square tests, Fisher tests, t tests, and analysis of variance were used as appropriate for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Group A had a significant postoperative increase in the inflammatory markers soluble E-selectin, CD18, and heat shock protein 70. This was not observed in group B. Neuropsychometric dysfunction was also significantly higher in group A compared with group B. There was no difference in any other early postoperative clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results seem to indicate that pretreatment with hyperbaric oxygen can reduce neuropsychometric dysfunction and also modulate the inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, further multicenter randomized trials are needed to clinically evaluate this form of therapy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Verbal and visual memory improve after choline supplementation in long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Previous investigations have demonstrated that choline deficiency, manifested in low plasma-free choline concentration and hepatic injury, may develop in patients who require long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Preliminary studies have suggested lecithin or choline supplementation might lead to improved visual memory in the elderly and reverse abnormal neuropsychological development in children. We sought to determine if choline-supplemented TPN would lead to improvement in neuropsychological test scores in a group of adult, choline-deficient outpatients receiving TPN. METHODS: Eleven subjects (8 males, 3 females) who received nightly TPN for more than 80% of their nutritional needs for at least 12 weeks before entry in the study were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included active drug abuse, mental retardation, cerebral vascular accident, head trauma, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, (prothrombin time [PT] >2x control), or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients were randomly assigned to receive their usual TPN regimen (n = 6, aged 34.0 +/- 12.6 years) over a 12-hour nightly infusion or their usual TPN regimen plus choline chloride (2 g) (n = 5, aged 37.3 +/- 7.3 years). The following neuropsychological tests were administered at baseline and after 24 weeks of choline supplementation (or placebo): Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R, intellectual functioning), Weschler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R, two subtests, verbal and visual memory), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (visuospatial functioning and perceptual organization), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (verbal fluency), Grooved Pegboard (manual dexterity and motor speed), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT, rote verbal learning ability), and Trail Making Parts A & B (visual scanning, psychomotor speed and set shifting). Scores were reported in terms of standard scores including z scores and percentile ranks. Mean absolute changes in raw scores were compared between groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, where p values < .05 constituted statistical significance. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in the delayed visual recall of the WMS-R (7.0 +/- 2.7 vs -.33 +/- 5.7, p = .028), and borderline improvements in the List B subset of the CVLT (1.0 +/- 0.8 vs -2.0 +/- 2.4, p = .06) and the Trails A test (-3.8 +/- 8.1 vs 3.7 +/- 4.5 seconds, p = .067). No other statistically significant changes were seen. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study indicates both verbal and visual memory may be impaired in patients who require long-term TPN and both may be improved with choline supplementation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Normative data for the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests stratified by age and sex.

Normative data, stratified by age and sex, are presented for the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests: Name Writing, Speech-Sounds Perception, Trail Making, Halstead Category, Finger Tapping, Dynamometer, Tactual Performance, Seashore Rhythm, Tactile Form Recognition, Finger-Tip Number Writing Perception, Face-Hand, and Finger Localization. Correlations of the test variables with age, education, and WAIS-R Verbal and Performance IQ are reported. The normative sample consisted of 225 adults (127 males, 98 females) 15 to 40 years of age. The subjects who were included did not report any history of forensic involvement, head injury, neurological insult, prenatal or birth complication, psychiatric problems, or substance abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

"Motor" impairment in Asperger syndrome: evidence for a deficit in proprioception.

Motor impairment has frequently been described in Asperger syndrome (AS), a pervasive developmental disorder included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Previous research focusing on this motor dysfunction has yielded inconsistent results, and the "clumsiness" observed clinically remains poorly defined. To clarify further the issue of motor impairment, we compared a group of 10 children and young adults who met DSM-IV criteria for AS with a control group with no neurological impairment. Subjects were matched on age, sex, socioeconomic status, and Verbal IQ. A broad battery of motoric tests was administered. Subjects with AS were found to perform more poorly than controls on tests of apraxia, one-leg balance with eyes closed, tandem gait, and repetitive finger-thumb apposition. No significant differences were found on tests of finger tapping, grooved pegboard, trail making, or visual-motor integration. The pattern of impairments suggests that a proprioceptive deficit may underlie the incoordination observed in AS and that these individuals may be overreliant on visual input to maintain balance and position in space.

Adolescent↗