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PubMed2004

ICP-MS trace-element analysis as a forensic tool.

Careful tracing of evidence at the site of a crime must be performed before suspects can be convicted of a crime or homicide. Fingerprints and ballistic control samples are important evidence. A common method used to examine lead bullets is comparison of physical properties such as weight, dimensions, shape, and distinctive markings. However ballistic investigations, for example comparison of characteristic scratches and marks left on fired bullets, do not always give sufficient information. Ballistic abrasion patterns can change for a variety of reasons, e.g. deformation or mechanical strain. Sometimes only particles remain in a victim's body. In such cases trace-element composition and lead-isotope ratios can be compared with those of controls. Elemental composition of particles and deformed bullets have been compared with the elemental fingerprints and isotope ratios of potential bullet types found on suspects. The applicability of the method was studied for two different cases. Data interpretation and several limitations of the technique are also discussed in this paper.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of trace element concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid using particle-induced X-ray emission].

The authors used for first time the PIXE method ("particle induced X-ray emission") for determination of the concentration of in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients. In 40 hitherto examined patients with epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, extrapyramidal syndromes, Little's syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, cerebral strokes, tumours of brain and spine, vasomotor headaches, neuralgia and discopathy, the concentration of the following trace elements was determined: Br, Zn, CU, Pb, Rb, Fe, Ca, K, Cl, Sr, Zr, Cr, Mn, Ni, As. The ranges of the determined concentrations in ppm units mean values and mutual relations of some elements were presented. The concentration of trace elements in cerebrospinal fluid was lower than in the tissues. The authors continue further investigations in many neurological syndromes with analysis of various clinico-laboratory correlations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Environmental distribution of uranium and other trace elements at selected Kosovo sites.

This paper reports the results of a study using lichens as biomonitors to investigate the environmental distribution of uranium and other trace elements at selected Kosovo sites. The results suggested that the use of depleted uranium (DU) ammunitions in Kosovo did not cause a diffuse environmental contamination in such a way to have caused a detectable U enrichment in lichens. Also isotopic (235)U/(238)U measurements did not indicate the presence of DU particles in lichens. The present results also provided no indication of intense environmental contamination by the other trace elements analyzed, with the exception of Kosovska Mitrovica, where a diffuse environmental contamination by several heavy elements such as Pb, Zn, As and Cd was found.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2004

[Urinary trace elements excretion in patients with cystine calculosis].

UNLABELLED: Not all cystinuric patients develop urinary calculi. There is the need to identify modulating factors. In recent years the role of trace elements in the mechanism of stone formation has received a steadily increasing attention. The aim of our study was to determine urinary excretion of trace elements in patients with recurrent cystine calculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 11 patients with recurrent cystine calculosis and 15 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Urinary zinc, copper, chromium, boron and arsenic concentrations were determined by use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the patients with cystinuria and controls in mean arsenic urinary excretion (0.625+/-0.6 microg/kg body weight/24 h vs. 1.264+/-0.635 microg/kg b.w./24 h, p=0.02). There was also a noticeable difference in urinary chromium, the mean concentration of which was higher in case of the patients with cystinuria (3.32+/-3.59 microg/kg/24 h) than in the controls (1.38+/-0.69 microg/kg/24 h). The mean urinary excretion of zinc, copper, and boron (in microg/kg b.w./24 h) were respectively 7.40+/-7.98; 1.33+/-0.48; 26.55+/-15.81 in the patients with cystinuria and 9.84+/-5.33; 1.16+/-0.84; 35.87+/-13.76 in the controls. CONCLUSION: It seems that a decreased excretion of arsenic may contribute to the development of cystine calculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of the trace element contents of inner nucleus and outer crust parts of urinary calculi.

In this study, the lead, cadmium, nickel, and aluminum concentrations were analyzed in inner nucleus and outer crust parts of various kinds of urinary calculi, and the results obtained were statistically compared. Significant differences were found among the element concentrations in the different stone groups. In general, higher element concentrations were found in the nuclei as compared with the crust parts. In addition, some significant intra- and intercorrelations were established among the elements analyzed. The results suggest that some trace elements, including lead, cadmium, nickel, and aluminum, together with other factors may have as yet no clarified functions in the stone precipitation process in the urinary tract.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1988

Multivariate data analysis of sea waters and mussels in relation to pollution sources of trace elements.

The total concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb in surface sea waters from the Bay of Muggia (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea) was determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. The association of these trace elements in relation to the known sources of pollution was discussed. The content of eight trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb) in the soft part of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) is also considered. The wild molluscs were sampled in the harbour of Trieste, in the proximity of an important city sewer. Principal component analysis was used to analyse the correlation matrix obtained from an 8 x 43 data matrix after a logarithmic transformation of the concentration variables. Eight variables were reduced to four principal components, which explained 80% of the total variance. The orthogonally rotated factor matrix shows that Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb are associated with the first principal component, Cu and Zn to the second, Hg to the third and Mn to the fourth principal component. The results of this multivariate data analysis are compared with those already obtained from two sampling sites in the Bay of Muggia and the origin of some trace metals in the soft part of mussels from the Gulf of Trieste is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Trace elements and urinary stone formation: new aspects of the pathological mechanism of urinary stone formation.

The urinary stone, serum and 24-hour urine concentrations of 14 trace elements were determined in urinary stone patients by inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy. The data obtained for 25 active stone patients and 32 whose last stone episode had occurred at least 12 months previously were compared with those of 25 healthy individuals. Urinary nickel, manganese and lithium excretion, and serum nickel, manganese and cadmium concentrations were statistically significantly lower for active stone patients compared to those with previous stone episodes and healthy individuals. No difference in the concentrations of trace elements could be found, however, for patients with previous stone episodes and healthy individuals. Nickel, manganese, lithium and cadmium could be of significance in the pathological mechanism of stone formation, not from mineralogical or crystallographic viewpoints but for the smooth flow of enzymatic reactions in biological systems.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The habitat and environment-induced imbalance of trace elements in the populations in the population of urban and rural areas].

A comprehensive hygienic assessment was made of natural and anthropogenic risk factors and conditions for trace element deficiencies in the populations of urban and rural areas. All chemicals identified were evaluated in the environmental objects. The mean daily absorption dose for the population was estimated. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cd, Sr in the biological media (hair, blood, bone tissue, placenta) in the populations of an industrial town and rural areas and their levels in some abnormalities and also compares the spectral composition of trace elements in the hair and blood with that obtained by other authors.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria.

The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay. The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 microgram/ml), Cu2+ (21 microgram/ml), Cr6+ (70 microgram/ml), Se4+ (73 microgram/ml), Ni2+ (160 microgram/ml), Cd2+ (175 microgram/ml), As3+ (304 microgram/ml) and As5+ (1610 microgram/ml). The elements tested that were either weak or noninhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 microgram/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation. When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria. The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria. The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenses, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium. Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested. Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Trace element levels in pine snake hatchlings: tissue and temporal differences.

Trace element levels have seldom been examined in reptiles, although some large snakes are high on the trophic level pyramid. Lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, chromium and manganese levels were examined in skin and whole body tissue of pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) from the New Jersey Pine Barrens between 1985-1990. Depending on the element, variations in levels were primarily explained by year and tissue, and not by sex or location. There were significantly higher levels of lead, mercury, and chromium in the skin compared to the whole body tissue, suggesting that the frequent shedding of skin can act as a method of toxic metal excretion by snakes. Manganese and selenium levels were significantly higher in the body compared to the skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Vanadium and other trace elements in patients taking lithium.

The serum concentrations of 24 trace elements were measured by neutron activation analysis in 32 patients on long-term lithium treatment and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Whole blood and hair samples were also taken from a number of these subjects. Compared to controls, patients on lithium were found to have a lower serum vanadium, a lower serum cobalt, and an elevated serum aluminium level. These findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in motor neuron disease spinal cord.

Levels of 10 trace elements were analysed in autopsied lumbar spinal cords of 38 motor neuron disease patients and 22 control subjects using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Statistically significant elevations of iron, selenium and zinc, and depletions of mercury and cesium were found in the spinal cords of motor neuron disease patients compared with control subjects. No significant correlations were found between disease duration, clinical severity or lumbar motor neuron counts and iron and selenium levels, suggesting that accumulation of these elements occur early as well as late in the disease process and therefore are not a consequence of end stage pathology. Increased iron in motor neuron disease spinal cord could act to enhance formation of reactive oxygen species. Our study supports the free radical hypothesis of neuron degeneration in motor neuron disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Silicon as a potential uremic neurotoxin: trace element analysis in patients with renal failure.

We analyzed multiple trace elements in tap water, dialysis fluids, and CSF of patients on dialysis and with chronic renal insufficiency. Before placement of a deionizer in the dialysis unit, we found elevated levels of aluminum, barium, copper, silicon, and zinc in tap water and dialysis fluids. These were corrected by the deionizer. CSF silicon content was increased in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and on dialysis; CSF aluminum, barium, copper, and zinc were normal.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The trace element and macronutrient content of meals-on-wheels.

The trace element and macronutrient contents of 35 different meals-on-wheels received by seven housebound elderly people have been analysed. The contribution these meals made to the existing Recommended Daily Allowance or the Safe and Adequate Dietary Intake as well as the overall daily nutrient intake was assessed. In general the meals provided adequate amounts of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. Levels of magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium and zinc were low in comparison with some recommended intakes. In addition the meals appeared to contain a relatively high level of sodium. Recommendations for the nutrient content of meals-on-wheels have been made.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Trace element concentrations in perinatal beef calves from west central Nebraska.

Trace element analyses were performed on 144 livers from perinatal calves submitted to the Veterinary Science Laboratory, North Platte, NE. All calves originated from herds in west-central Nebraska and ranged in age from 8 months of gestation up to 6-week-old neonates. Calves were divided into 5 categories based on objectives gross examination and ocular fluid evaluation: abomasal ulcers, abomasal tympany, diarrhea, stillborn and excessive nitrate exposure. Excessive zinc concentrations were found in 4 of the 5 categories. Only in the abomasal ulcer category could a correlation be found; this category routinely was found to have deficient to low normal liver copper concentrations and highest liver molybdenum concentrations. Both excesses and deficiencies of selenium and iron occurred in all categories.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1986

Trace elements and antibacterial activity in amniotic fluid.

Antibacterial activity and trace element concentrations in amniotic fluid (AF) were determined in a population of 39 pregnant women in the second half of gestation. Antibacterial activity in each AF was measured by a spectrophotometric micromethod after 18 h incubation at 37 degrees C using Escherichia coli K 12 as a reference bacterium. Concentrations of zinc, iron, copper, calcium, potassium and bromine were measured by particle-induced X-ray emission method and the zinc concentration was also measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Phosphate concentration was determined by direct albumin adding method. In AFs with good antibacterial activity significantly lower concentrations of potassium and bromine were found when compared to AFs with lower antibacterial activity. Concentrations of zinc, iron, copper, calcium or phosphate did not correlate with antibacterial activity in AF.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1979

Sex-related and cyclic variation of trace elements in rat hypothalamus and pituitary.

The concentrations of 7 trace elements--iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and rubidium--in rat hypothalami and anterior pituitaries were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Male, cycling female, and oophorectomized animals were studied under different conditions of reproductive function. Hypothalamic zinc and copper concentrations both rose between proestrus and estrus days and fell again at diestrus. After castration, concentrations of iron, copper, and arsenic were decreased in both pituitary and hypothalamus, while zinc concentrations rose. Male rats had lower pituitary concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, and rubidium than cycling females. Under these hormonal manipulations, hypothalamus zinc concentration and gonadotropin secretion appear to be correlated. While injections of copper salts into the hypothalamus can also stimulate gonadotropin release, we did not observe any consistent relation between endogenous hypothalamic copper concentrations and gonadotropins.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Spatial and temporal variations in the trace elemental data over the northeastern United States.

Time series of trace elemental concentrations (14 species) of atmospheric fine particles measured in the northeastern United States between 1988 and 1998 are analyzed for spatial and temporal variations. The influence of synoptic-scale systems to the transport and accumulation of pollutants can be investigated successfully if the short-term fluctuations (i.e. weather-induced variations) embedded in the time series of pollutant concentrations are separated from the original time series. The spatial short-term correlation coefficients for Al, Br, Fe, Se, and Zn permit good predictions of pollutant concentrations up to distances of about 350 km from a given monitor. The species correlation matrices for individual sites reveal that As, Br, Se, and Zn are highly correlated in New York State, while Fe, Mn, and V show also strong correlations, suggesting the commonality of source regions for these industrial and urban pollutants impacting New York.

Air Pollutants↗