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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Visualizing brain activation during planning: the tower of London test adapted for functional MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent positron emission tomography and single-photon emission CT studies using the Tower of London test have shown that brain activation during planning activities primarily resides in the prefrontal cortex. In this study, we adapted the Tower of London test for functional MR imaging. METHODS: For use with functional MR imaging, a block design of the test was created, in which planning stages were contrasted with counting of colored balls. For nine healthy participants, multisection echo-planar functional MR imaging was performed to assess brain activation based on changes in blood oxygen level. Activation maps for individual participants and a group average map were created. RESULTS: In the group average map, activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the cingulate cortex, the cuneus and precuneus, the supramarginal and angular gyrus in the parietal lobe, and the frontal opercular area of the insula was seen. These findings are in agreement with grouped data of previous positron emission tomography results. Functional MR imaging enabled us to investigate brain activation during planning activities with high spatial (and temporal) resolution in individual patients, showing that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated in all participants studied. CONCLUSION: Presented is a working functional MR imaging version of the planning task. The high sensitivity of functional MR imaging may allow the use of this test for patients with possible (pre)frontal disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Auditory temporal processing and lexical/nonlexical reading in developmental dyslexics.

Relationships between lexical/nonlexical reading and auditory temporal processing were examined. Poor nonlexical readers (poor nonword readers, phonologic dyslexics) had difficulty across tone tasks irrespective of speed of presentation or mode of recall. Poor lexical readers (poor irregular word readers, surface dyslexics) had difficulty recalling tones in a sequence only when they were presented rapidly. Covariate analysis supported these findings, revealing that nonlexical (nonword) reading performance is associated with general auditory performance, but lexical (irregular word) reading is particularly associated with auditory sequencing. These findings suggest that phonologic and surface dyslexics perform differently on nonspeech auditory tasks. Because the two different types of poor readers did not differ significantly on tests of memory and learning but did differ on auditory tasks, we suggest that their performance on the auditory tasks may reflect auditory processing abnormalities as opposed to more general learning or memory difficulties. In addition to these observed qualitative differences between groups on the tone tasks, collapsing groups (all readers) revealed significant correlations between nonword reading and the Same-Different tone tasks in particular, whereas irregular word reading was not associated with any tone tasks; there also appears to be a quantitative relationship between nonlexical reading and Same-Different tone task performance as better or worse nonword reading predicts better or worse performance on the Same-Different tone tasks. In particular, it is conceivable that an auditory temporal processing deficit might contribute to poor nonword reading.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Mental mobilization processes in critical incident stress situations.

In this article, the psychological emergency mobilization process that takes place in threat situations is postulated. Mental mobilization is the increased mental capability of the mind in critical situations to process incoming and stored information to enable adaptive survival responses. The processes that are mobilized in the service of survival are enhanced sensory awareness, focused attention, rapid processing of incoming data, and use of previous experience, enhanced memory, altered time perception, and temporary deactivation of emotional reactions. From a clinical standpoint, it is important that the survival value of these processes is understood, as survivors can be helped to feel a sense of accomplishment and empowerment when they are taken through a critical situation in a detailed way and discover that they have been able to function well and survive by use of their stored "experience," rapid processing of information or other aspects of their mental mobilization.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Temporal and spatial ordering in recall by five- to eight-year-old children.

It has been reported that 8-year-old children, when asked to recall stimuli that had occurred incompatible spatial and temporal orders, spontaneously reproduced the temporal order. In this study with 5-8-year-olds, there was a clear developmental trend in the tendency to reproduce temporal rather than spatial ordering. The results are discussed with reference to previous work on partially deaf and subnormal children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

[Neurotoxicity due to long-standing exposure to lead].

Using computer psychometric tests characterizing central nervous system functions, the authors proved that workers contacting lead have altered visual perception time, rate and accuracy of motor functions, weaker short-term memory. Correlation analysis revealed no relationship between the changes obtained and the acting concentration. Research obviously should be parallel to studies of health state parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Obligatory and facultative symptoms of the Alice in wonderland syndrome].

The Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS), as described by Todd in 1955, denotes a variety of self-experienced paroxysmal body schema disturbances (obligatory core symptoms of the AIWS) which may co-occur with depersonalization, derealization, visual illusions and disorders of the time perception (facultative symptoms of the AIWS). The name comes, of course, from Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", which is believed to have been inspired by Carroll's own migraine experiences documented as early as 1856. Recent studies of the AIWS occurring as somesthetic migraine aura indicated that the body schema disturbance of macrosomatognosia most frequently affects the head and upper extremities, paralleling the extension of their representation in the human brain. As a misapprehension commonly encountered in the medical literature, it has been suggested to define the AIWS by the presence of visual rather than somesthetic perceptual disturbances, e.g. metamorphopsia and/or visual hallucinations, but this change and broadening of Todd's definition of the AIWS turns it to a both scientifically and clinically useless concept.

Hallucinations↗
PubMed2002

Auditory dominance in temporal processing: new evidence from synchronization with simultaneous visual and auditory sequences.

Evidence that audition dominates vision in temporal processing has come from perceptual judgment tasks. This study shows that this auditory dominance extends to the largely subconscious processes involved in sensorimotor coordination. Participants tapped their finger in synchrony with auditory and visual sequences containing an event onset shift (EOS), expected to elicit an involuntary phase correction response (PCR), and also tried to detect the EOS. Sequences were presented in unimodal and bimodal conditions, including one in which auditory and visual EOSs of opposite sign coincided. Unimodal results showed greater variability of taps, smaller PCRs, and poorer EOS detection in vision than in audition. In bimodal conditions, variability of taps was similar to that for unimodal auditory sequences, and PCRs depended more on auditory than on visual information, even though attention was always focused on the visual sequences.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Within- and between-dimensional processing in the auditory modality.

Participants made speeded target-nontarget responses to singly presented auditory stimuli in 2 tasks. In within-dimension conditions, participants listened for either of 2 target features taken from the same dimension; in between-dimensions conditions, the target features were taken from different dimensions. Judgments were based on the presence or absence of either target feature. Speech sounds, defined relative to sound identity and locale, were used in Experiment 1, whereas tones, comprising pitch and locale components, were used in Experiments 2 and 3. In all cases, participants performed better when the target features were taken from the same dimension than when they were taken from different dimensions. Data suggest that the auditory and visual systems exhibit the same higher level processing constraints.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of aging on auditory processing of speech.

The focus of this paper is on the effects of age on speech perception, with reference to pertinent psychoacoustic findings. The difficulties of older listeners are related to the well-known effects of high-frequency hearing loss on speech perception in quiet, and to temporal processing declines not predictable from the audiogram that account for reduced ability to listen in complex, noisy conditions. We also discuss issues of research interpretation; e.g. the need for researchers and clinicians to be alert to the frequent confound between degree of hearing loss and age. The implications of age-related changes in auditory speech processing for future practice and research are discussed relative to interactions between older individuals and their acoustic environments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1956

[Dyschronism].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Spatiotemporal sensitivity following lesions of area 18 in the cat.

The contribution of cat area 18 to spatiotemporal sensitivity and to motion processing was assessed in cats with unilateral ibotenic acid lesions placed in physiologically identified portions of area 18. The lesions were centered in the representation of the lower right visual field, about 10 degrees from the vertical meridian. In one of the animals, the lesion invaded a small portion of area 19. We measured detectability of various spatiotemporal stimuli placed within the lesioned and intact portions of the visual field, while monitoring eye position with a scleral search coil. We found a loss of sensitivity to gratings of low and intermediate spatial frequency, within the ablated portion of the visual field. The sensitivity loss was 0.6-1.0 log units at low and intermediate spatial frequencies, and decreased at higher frequencies with the resolution limits remaining intact. The loss extended over a range of temporal frequencies for both drifting gratings and grating modulated in counterphase. We also found that within the lesioned hemifield, the cats were unable to discriminate between rightward and leftward motion even at the highest contrasts. These results demonstrate that area 18 plays an important role in detecting drifting low- and intermediate-spatial-frequency targets and is likely to represent a critical stage in the cortical processing of motion signals.

Animals↗