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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Restraint Scale and consideration of Lowe's Three-Factor Model.

This study compared the Restraint Scale (RS) and the Cognitive Restraint Scale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-CR) in their ability to predict negative-affect eating (disinhibition of restraint) in the laboratory. It was hypothesized that the RS would be a better predictor of disinhibited eating in the laboratory. Subjects (104 college women) were classified as either high or low on both scales, resulting in four separate groups. Subjects were then randomly assigned to either negative or neutral mood manipulations resulting in a 2 x 2 x 2 (RS x TFEQ-CR x Mood) design. A taste-test paradigm was utilized in which grams of crackers consumed following the mood manipulation was the dependent measure. No significant differences in laboratory food consumption were found between groups. Evidence was provided, however, suggesting that there are important differences between the two scales. The current study did offer some support for Lowe's (1993) three-factor model of dieting behavior, which differentiates between individuals who are currently dieting and those who have a history of frequent dieting and overeating.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Patient satisfaction after trigeminal nerve repair.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to measure patient satisfaction and to evaluate the factors influencing patients' perceptions of the outcome of inferior alveolar nerve or lingual nerve repair. STUDY DESIGN: We used a retrospective cohort study design and a sample of patients who underwent repair of inferior alveolar nerve or lingual nerve injuries. The major outcome variable was the patient's overall satisfaction with treatment. The patient's satisfaction was rated as either good to excellent (group A) or fair to poor (group B). RESULTS: The study sample was composed of 46 patients with a mean age of 28 +/- 12 years; 76% were female. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported their overall satisfaction to be good to excellent. No individual predictor factors were statistically associated with patient satisfaction. Among the outcome variables, the measures of taste, pronunciation, self-consciousness, and function were statistically significantly different (P <.05) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: After nerve repair, more than half of the patients rated their overall satisfaction with the operative results to be good to excellent.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Expression of FAS within hypothalamic neurons: a model for decreased food intake after C75 treatment.

We previously demonstrated that C75, a specific and potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS), reduced food intake and decreased body weight in mice. In the present study, we determined that these effects were not due to conditioned taste aversion. To investigate the mechanism of C75 action, we examined FAS brain expression. FAS was expressed in a number of brain regions, including arcuate and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) within regions that comprise the arcuate-PVN pathway in mouse and human. Although C75 and fasting significantly downregulated liver FAS, FAS levels remained high in hypothalamus, indicating that FAS levels were regulated differently in brain from those in liver. Double fluorescence in situ for FAS and neuropeptide Y (NPY) showed that FAS co-localized with NPY in neurons in the arcuate nucleus. NPY immnuoreactivity after C75 treatment was decreased in axon terminals that innervate the PVN and lateral hypothalamus. Collectively, these results demonstrate that FAS is present and active in neurons and suggests that C75 may alter food intake via interactions within the arcuate-PVN pathway mediated by NPY.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1982

Taste responses to neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in rats and baboon monkeys.

Preference-aversion behavior to solutions containing neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDHC) was studied rats and baboon monkeys. Electrophysiological responses evoked by application of NHDHC solutions to taste receptors innervated by the chorda tympani and the glossopharyngeal nerves were also measured. As a group, rats were indifferent to solutions containing up to 1.2 x 10(-3) M NHDHC in short and long-term preference tests. A solution containing the very high concentration of 8.2 x 10(-3) M NHDHC was consumed less than water by all rats. The aversive behavior of rats to the 8.2 x 10(-3) M NHDHC solution appeared to be due to taste quality rather than olfaction. When percent preferences were calculated on an individual basis for the long-term preference tests, 59% of the rats were indifferent to solutions containing up to 1.2 x 10(-3) M NHDHC, 33% of the animals found this solution aversive and less than 8% showed preference. Behavioral responses to a solution of 3.4 x 10(-4) M aspartame also varied considerably among rats. The electrophysiological data were in line with the behavioral responses suggesting weak taste responses for NHDHC in rats. More pronounced responses observed in the glossopharyngeal nerve as compared to the chorda tympani. Baboon monkeys showed a strong preference for solutions containing 1.6 x 10(-5) M-1.6 x 10(-3) M NHDHC. A solution of 1.6 x 10(-2) M was consumed to a lesser extent than water. It is concluded that baboon monkeys present a better experimental model than rats for investigating the sweetness of NHDHC.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Who does the hat fit? Teenager heterogeneity and the effectiveness of information policies in preventing cannabis use and heavy drinking.

This paper models heterogeneity in the relationship between exposure to information at school or in the media and cannabis use and heavy drinking, using latent class techniques applied to data on French teenagers collected in 1993. Teenagers cluster in five classes which differ in their tastes for drunkenness and cannabis, and in the correlations between information exposure and cannabis use or heavy drinking. Teenager heterogeneity and habit-formation or precociousness effects limit the effectiveness of general information policies. Improving the impact of prevention requires that interventions be better targeted and personalised. We show how economic theory, latent class techniques and existing psychometric questionnaires can be used to build simple statistical tools for targeting prevention policies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Taste responsiveness and diet preference in autoimmune MRL mice.

One of the most profound behavioural deficits in lupus-prone MRL-lpr mice is blunted responsiveness to sweet solutions. Given the systemic nature of autoimmune/inflammatory disease, it was not clear whether impaired taste sensitivity or motivated response to palatable food underlie this deficit. The present study compares response rates of MRL-lpr mice (which develop disease early), congenic MRL +/+ mice (which develop disease later in life) and non-autoimmune Swiss Webster (SW) mice to different tastes and diets. Healthy SW mice showed the highest responsiveness to palatable stimulation throughout the study. Conversely, the preference for palatable solutions progressively declined in MRL-lpr mice as the disease developed. No differences between the two MRL substrains were seen in responsiveness to quinine or saline, suggesting that blunted responsiveness to palatable solutions cannot be accounted for by reduced taste sensory function (hypogeusia). In addition, changes in response rates to palatable solutions were associated with systemic upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. With a new cohort of mice fed on carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich diets, we also examined whether reduced sucrose intake in MRL-lpr mice can be accounted for by a reduced craving for carbohydrates. Contrary to this expectation, diseased MRL-lpr mice preferred carbohydrate-rich food while consuming a food mass comparable to controls. These results further support the hypothesis that the onset of lupus-like disease alters motivated behaviour, independent of changes in neurologic function and food metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Peculiar vulnerability to nicotine oral self-administration in mice during early adolescence.

A "gateway" function toward substance abuse has been suggested for early tobacco smoking. Nicotine actually represents an easily available drug for human adolescents, who are very likely to use a number of different psychoactive agents. Surprisingly, the psychobiological factors involved in this age-related willingness have been poorly investigated. In Experiment 1, nicotine consumption was studied in outbred CD-1 mice during Early (postnatal day (pnd) 24 to 35), Middle (pnd 37 to 48) or Late (pnd 50 to 61) adolescence, in an oral self-administration paradigm. During the drinking session (2 h/day), animals had free choice between either tap water or a nicotine solution (10 mg/l). After a 6-day period, a fading study was carried out, in which nicotine concentration was reduced to 7 mg/l (days 7-9) and 5 mg/l (days 10-12), to assess whether animals would compensate by increasing their intake from the nicotine solution. In Experiment 2, psychopharmacological effects on locomotion induced by the nicotine solution (0, 10, 30 mg/l) during the 1-h drinking session were assessed in Early and Late adolescent mice. In Experiment 1, Early adolescents expressed a marked and stable preference for the nicotine solution, showing a daily nicotine intake of 1.15 +/- 0.04 mg/kg. Middle adolescents did not show any preference for either bottle, whereas a tendency toward avoidance for the nicotine solution was found for Late adolescents. In the fading study, Early adolescents were the only group to show increased consumption from the nicotine bottle as far as nicotine concentration was reduced. A time-course analysis of plasma levels of cotinine (the principal biomarker of nicotine consumption) revealed some pharmacokinetic differences between the three age-groups. In Experiment 2, drinking from a nicotine solution produced a prominent hyperactivity in Early adolescents, whereas a quite opposite profile was associated with older subjects. In summary, even if a role for taste factors cannot be completely ruled out, a peculiar spontaneous drive toward oral nicotine consumption, as well as a nicotine-induced arousal, is specific to Early adolescence in mice. The present animal model might be useful to investigate psychobiological determinants involved in early tobacco smoking in human adolescents

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the Indiana University rat lines selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference.

The Indiana lines of selected rats, the HAD and LAD replicates and the P and NP lines, were bred for high and low alcohol preference. The P and HAD lines have met criteria for an animal model of alcoholism in that they voluntarily consume sufficient ethanol to achieve significant blood alcohol concentrations, and their alcohol-seeking behavior is reinforced by the pharmacological effects of ethanol rather than its taste, caloric content, or other properties. These lines have been characterized extensively for associated behavioral and physiological phenotypes. The P and HAD rats show an enhanced responsiveness to the stimulatory effects of ethanol and reduced sensitivity to the aversive sedative effects of ethanol. Consistent findings with the selected lines include differences in the mesolimbic dopamine reward system, as well as differences in serotonin, GABA, endogenous opioid, and neuropeptide Y systems. Genetic mapping studies have identified quantitative trait loci influencing alcohol preference on chromosomes 3, 4, and 8 in the inbred P/NP rats and on chromosomes 5, 10, 12, and 16 in the noninbred HAD1/LAD1 rats. The elucidation of the genotypes and phenotypes that result in excessive alcohol intake may lead to a better understanding of alcohol abuse and alcoholism and could guide strategies for potential treatment and prevention.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

SSR181507, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. II: Behavioral profile predictive of an atypical antipsychotic activity.

SSR181507 ((3-exo)-8-benzoyl-N-(((2S)7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-1-yl)methyl)-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-3-methanamine monohydrochloride) is a novel tropanemethanamine benzodioxane that displays antagonist activity at dopamine D(2) receptors and agonist activity at 5-HT(1A) receptors. SSR181507 antagonized apomorphine-induced climbing in mice and stereotypies in rats (ED(50) of 2 and 3.4 mg/kg i.p., respectively) and blocked D-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats at lower doses (0.3-1 mg/kg i.p.). At 1-10 mg/kg, it was found to disrupt active avoidance in mice. SSR181507 did not induce catalepsy in rats (MED>60 mg/kg i.p.) and antagonized (3-10 mg/kg i.p.) haloperidol-induced catalepsy. SSR181507 was also active in two models sensitive to antidepressant/anxiolytic drugs: in a guinea-pig pup/mother separation test, it decreased (1-3 mg/kg i.p.) the time spent vocalizing during the separation episode, and in a lithium-induced taste aversion procedure in rats, it partially reversed (3 mg/kg i.p.) the decrease of intake of a saccharin solution. Furthermore, SSR181507 increased (3 mg/kg i.p.) the latency time to paradoxical sleep in rats, an effect commonly observed with antidepressants. Coadministration of the selective 5-HT(1A) blocker SL88.0338 produced catalepsy and antagonized the effects of SSR181507 in the depression/anxiety tests, confirming the view that activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors confers an atypical profile on SSR181507, and is responsible for its antidepressant/anxiolytic properties. Finally, SSR181507 (1-3 mg/kg) did not affect memory performance in a Morris water maze task in rats. The pharmacological profile of SSR181507 suggests that it should control the symptoms of schizophrenia, in the absence of extrapyramidal signs and cognitive deficits, with the additional benefit of antidepressant/anxiolytic activities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reactivation-dependent changes in memory states in the terrestrial slug Limax flavus.

The change in memory state in the terrestrial slug Limax flavus was studied using cooling-induced retrograde amnesia. Slugs were first conditioned to avoid carrot odor and then a second conditioning procedure was applied 1, 3, 6, or 7 days after the first conditioning trial. Cooling the slugs to approximately 1 degrees C on day 7 immediately after the presentation of the odor used in the conditioning resulted in retrograde amnesia in the slugs that were subject to a second conditioning on day 6 or 7, but not in slugs that were subject to a second conditioning on day 1 or 3. Next, second-order conditioning was used as the second conditioning procedure to distinguish the memory acquired in the first conditioning from that acquired in the second conditioning and similar results were obtained. These results suggest that the reactivation of memory altered the memory state from a cooling-insensitive state to a cooling-sensitive one. A possible model for memory states is discussed.

Amnesia, Retrograde↗
PubMed1990

Quinine pellets as an inferior good and a Giffen good in rats.

In Experiment 1, 4 rats earned their daily food ration by choosing between two levers. One lever delivered two regular and one quinine-adulterated food pellets, and the other delivered two regular and four quinine pellets. A 20-s intertrial interval separated successive choices. Sessions began with 10 forced trials during which only one lever, selected with p = .5 and cued by a light above it, could deliver its reinforcer. Forced trials were followed by 30 or 150 trials, depending on the condition, during which choices to either lever could be reinforced. Over this range, absolute choice of the four-quinine, two-regular-pellet lever was inversely related to the number of free-choice trials, establishing this reinforcer as an inferior good. In Condition 1 of Experiment 2, the prior design was altered in two ways: (a) one lever delivered four quinine pellets, and the other lever delivered one standard pellet; and (b) sessions ended after 140 free-choice trials. When the number of free-choice trials was reduced to 100 (Condition 2), all 3 rats increased their preference for quinine pellets, confirming their status as an inferior good. In the next several conditions, the number of quinine pellets provided for selecting its associated lever was varied between three and four. Preference for the quinine-pellet alternative was inversely related to the number of pellets it provided, a result defining it as a Giffen good. These findings are not accommodated readily by extant choice models and complicate the search for a unitary model of choice.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Food for trans-Atlantic rowers: a menu planning model and case study.

Every 4 years, rowers from around the world compete in a 50- to 60-day trans-Atlantic rowing challenge. These ultra-distance rowers require a diet that provides adequate calories, protein, vitamins, minerals, and fluids so they can perform well day after day, minimize fatigue, and stay healthy. Yet, the rowers are confronted with menu planning challenges. The food needs to be lightweight, compact, sturdy, non-spoiling in tropical temperatures, calorie dense, easy to prepare, quick to cook, and good tasting. Financial concerns commonly add another menu planning challenge. The purpose of this case study is to summarize the rowers' food experiences and to provide guidance for sports nutrition professionals who work with ultra-endurance athletes embarking on a physical challenge with similar food requirements. The article provides food and nutrition recommendations as well as practical considerations for ultra-distance athletes. We describe an 8,000 calorie per day menu planning model that uses food exchanges based on familiar, tasty, and reasonably priced supermarket foods that provide the required nutrients and help contain financial costs.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Helplessness in the tail suspension test is associated with an increase in ethanol intake and its rewarding effect in female mice.

BACKGROUND: Depression is frequently observed in drug abusers. However, depression may be a primary factor of predisposition to drug abuse or a consequence of drug abuse. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a preexisting depressive-like state/helplessness on subsequent alcohol responsiveness in mice. METHODS: Male and female CD1 mice were selected according to their immobility time in the tail suspension test, and only mice with "high immobility" and "low immobility" time were retained. Using a two-bottle free-choice paradigm, these mice were given continuous access to tap water or solutions of ethanol (3-20% v/v), quinine (12.5-50 mg/liter), or sucrose (1-4% w/v). In female mice, rewarding and aversive effects of ethanol (1.5 and 3 g/kg, intraperitoneally) were also investigated using the conditioned place preference and the conditioned taste aversion paradigms. RESULTS: Female mice were more immobile and drank more ethanol than male mice. No striking sex difference was observed in quinine consumption. Sucrose intake was higher in female than in male mice, whatever the solution concentration. At the 4% concentrated solution, a sucrose-induced increase in daily fluid intake was observed only in female mice. Female mice with high immobility time (HI) consumed more ethanol at the highest concentration than female mice with low immobility time (LI), whereas no difference was observed between HI and LI male mice. Moreover, whereas LI female mice failed to express place conditioning induced by the 3-g/kg dose of ethanol, HI female mice were strongly responsive to the rewarding effect of this high ethanol dose. Ethanol dose-dependently induced a conditioned taste aversion with a similar magnitude in both LI and HI female mice. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that female CD1 mice tend to drink greater amounts of ethanol or sucrose solutions than male CD1 mice, suggesting that female mice may be a better model of excessive alcohol intake. Furthermore, no relationship was found between immobility scores and ethanol consumption in male mice. On the contrary, within female mice, HI mice consumed higher amounts of ethanol than LI mice probably because they experienced greater rewarding effects of ethanol. The present results support the hypothesis that depressive-like responses may predispose to ethanol abuse in female mice.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Remote and proximal US preexposure and aging effects in taste aversion learning in rats.

Age as a factor in the effect of proximal and remote unconditioned stimulus (US) preexposure on conditioned taste aversion in weanling, young adult, and old rats was studied in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, 6 daily US preconditioning exposures attenuated conditioning in weanlings and young adults, but not in old rats. In Experiment 2, exposure to a single US 1 h before the conditioning trial curtailed conditioning at all age levels. These results are explained in terms of age differences in familiarity with the conditioning context and Wagner's information-processing model for self- and retrieval-generated disruption of conditioning.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Effects of oral chemical irritation on tastes and flavors in frequent and infrequent users of chili.

The studies reported here addressed the question of whether the pungent principle in chilies, capsaicin, suppresses taste and flavor intensity. Over a period of several minutes, groups of frequent and infrequent eaters of chili repeatedly rated the taste and flavor intensities of sweet and sour solutions that also contained either orange or vanilla flavor, and capsaicin at 0, 2, 4, and 16 ppm. As well as the intensity of the qualities while in the mouth, measures of the number of rating periods for the intensity to dissipate to zero, and the summed total intensity were also derived. Infrequent chili users rated the capsaicin burn as more intense than did the frequent users. With few exceptions, and for groups, sweetness was suppressed by the presence of capsaicin. By contrast, sourness was unaffected by capsaicin. Flavor intensities also showed suppression by capsaicin. High correlations between ratings of sweetness and flavor were found, suggesting that perceptual confusion between the two qualities may have been responsible for the flavor suppression. A second experiment examined the effects of capsaicin on ratings of strawberry flavor alone. This study produced little evidence of flavor suppression by capsaicin. These results are discussed in terms of an attentional model of capsaicin's effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Sweetness determinant sites of brazzein, a small, heat-stable, sweet-tasting protein.

Brazzein, originally isolated from the fruit of the African plant Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baillon, is the smallest, most heat-stable and pH-stable member of the set of proteins known to have intrinsic sweetness. These properties make brazzein an ideal system for investigating the chemical and structural requirements of a sweet-tasting protein. We have used the three-dimensional structure of the protein (J. E. Caldwell et al. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 427-431) as a guide in designing 15 synthetic genes in expression constructs aimed at delineating the sweetness determinants of brazzein. Protein was produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, isolated, and purified as described in the companion paper (Assadi-Porter, F. M., Aceti, D., Cheng, H., and Markley, J. L., this issue). Analysis by one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopy indicated that all but one of these variants had folded properly under the conditions used. A taste panel compared the gustatory properties of solutions of these proteins to those of sucrose and brazzein isolated from fruit. Of the 14 mutations in the des-pGlu1-brazzein background, four exhibited almost no sweetness, six had significantly reduced sweetness, two had taste properties equivalent to des-pGlu1-brazzein (two times as sweet as the major form of brazzein isolated from fruit which contains pGlu1), and two were about twice as sweet as des-pGlu1-brazzein. Overall, the results suggest that two regions of the protein are critical for the sweetness of brazzein: a region that includes the N- and C-termini of the protein, which are located close to one another, and a region that includes the flexible loop around Arg43.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2001

Positional cloning of the mouse saccharin preference (Sac) locus.

Differences in sweetener intake among inbred strains of mice are partially determined by allelic variation of the saccharin preference (Sac) locus. Genetic and physical mapping limited a critical genomic interval containing Sac to a 194 kb DNA fragment. Sequencing and annotation of this region identified a gene (Tas1r3) encoding the third member of the T1R family of putative taste receptors, T1R3. Introgression by serial backcrossing of the 194 kb chromosomal fragment containing the Tas1r3 allele from the high-sweetener-preferring C57BL/6ByJ strain onto the genetic background of the low-sweetener-preferring 129P3/J strain rescued its low-sweetener-preference phenotype. Polymorphisms of Tas1r3 that are likely to have functional significance were identified using analysis of genomic sequences and sweetener-preference phenotypes of genealogically distant mouse strains. Tas1r3 has two common haplotypes, consisting of six single nucleotide polymorphisms: one haplotype was found in mouse strains with elevated sweetener preference and the other in strains relatively indifferent to sweeteners. This study provides compelling evidence that Tas1r3 is equivalent to the Sac locus and that the T1R3 receptor responds to sweeteners.

Alleles↗
PubMed1975

Induction of physical dependence on alcohol in rodents.

An ethanol withdrawal syndrome consisting of tremors and seizures can be induced in rats and mice. This syndrome closely resembles the physical signs observed in human patients during alcohol withdrawal. The criteria for an animal model of a human disease appear to be fulfilled regarding the etiological agent, course of illness, the similarity of physical and electrophysiological manifestations and response to therapeutic agents. Therefore these models should lend themselves for the elucidation of the pathogenesis at the molecular level of biological organization and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Criteria for an optimal animal model of ethanol dependence are outlined. Withdrawal signs are classified into minor (startle threshold and exploratory behavior) and major types (tremors and seizures). Methods for quantification of tremors and seizures are described. The procedures for induction of the major withdrawal signs are classified according to the mode of ethanol administration designed to circumvent the animal's inherent aversion to the taste of ethanol: Oral (free feeding, behavioral modifications of free feeding and force feeding), parenteral and inhalation. Auxiliary procedures consist of pyrazole administration and weight reduction resulting in a decreased rate of ethanol metabolism. Exposure to low environmental temperatures increases consumption of ethanol containing diets without proportionately increasing the rate of ethanol metabolism. Auxiliary procedures for the induction of seizures during withdrawal consist of handling the animals and audiogenic stimuli. Advantages and limitations of various rodent models are evaluated in terms of the procedures (practicability, compounding variables) and their results (reproducibility, severity and yield of major withdrawal signs, objective quantification). It is concluded that none of the current methods fulfill all requisites for all types of experiments. The selection of methods best suited for a particular experiment depend upon its objectives.

Acoustic Stimulation↗