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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

A study of dental staining among competitive swimmers.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of dental stains (DS) in competitive swimmers and quantify the risk of these stains compared with sportsmen in a non-swimmers group in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: Cross-sectional and case-control designs. Between July 1996 and March 1997, 404 subjects, (171 enrolled in two clubs of competitive swimming and 233 sportsmen from two schools), were examined in order to detect and classify yellowish-brown or dark-brown stains on the facial surface of the eight incisors. Participation rates were 88.6% for swimmers, and 95.7% for sportsmen. Mean of participants' age was 12 years, range 7-22 years. Castellón has three public competition swimming pools, two of which are indoors. Two of the pools used chloride products, and the third bromine for the disinfection of water. The recommended hygiene regulations were adhered to. RESULTS: Prevalence of DS was 60.2% in swimmers and 12.9% in sportsmen (P= 0.0001). Risk factors for DS included: use of competition swimming pools, age, gender, years of competition, daily consumption of coffee, red wine, and iron supplement during the last year. Professional dental cleanliness was a protective factor. In a logistic regression analysis, the use of competition swimming pools maintained a high risk of DS, odds ratio (OR)=9.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.21-16.5, adjusted by the other variables. Amongst swimmers, more than 6 h of training a week increased the risk of these stains (OR=3.51; 95% CI 1.35-9.10). CONCLUSION: The study indicated a high risk of DS in competitive swimmers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Adsorption from black tea and red wine onto in vitro salivary pellicles studied by ellipsometry.

The adsorption of black tea and red wine components onto a pellicle-like protein layer formed in vitro by adsorption from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs were studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea readily adsorbed to the pellicle. Subsequent exposure to saliva led to further adsorption of salivary components to give an overall increase in the amounts adsorbed. The amounts adsorbed increased still further following a third tea and saliva exposure. Components of red wine gave significantly greater amounts of adsorption to the pellicle than black tea. The adsorption of components of black tea gave a concomitant increase in colour or stain as measured by a reflectance chromameter. In all cases, the black tea- and red wine-modified pellicles were not eluted by either phosphate buffer or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) rinses. Thus, black tea and red wine components have been shown to have a profound effect on in vitro pellicle maturation, causing thickened layers of stained material to build up, which are not readily removed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Combined apexification and orthodontic intrusion of a traumatically extruded immature permanent incisor.

A patient with a traumatic extrusion of the maxillary right central incisor was referred to the Pedodontic Clinic of Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry after 15 days. Orthodontic repositioning of the tooth was planned in 6 months. At the beginning of orthodontic therapy it was observed that the tooth was necrotic and needed an apexification procedure. The apexification procedure and orthodontic intrusion were successfully performed at the same time. In addition, a "walking bleach" was performed after the orthodontic and endodontic procedures were completed. At the 3-year recall, the tooth appeared normal in all respects.

Child↗
PubMed1999

A confocal microscopic study relating the autofluorescence of carious dentine to its microhardness.

OBJECTIVE: An in-vitro study to examine the correlation between the distribution of the autofluorescent signal emitted from carious dentine (detected using confocal laser scanning microscopy) and its microhardness, within the depths of human dentine lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve carious teeth were sectioned longitudinally, the cut faces marked with a grid reference line system and colour photomicrographs taken. The same samples were imaged using confocal laser-scanning microscopy for autofluorescence and then subjected to microhardness testing using a Knoop microhardness indenter. Adjacent sound dentine was used as a control reference. Digital image superimposition allowed direct comparisons to be made between the colour, autofluorescence and microhardness of each lesion. RESULTS: Sound enamel and dentine did not autofluorescence. Autofluorescence distribution from carious dentine correlated with the highly softened tissue (detected using the Knoop indenter) and terminated at a level superficial to the translucent zone. This zone was still pigmented. Normal, sound dentine hardness levels were found deep to the translucent zone. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation existed between the zone of autofluorescence and carious dentine that was markedly softened by the carious process. These findings highlighted a possibility that the autofluorescence might be used as an in-vitro, objective histological marker for the softened, carious dentine requiring clinical excavation.

Color↗
PubMed2000

The chemical stain removal properties of 'whitening' toothpaste products: studies in vitro.

BACKGROUND: A considerable number of toothpastes are available as tooth whitening products. Most appear to contain ingredients that might remove extrinsic stains rather than change natural tooth colour. Extrinsic stain removal could be achieved by physical or chemical means. AIM: The purpose of this study was to measure the chemical stain removal properties of a range of whitening toothpaste products and experimental formulations using a standardised method in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 5 separate studies were conducted involving a total of 39 agents of which 28 were whitening products, 7 were experimental formulations, 2 were oxidising mouthrinses used as positive controls, 1 was a popular fluoride toothpaste product as a benchmark control, and 1 was water as the negative control. The formulations and controls varied in each study. The stain model was saliva/chlorhexidine/tea stain developed on optically clear acrylic to an optical density of at least 2.0. Groups of stained specimens were exposed to standard slurries or solutions of each test agent for 1 minute periods up to 5 minutes. Optical density readings were taken at each 1 minute time point. Analyses were based on per cent stain remaining after 5 minutes and time to 75% stain remaining. RESULTS: 3 toothpaste products achieved 100% stain removal by 5 minutes; 2 of these in 3 out of 4 studies in which they were used. 4 experimental formulations also achieved 100% stain removal. In general agents with high total stain removal also had short times to 75% stain remaining. The majority of agents tested had low total chemical stain removal and prolonged times to 75% stain remaining. A few agents were little different from water and several similar in effect to the conventional fluoride toothpaste. This method in vitro tests agents under the best case scenario conditions for chemical stain removal. CONCLUSION: Only a small number of the whitening toothpaste products have good chemical stain removal potential; the majority are unlikely to achieve their claimed benefits through chemical stain removal. There is clearly a need for further data on the actual effects of such products using both methods in vitro and particularly in vivo or in situ.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out an extensive review of the literature on tooth staining with particular regard to some of the more recent literature on the mechanisms of tooth staining involving mouthrinses. DESIGN: Comprehensive review of the literature over four decades. CONCLUSIONS: A knowledge of the aetiology of tooth staining is of importance to dental surgeons in order to enable a correct diagnosis to be made when examining a discoloured dentition and allows the dental practitioner to explain to the patient the exact nature of the condition. In some instances, the mechanism of staining may have an effect on the outcome of treatment and influence the treatment options the dentist will be able to offer to patients.

Fluorosis, Dental↗
PubMed2001

The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model.

BACKGROUND: Professional and consumer interest in whitening products continues to increase against a background of both increased oral health awareness and demand for cosmetic procedures. In the current legal climate, few dentists are providing 'in-office' whitening treatments, and thus many patients turn to home-use products. The most common of these are the whitening toothpastes. Researchers are keen to quantify the effectiveness of such products through clinically relevant trials. AIM: Previous studies examining whitening products have employed a variety of stained substrates to monitor stain removal. This study aimed to quantify the removal of stain from human enamel using a new device, quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). The experimental design follows that of a product-testing model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 previously extracted molar teeth were coated with transparent nail varnish leaving an exposed window of enamel. The sound, exposed enamel was subject to a staining regime of human saliva, chlorhexidine and tea. Each of the eleven teeth was subjected to serial exposures of a positive control (Bocasan), a negative control (water) and a test product (Yotuel toothpaste). Following each two-minute exposure QLF images of the teeth were taken (a total of 5 applications). Following completion of one test solution, the teeth were cleaned, re-stained and the procedure repeated with the next solution. QLF images were stored on a PC and analysed by a blinded single examiner. The deltaQ value at 5% threshold was reported. ANOVA and paired t-tests were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The study confirmed the ability of QLF to longitudinally quantify stain reduction from human enamel. The reliability of the technique in relation to positive and negative test controls was proven. The positive control had a significantly (alpha = 0.05) higher stain removal efficacy than water (p = 0.023) and Yotuel (p = 0.046). Yotuel was more effective than water (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The research community, the practicing clinician and the consumer all require sound product evaluation data. The use of human enamel specimens may offer more relevant clinical data. QLF has been designed as an in vivo device. Further development of the technique should permit in vivo clinical whitening trials.

Analysis of Variance↗