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PubMed2003

CD40-dependent and -independent activation of human tonsil B cells by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.

Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) sequences are known to directly activate B cells. We investigated the expression of the CpG receptor, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), in human tonsil B cells, and determined functional responses following stimulation by a well-characterized stimulatory CpG-containing ODN sequence in the human immune system, ODN 2006. Tonsil B cells were found to express high amounts of TLR9 mRNA and protein, and exposure of B cells to CpG-ODN but not to an inactive control ODN induced a concentration- and time-dependent up-regulation of the activation markers CD23, CD25, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR. However, significant induction of proliferation and the release of IL-6, IL-10, IgG and IgM were only noted when B cells were co-incubated with irradiated CD40L-expressing CHO cells. Endogenous IL-10 was identified as a critical mediator of Ig production, whereas all activating effects were independent of IL-6. Further, CpG-ODN counteracted IgE production induced by IL-4. Collectively, these findings suggest a synergistic role of the TLR9/CD40 system and a critical role for the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 in the orchestration of CpG-ODN-induced responses in B lymphocytes.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1978

EBV antigens in lymphocytes of patients with exudative tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease.

A protocol utilizing isokinetic gradients to isolate human lymphocytes is combined with another that purifies the C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocyte subpopulation, thus enriching the EB virus genome-carrying population. Also, rabbit antisera were prepared to the Epstein-Bar virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) and the early antigen (EA) and utilized in an indirect immunofluorescence test (IIT) to detect these antigens in human lymphocytes isolated from various disease states. Using these methods we demonstrated excellent correlation between standard methods previously employed to detect EB virus-coded antigens and our IIT employing xenogenic antisera. Such tests were done on lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as lymphocytes isolated directly from patients with EB virus lymphoproliferative diseases. Human palatine tonsil-derived lymphocytes from children with exudative tonsillitis and peripheral blood lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis contained only EBNA in C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocytes. However, patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, including Hodgkin's disease, harbored in their spleens and lymph nodes lymphocytes producing both EBNA and EA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Detection and cellular localization of 12R-lipoxygenase in human tonsils.

Formation of the 12R-lipoxygenase product, 12R-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HPETE), has been detected previously only in human skin (Boeglin et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6744). The unexpected appearance of an EST sequence (AA649213) for human 12R-lipoxygenase from germinal center B lymphocytes purified from human tonsils prompted our search for the existence of the enzyme in this novel source. Incubation of [1-14C]arachidonic acid with homogenates of human tonsillar tissue yielded mixtures of radiolabeled 12-HETE and 15-HETE. Stereochemical analysis showed varying ratios of 12S- and 12R-HETE, while 15-HETE was exclusively of the S-configuration. Using stereospecifically labeled [10S-3H]- and [10R-3H]arachidonic acid substrates we detected pro-R hydrogen abstraction at carbon 10 associated with formation of 12R-HETE. This mechanistic evidence implicates a 12R-lipoxygenase in the biosynthesis of 12R-HETE. The mRNA for the enzyme was identified in tonsils by RT-PCR and Northern analysis. The cellular distribution was established by in situ hybridization. Unexpectedly, hybridization was not observed in the lymphocytes of the germinal centers. Specific reaction was restricted to squamous epithelial cells, including the epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts. In this location the 12R-lipoxygenase might help regulate differentiation of the epithelium or participate in lymphocyte- epithelial cell interactions.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Activation of human tonsil lymphocytes by rabies virus nucleocapsid superantigen.

The capacity of the rabies virus superantigen (SAg) and the nucleocapsid (NC) to activate human tonsil lymphocytes was analyzed by studying the capacity of NC to cause lymphocytes to proliferate and secrete Ig and cytokines. NC activation was compared to that obtained with the Staphylococcus-derived SAg, SEE, and TSST-1. Despite a weak T lymphocyte mitogenic activity restricted to CD4+ T cells, NC triggers tonsil B lymphocytes to produce IgG in quantities and frequencies similar to those of SEE and TSST-1. In the same way as these two SAg, NC induces IgG production only in the presence of T cells and optimally with a T/B ratio of 1/5. However, unlike SEE and TSST-1, NC does not trigger IgM production. The pattern of cytokines produced upon NC activation, IL-4 and IL-10, weak IL-2 production, and no IFN-gamma, suggests that rabies SAg stimulates Th2 rather than Th1 lymphocytes. In contrast, the pattern of cytokines produced upon TSST-1 activation, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and no IL-4, suggests that TSST-1 induces rather a Th1 response. The specific Th2 triggering by NC could explain the unique capacity of the rabies SAg to increase the in vivo antibody response to a simultaneously injected antigen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

IgG subclass distribution in juvenile human tonsil: IgG3 and IgG4 results of specific antibody production using synthetic peptides.

A decapeptide with a sequence corresponding to a part of the hinge region of human IgG3 was used to prepare a mouse monoclonal antibody (Mab 330-2.2). The Mab recognized IgG3 in ELISA only when the IgG3 was denatured by mild heat. Mab specificity in immunohistochemistry was calibrated with a number of reference Mabs obtained through a WHO/IUIS collaborative study. Finally, Mab 330-2.2 was used in conjunction with a set of other isotype specific Mabs to study the (sub)class distribution of cytoplasmic Ig containing cells in palatine tonsil. IgG3 within the IgG class was strongly over-represented in our tonsil material if compared to the representation of IgG3 in serum.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1992

A histofluorescent study of sympathetic innervation of human palatine tonsils.

The glyoxylic catecholaminergic histofluorescence method was employed on human palatine tonsil specimens in order to study the sympathetic innervation present. One percent neutral red was used as a counterstain. Abundant sympathetic fibers were demonstrable around the blood vessels of the medulla and capsule. However, few sympathetic fibers were found around the vessels of the subepithelial connective tissue and interfollicular septa. In the areas of the follicle and extrafollicle where B and T lymphocytes were located, sympathetic fibers were not found. These findings indicate that if sympathetic innervation can affect T and B cells, it will do so indirectly. Results also show that there is a higher norepinephrine content in focally infected tonsils that is not due to hyperactivity of the sympathetic nerve, but may be due to other mechanisms. Finally surgical dissection at the capsule during tonsillectomy will reduce bleeding, perhaps because vessels there have an abundant sympathetic innervation that leads to good vessel contraction.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of lingual tonsillitis by transoral CO2 laser endoscopy.

The authors report on their clinical experiences concerning 100 cases of chronic lingual tonsillitis. The surgical treatment employed was endoscopic vaporization of affected tissues with the CO2 laser. Prior to surgical intervention, predisposing conditions such as allergy, rhinosinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux were identified and treated. The surgical technique consisted of progressive vaporization of the lymphoid tissue at the base of the tongue until the lingual fascia was reached. A slightly defocused (700 mm) continuous 10-15 W laser beam was used at a working distance of 400 mm. Following surgery, no dyspnea was observed secondary to epiglottic edema and only one patient required postoperative hemostasis. Symptoms related to tonsil or tongue inflammation were eliminated or alleviated in 87 patients, remained unchanged in 12 patients and were worse in 1 patient.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1995

The epithelium of canine palatine tonsils.

The palatine tonsil is positioned to play a key role in protecting the body against ingested microorganisms. These microorganisms must traverse the tonsillar epithelium to initiate immune reactions, but no information is available from dogs on the structure of this epithelium. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of the epithelium of the palatine tonsil of dogs was examined using light and electron microscopy. The epithelium is of two types: reticular and non-reticular. Reticular epithelium, which is invaded by lymphoid cells, is located over the apices of nodules, separated indistinctly by islands of non-reticular squamous epithelium. The reticular epithelium contains M cells which are more abundant towards the periphery of lymphoid nodules. The apical membrane of the M cells forms folds from which microvilli extend into the lumen of the oropharynx. Abluminally, cytoplasmic processes enfold clusters of lymphocytes. Numerous desmosomes secure the marginal plasma membrane and lateral membranous interdigitations to adjacent epithelial cells, thereby maintaining the integrity of the tonsillar epithelium. Epithelial discontinuities, which are few, occupy similar positions to M cells and appear to contain migrating lymphocytes. A fenestrated basement membrane allows cell transport between the intraepithelial passageways of the reticular epithelium and the subepithelial lymphoid tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Demonstration of cells bearing the OKT6 determinant in human tonsil and lymph node.

An immunoperoxidase study was carried out on human tonsil (15 specimens) and human lymph node (5 specimens) using OKT6, a monoclonal antibody which was raised against a determinant on immature thymocytes. OKT6-positive cells were identified in the crypt epithelium of all tonsils examined and in occasional clusters in the interfollicular areas of two lymph nodes. OKT6 has recently been shown to react with epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans' cells). This study confirms that OKT6-reactive cells may be found outside the thymus. The pattern of staining obtained suggests that OKT6 reactivity belongs to a dendritic subpopulation. The significance of the finding in relation to physiology and pathology is discussed. These physiological findings may also be relevant to the immunotherapy of T-cell lymphomas.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1992

Ultrastructural identification and distribution of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-1 in the vascular and extravascular compartments of the human palatine tonsil.

Immunohistological analysis of sections prepared from human palatine tonsils revealed marked differences in the distribution of the adhesion molecule, leucocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counter receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Light microscopy showed that LFA-1 was restricted to the leucocytes, particularly the lymphocytes. In contrast, staining of ICAM-1 was predominantly confined to the vascular endothelium with the greatest expression seen on the morphologically distinct high endothelial venules in the parafollicular areas; these are the sites that appear to support lymphocyte migration. Electron microscopy revealed that ICAM-1 was present on the luminal and lateral surfaces of the high endothelium and absent from the abluminal surface supported by basal lamina. The ICAM-1 was also absent from those surfaces of the endothelium that were in close contact with intravascular lymphocytes. Other cells stained by the anti-ICM-1 antibody included dendritic cells, plasma cells and epithelial cells in the reticulated crypt epithelium and in the upper strata of the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The high expression of LFA-1 was most prominent on lymphocytes, low on antigen-presenting cells and activated lymphoid cells, and not detectable on plasma cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. We propose that LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding participates in mediating the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes across the high endothelial venules of palatine tonsil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Secondary syphilis of the tonsil.

An 18-year-old man with an ulceration of his right tonsil and cervical lymphadenopathy was examined. The patient also had a papular eruption in his face, chest, abdomen, and upper extremities. There were no signs of genital involvement. Routine serological tests for syphilis were reactive and histological findings of a cervical lymph node biopsy were characteristic for syphilitic lymphadenitis. Spirochetes were also identified in the tissue sections. A diagnosis of secondary syphilis of the tonsil with cervical syphilitic lymphadenitis was made. In recent years, the number of new cases of syphilis has increased in Japan. Since the oral cavity is the most common extragenital site of syphilis, clinicians should bear in mind that oral lesions from an unknown cause might possibly be syphilitic.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lectin-binding spectra in the hyperplastic human tonsil. Effect of formalin fixation and paraffin embedding on lectin affinity of tissue components.

In order to determine the effect of routine fixation on the lectin affinity of tissue structures, we used unconjugated lectins and an indirect immunoalkaline-phosphatase method for frozen sections, and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method for paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue sections. Fourteen hyperplastic human tonsils were used, and the results of the binding spectra of each lectin were compared. In general, the binding spectrum detected in the paraffin sections was part of the broader range of affinity obtained in the frozen sections. The lectin receptors on the cell surface were especially affected by formalin fixation. On the other hand, the paraffin sections, because of their superior morphology, showed a better localization of the cytoplasmic reaction product and discriminated the cell types more accurately. Thus, the two tissue preparations are rather complementary. In the tonsil peanut agglutinin (PNA) and periodic acid/Concanavalin A (PA/Con A) proved to be suitable tools for distinguishing exactly between the crypt and the surface epithelium. Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA) is a reliable endothelial marker with a strong affinity to the crypt epithelium. In the frozen sections, PNA regularly stained follicular-centre cells on their cell surface. PNA, Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Con A stained the histiocytic population, especially PNA which additionally stained an "asteroid" histiocyte. This cell probably corresponds to the antigen-presenting histiocyte of the T-system.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Rabies virus in the tonsils of a carrier dog.

A female dog, inoculated with a rabies isolate from the saliva of an apparently healthy Ethiopian dog, developed rabies but later recovered without supportive treatment. Rabies virus was isolated from the saliva collected 42, 169 and 305 days after recovery. Sixteen months after it recovered, the dog suddenly died after giving birth to two stillborn puppies. At necropsy, viral antigen could be detected in the tonsils and the brain tissue, but viable virus was isolated from the Palatine tonsils only.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ciprofloxacin concentrations in tonsils following a single intravenous infusion.

Penetration of ciprofloxacin into human tonsils was studied following an intravenous infusion of 200 mg over 15 minutes to adult humans undergoing tonsillectomy. Samples were taken one-and-a-half to four hours after dosing. Generally, tissue levels exceeded corresponding serum concentrations by 50% (range of intraindividual ratios between tonsil and serum concentrations 100% to 288%). Ciprofloxacin distribution was homogeneous and independent of sampling time.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Loracarbef versus penicillin V in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

Ten-day, double-blind, randomized, parallel treatment regimens of loracarbef (200 mg capsule twice daily or 15 mg/kg/day oral suspension in two divided doses up to a maximum of 375 mg/day; n = 169) and penicillin V (250 mg capsule four times daily or 20 mg/kg/day suspension in four divided doses up to a maximum of 500 mg/day; n = 175) were compared in the treatment of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Post-therapy clinical responses were similar for evaluable patients in both treatment groups: 97.4% of the loracarbef group (101/115 patients cured and 11/115 improved) and 96.0% of the penicillin group (101/124 patients cured and 18/124 improved). A statistically significant difference in the pathogen elimination rate was noted between treatment groups: post-therapy throat cultures were negative for GABHS in 94.8% (109/115) of loracarbef-treated patients compared with 87.1% (108/124) of penicillin-treated patients (p = 0.040). Loracarbef and penicillin V were comparable in terms of safety. Headache and nausea/vomiting were the most common events reported during therapy (nausea/vomiting were slightly less common in the loracarbef group). Three patients in each group were discontinued from the study due to drug-related adverse events; one due to rash in the loracarbef group and one due to rash and one due to vomiting in the penicillin group. These data support the conclusion that loracarbef twice daily is more effective in eradicating GABHS than penicillin V four times daily, and the two drugs are comparable in safety and clinical efficacy in the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

[Extramedullary plasmocytoma of the left tonsil. A rare cause of tonsillar asymmetry].

The plasmocytoma is a tumor, which can only rarely be found in the oropharynx. In this respective case an asymmetria of the tonsils was caused by an extramedullary plasmocytoma. Even if the asymmetria of the tonsils has a harmless nature, a tumor growth always has to be considered when thinking of the differential diagnosis. First of all, squamous-cell carcinoma has to be taken into account, more rarely with malignant lymphoma. Tonsillektomie added by immunhistological examination of the preparation brings diagnostic certainty.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2007

[Histology after adenoidectomy/tonsillectomy? No conformity in Germany concerning the histopathological examination of adenoids or tonsils in children up to the age of 10 years].

BACKGROUND: It is more and more doubted that adenoids or tonsils have to be examined histologically in pediatric cases, in which history and clinical signs and symptoms are conclusive for chronic inflammation or hyperplasia. It is unknown whether there is any conformity about this question in Germany. METHOD: The heads of all clinical departments of otorhinolaryngology (n=149) and a similar number of ENT specialists from the Berufsverband Deutscher HNO-Arzte (n=150) were surveyed by a simple questionnaire. They were asked if they would routinely send resected tissue for histopathological examination in the case of a child, up to 10 years old, presenting with a history and a status of chronic inflammation or hyperplasia and undergoing adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy. Furthermore they were asked whether they remembered any unusual or surprising report in this group of patients. RESULTS: Feedback was 79%. All tissue was sent for examination by 59% of the colleagues answering this evaluation; palatine tonsils only were sent for examination by 14%, and 27% of the physicians did not send any tissue for histological work-up. During their professional career 17% of the responding ENT specialists had received a surprising result from the histopathological examination. CONCLUSION: We do not have any consensus practiced in Germany concerning the necessity to send tissue for histopathological examination following adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy in children. It seems helpful to seek such consensus of opinion for medicolegal and socioeconomic reasons.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed2007

[Genotoxic effects of insecticides in current use on mucosal epithelial cells from human tonsil tissue].

BACKGROUND: Vector control is of critical medical importance in disease prevention, as reflected in sections 17 and 18 of the German Protection Against Infection Act. In the past, a large number of biocides were found to be hazardous to human health and were banned from the market, subsequently being replaced by new active ingredients and galenic forms. Many of these new insecticides are available in spray or nebuliser form. Whether these preparations have genotoxic effects on mucosal epithelial cells of the upper aerodigestive tract has thus far not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the comet assay, as a well-established genotoxicity test, to investigate whether malathion, diazinon, pyridostigmine bromide, piperonyl butoxide, silafluofen, and fipronil had genotoxic effects on tonsil specimens taken from 85 patients. RESULTS: All substances tested proved to have a strong genotoxic effect on mucosal epithelial cells taken from human tonsil tissue. We found clear differences between substance groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient doses of a wide range of insecticides are indispensable in many areas of human life, especially for the prevention of diseases. Depending on the method of application, however, ingestion or inhalation of these substances can damage mucosal epithelial cells of the upper aerodigestive tract. Further epidemiological studies should be undertaken to investigate whether this involves potential health hazards in at-risk populations.

Adolescent↗