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PubMed1984

Styrene exposure and the liver.

The liver functions, as reflected by the serum enzyme activities of aspartate aminotranferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase and by the concentrations of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid, of 34 styrene-exposed and 34 reference female workers were followed prospectively for a year. The mean age of exposed workers was 34.2 years, mean duration of past exposure 5.1 years. The mean age of the referents was 30.7 years. During the follow-up period blood samples were collected three times for the determinations. The history of possible liver disease and alcohol consumption was ascertained by questionnaire. Altogether 87 samples of both groups were analyzed. The styrene-exposed group did not have higher values for any measurement when compared with those of the referents. Two persons in both groups had one sample with transaminase activities exceeding laboratory reference values. The abnormal values were associated with the use of drugs or alcohol. Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations were of the same magnitude in both groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Increased frequency of lymphocyte micronuclei in workers producing reinforced polyester resin with low exposure to styrene.

A new micronucleus method based on the analysis of lymphocytes with preserved cytoplasm revealed an increased frequency of micronuclei in 38 workers employed in a plant producing styrene-modified polyester resin as compared to the frequency in 20 referents (5.9 vs 3.6%). The time-weighted average of the styrene concentration in the workroom air varied between 1 and 36 ppm (mean 13 ppm) during the last year and correlated well to low urinary levels of mandelic acid, which ranged from 9 to 316 mg/g of creatinine (mean 65 mg/g of creatinine).

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Charcoal sampling method for determining the concentration of styrene in air.

The vapors of styrene (vinylbenzene) were trapped on charcoal in a glass tube. Air from the worker's breathing zone was sucked through the tube by a battery-operated, modified, MSA personal sampling pump. The sampler and pumping system were worn by the worker. The styrene were eluted with dimethyl formamide and estimated by gas chromatography. The range and sensitivity of the method when sampling with a flow rate of 0.2 1/min during 1 h were 5 to 1,500 ppm, and during 4 h they were 2 to 400 ppm. The recovery (accuracy) was over 90%. The precision for the method, in terms of relative standard deviation, was 8.4%.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2002

DNA single strand breaks induced by low levels of occupational exposure to styrene: the gap between standards and reality.

Styrene is a known mutagen and suspected carcinogen, used in the reinforced plastic industry. This study aims to identify the occurrence of DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) in workers exposed to styrene levels far below the recommended standards. We compared 26 exposed workers with 26 control subjects and found a significant increase in the incidence of DNA-SSBs in the exposed individuals. The levels of the biological indices of exposure (urinary mandelic and phenyl glyoxylic acids) were less than 25% of the recommended limits. Reduction of the threshold limit values/time-weighted-average (TLV-TWA) applied is strongly recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Study of cytogenetic damages in peripheral blood of styrene exposed workers].

The three indices of chromosome aberration (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei were used simultaneously to ascertain the cytogenetic effects on eighty-three styrene exposed workers under current industrial hygienic conditions in two glass fiber reinforced plastics factories. Our results showed that exposure to styrene at a concentration of 129.3 mg/m3 (range 48.3-223.9 mg/m3) could result in an increase of the frequencies of CA and micronuclei but had little influence on the frequency of SCEs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of p-(methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives].

AIM: To search for new compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity and low gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. METHODS: A series of p-(methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives were synthesized. Their anti-inflammatory activities against xylene-induced mice ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema were evaluated, and their GI side effects in the rats were examined. RESULTS: Nine target compounds (ZA(1-9)) were obtained, and their structures were determined by IR, 1HNMR, MS and elemental analysis. Compared with controls diclofenac (DC) and rofecoxib (RC) , ZA(3, 5-9) showed no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear swelling in mice. ZA(3, 7, 8) showed potency comparable to DC and RC (P > 0.05) and ZA6 was more potent than DC and RC (P < 0.05) in the treatment of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. ZA(3, 5-9) showed less GI side effects than DC (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and no significant difference compared with RC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: p-(Methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives showed strong anti-inflammatory activity but few GI side effects and deserve to be further investigated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The metabolism of styrene oxide in the isolated perfused rat liver. Identification and quantitation of major metabolites.

Isolated perfused rat livers rapidly metabolized 14C-styrene oxide. A large proportion of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the bile as a single compound that was identified as S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione by comparison with an authentic synthetic standard. The circulating perfusate was found to contain approximately equal amounts of styrene glycol, mandelic acid, and the glutathione derivative.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Epidemiologic investigations of styrene-butadiene rubber production and reinforced plastics production.

The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) began an epidemiologic study of workers employed in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) industry during 1976. This study was prompted by reports of relatively high numbers of leukemia deaths occurring within SBR production work populations. Simultaneous with the initiation of this investigation, the University of North Carolina released a report associating an excess risk of death due to hematopoietic and lymphatic malignancies among workers producing several synthetic rubbers, including SBR. This report presents NIOSH's preliminary mortality observations and a discussion of progress made on the analyses of contaminants found in two SBR production facilities. Currently, NIOSH is determining the feasibility of doing an epidemiologic study in the reinforced plastics industry. Interest in this study developed as part of an effort to determine health hazards associated with occupational exposure to styrene. Most of the technology for the reinforced plastics industry developed in the 1950s, and therefore this process represents a relatively new industry. This report also includes information on environmental conditions observed in the reinforced plastics industry and enumerates some of the complicating characteristics of this industry which increase the complexity of this study.

Bone Marrow Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 stability during biological purification of industrial sewage from alpha-methyl styrene].

The behaviour of a plasmid-carrying Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 strain was studied under the conditions of industrial sewage biological purification from alpha-methyl styrene. The expression of the phenotype encoded by plasmid DNA was found to be stable, and the degradation of alpha-methyl styrene was shown to be effective.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1979

Tissue distribution and excretion of 14c-styrene in male and female rats.

The tissue distribution and excretion of an oral dose of 20 mg/kg of 14C-styrene was studied in both male and female rats at various time intervals after administration. Peak tissue levels were attained at or before 4 hours post administration. The organ with the highest concentration of radioactivity per unit weight was the kidney, followed, in order of decreasing concentration, by the liver and the pancreas. The data suggest a relationship between tissue distribution and kidney and liver toxicity. The high levels also found in the pancreas may bear some relationship to the reported increase in glucose tolerance in workers exposed to styrene. The principal route of excretion was via the kidneys, with 90% of the dose appearing in the urine within 24 hours of administration. Less than 2% of the dose was recovered from the feces.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Assessment of the occupational risk to workers engaged in the manufacture of divinyl-styrene rubber].

The production of synthetic rubber, one of the varieties of petro-chemical branch in our country, is new and very prospective. The Bulgarian synthetic rubber is synthesized from petroleum products divinyl and styrene. After the hygienic assessment of the technological processes, a complete characteristic of labour conditions was made and the character of the working process was studied of the main occupations of the workers, attending the installations of Synthetic Rubber Plant. The exposure to occupational noxae was determined and the existing occupational risk was evaluated. The toxico-chemical substances, benzene, styrene and divenyl, are with the highest significance among the factors of the working environment. The data on the health state of the workers are reported and recommendations are proposed for the restriction of the effect of the occupational factors.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1982

Depletion of glutathione content and inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of rat brain following exposure to styrene.

Dose dependent effects of styrene on cellular glutathione content and activity of cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase and microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase of rat brain was investigated. A significant inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and glutathione-S-transferase activity followed by depletion of glutathione content, was observed only at higher doses (450 and 900 mg/kg). Results suggest that exposure of styrene to rats can affect the biotransformation capacity of brain dependent on glutathione content and the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and glutathione-S-transferase.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Polarographic method of determining microconcentrations of styrene in the air].

A rapid, highly sensitive modified polarographic method for the determination of styrene microconcentrations in air -0,5-I mg/cm3 was elaborated, on the different electrolyte of propionic acid or in 10-20 times higher sensitivity than the methods known so far; the relative error determination +/- 2%. The method is selective for styrene - aliphatic, aromatic and halohydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, esters do not interfere with the determination. Air samples are collected in 4-6 minutes, the polarographic analysis performed within 1-2 minutes. The implementation of the method is widely recommended for the improvement of the quality and effectiveness of sanitarychemical and hygienic control.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1981

[Gas chromatographic method of determining styrene in blood (the head-space method)].

A gas-chromatographic method (Head Space) was elaborated - analysis of blood for styrene content. The method is fast and accurate. Sensitivity - I microgram/ml-1 and analytical capacity 88%. The pretreatment of the sample is avoided as well as the reagents consumption. The method is convenient for serial analyses and could be applied in the determination and assessment of the exposure extent among workers with styrene and its polymers.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1978

Health status of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers.

Styrene monomer is a greatly used chemical, chiefly in the production of polystyrene. A cross-sectional health survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the United States. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories and corroborated by spot air sampling, blood and fat styrene concentrations and levels of urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Statistically significant differences between the prevalence of abnormalities in high and low exposure groups were found for the following: history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, history of acute lower respiratory symptoms, peroneal nerve conduction velocities, relative lymphocytosis, and elevated gamma glutamyl transpetsidase. The following showed no distinct pattern in prevalence when analyzed by exposure group: chest radiographic changes; indices or restrictive, obstructive and small airway dysfunction; other hepatic and hematological parameters; carcinoembryonic antigen level; sputum cytopathology; radial nerve conduction velocities; and ophthalmological findings. Clinically significant abnormalities were rare.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1978

Survey of mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene at the BASF Ludwigshafen works.

A mortality survey of 1,960 employees currently or previously exposed to styrene at work has shown that the observed number of deaths from cancer or other causes is no higher than the number expected in the German population or in a group of BASF employees. Analyses of deaths occurring after a minimum period of five years in groups exposed for different durations (5 years, 10 years, 15 years, more than 15 years) indicated no increase in mortality with exposure time. This latter observation also applied to malignant tumors; therefore it may be inferred that prolonged exposure to styrene is not a cancer hazard.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Initial findings.

A group of 560 individuals has been identified as employed on 1 May 1960 with at least five years seniority in a plant manufacturing styrene and polystyrene. In this plant workplace exposures included styrene, benzene and ethylbenzene, among other materials. All of the 560 individuals have been traced through 1975 and their vital status determined. Expected and observed deaths, by cause, were determined from 1 May 1960 or the tenth anniversary of employment in the plant through 31 December 1975. Over this relatively short period of time a deficit of deaths compared to that of the general population was observed (106.41 expected versus 83 observed). Among the 83 deaths, one was of leukemia, one of lymphoma and an additional death was accompanied by leukemia. A review of 361 additional death certificates revealed five additional cases of leukemia and four of lymphoma. The available information from the limited follow-up in time of the time of the cohort and from the randomly collected death certificates, while suggestive of a possible risk, is not definitive.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene.

Workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics industry show a significant increase of chromosome aberrations, mainly chromosome breaks, in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The high incidence of aberrant lymphocytes (mean 15.1 +/- 4.8%; referents 2.0 +/- 1.3 %) was retained when the same men were reexamined one year later (mean 16.2 +/- 2.9 %). However, the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), a newly developed sensitive parameter for the detection of recombinational exchanges linked with DNA repair, was not significantly increased (mean 5.3 +/- 1.0 SCE/cell) in comparison to the referents (mean 4.4 +/- 0.6 SCE/cell). This finding suggests a specific role of styrene or its metabolites in inducing genetic lesions mainly manifesting themselves as chromosomal breaks.

Adult↗