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PubMed1997

Reliability and validity assessments of measures of social networks, social support and control--results from the Malmö Shoulder and Neck Study.

The reliability and validity of methods to assess social networks, social support and control were investigated in a population of 12,009 females and males born between 1926 and 1945 (the "Malmö Shoulder and Neck Study"). This study demonstrated an overall reliability with kappa coefficients between 0.70 and 0.47, but the reliability was more varying among females and lower in the youngest age group. The analysis of the construct validity indicated that the different indices measure different aspects of the psychosocial environment, but both theoretical and methodological problems were identified, when the validity of multidimensional concepts are to be determined. The validity of such indices can best be judged by combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Potential validity problems must be kept in mind when these indices are used in epidemiological research. The results from the reliability analysis call for repeated assessments and the sample size must be adjusted vis-a-vis the reliability.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. I. Psychiatric, social, and forensic aspects.

Sixty individuals are described who have lifelong eccentricity and social isolation and who have sought psychiatric treatment as a direct or an indirect result. They were predominantly young and, as in other samples of autistic people, male (6M: 1F). Most of them were of normal intelligence. They were all profoundly socially handicapped: few had lived independently, had lasting sexual relationships or spent much time in employment. Nearly a half of the subjects had been involved in antisocial behaviour at some stage. Nearly a quarter had committed a criminal offence. Violence was usually domestic, most often directed against the mother. Forty-eight per cent of subjects had a second psychiatric disorder (11.7% had a psychosis).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Time, social change, and social work.

The nature of time and social change is considered from two points of view, the linear and the synergistic. The implications of both for social work in health care are considered, related to the teachings of Hyman J. Weiner and to an ecological perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The beginning development of a model for joint research between a hospital social work department and a school of social work.

Efforts of agencies and schools of social work to encourage goals of research and professional writing among their staff and faculty have brought uneven results. A medical center and a graduate school of social work are in the process of implementing a joint research model which encourages practice based research and publication. This paper describes the beginning structures of the model and the questions addressed in the formative process.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Social representations and themata: the construction and functioning of social knowledge about donation and transplantation.

This study extends previous research investigating the social representation of organ donation and transplantation (Moloney & Walker, 2000, 2002) by exploring the accommodation of contradiction (Wagner, Duveen, Verma, & Thelmel, 2000) within consensual reality (Rose et al., 1995), and the role of themata (Markova, 2000) in a representation. The study employed a mail-out questionnaire embedded with eight experimental conditions, which manipulated two tasks, scenario rating scale and word association. WMDS (INDSCAL) analyses demonstrated that the dialectical concepts of life and death are generative of a contradictory representational field that is maintained through the differential elicitation of the normative and functional dimensions (Guimelli, 1998) of the representation in accordance with social context.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Social roles as mechanisms for psychological need satisfaction within social groups.

The authors explored ways in which needs for autonomy and relatedness can be simultaneously met within the context of group life. Specifically, it was hypothesized that social role performances provide means of both expressing the self and connecting with group members. Consistent with the assumption that autonomy and relatedness are complementary rather than conflictual, these needs were positively correlated in all 5 studies. Consistent with the authors' assumption that these needs are both important, feelings of autonomy and relatedness in social roles independently predicted subjective well-being, as measured by concurrent (Studies I and 3), peer-report (Study 2). and longitudinal (Studies 4 and 5) methodologies. Study 5 showed that participants whose characteristics matched an assigned role experienced more autonomy and relatedness and thus more positive mood during a group task. Implications for optimal functioning in group contexts are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The long shadow of childhood: associations between parental social class and own social class, educational attainment and timing of first birth; results from the ONS Longitudinal Study.

In September 2004, linked data from the 2001 Census was made available in the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Longitudinal Study (a 1 per cent sample of the population of England and Wales). The study now includes information from four censuses on sample members and the people they lived with. The availability of this new information, the length of follow-up and other features of the study (such as records of births and deaths to sample members) provide new opportunities for analysing change--both over the life course, between time periods, and between generations. This article illustrates the potential for analysis of continuity and change with new results on intergenerational social mobility, and on parental social class and age at first birth.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1989

Social well-being: the future of the social and health care systems.

There are signs that the American public is becoming more concerned than in the previous decade with issues of compassion such as helping the poor, giving families a better break, helping children and people of color. Concern about the nation's vulnerable groups is increasing at a time of particularly profound societal change. The nation is aging demographically, vast technologic changes have displaced masses of workers, there are sharper economic contrasts than ever between the "haves" and "have-nots," and family structure is changing dramatically. In this era of change there are increased pressures on health care professionals, particularly in terms of fiscal constraints and public demands for accountability. At this time, we recommend moving toward a unified social well-being system which incorporates medical care,health care, and social services in a manner that makes the most efficient use of limited resources.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contact behavior of elderly females living alone from the social psychologic viewpoint--an exploratory study. II: Social contact with children (close relations) and with other relatives (siblings, extended family)].

After a theoretical introduction, the authors present the results of an exploratory study on the social contacts between older women living alone and their children and other relatives, respectively. It seems to be of special importance for future examinations not to confine oneself to recording the quality and the quantity of such contacts. The necessity of a description of the social contacts in substance in the individual fields of contact is pointed out.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Social ecology of supervised communal facilities for mentally disabled adults: VI. Initial social adaptation.

The social adaptation of mentally disabled adults introduced to two new vocational rehabilitation settings was investigated. Client behavior was observed for 8 weeks after placement in an evaluation center and for an additional 8 weeks in subsequent workshop settings. During the evaluation period, clients' sociability increased with time in the program. In the later workshop placements, the social milieu rather than time in the program influenced the degree of client sociability. Specifically, in the first 2 weeks of workshop placement, clients placed in Workshop A, which had a more sociable milieu, remained at the high levels of sociability, similar to the last weeks in the evaluation phase. In contrast, clients placed in Workshop B showed a decline in sociability, which was related to environmental variables. Clients initially affiliated more with other clients they knew during evaluation, but this tendency decreased as they became integrated into the workshop program.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family relations and informal social networks in the social structure and demographic change].

Demographic changes and social structural transformations lead to changes in family size, the family cycle and in intergenerational relationships. Contrary to an abridged and overgeneralized public, political and scientific discussion, one can, by no means, assume a decrease in family functions concerning the aged. It seems that in some areas emotional and instrumental functions of the family increase. In other areas functions are transferred and generally there is a whole new division of labor between family and other informal networks. These informal networks are obviously becoming increasingly meaningful in the sense of a family "freely chosen". Because of considerable variability in social structure generalizations in this area cannot be made. On the whole, one can expect a continuing expansion and differentiation in the range and type of support offered the elderly by the family and other networks.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The intergenerational costs of parental social stressors: academic and social difficulties in early adolescence for children of young mothers.

Social stressors embedded in parents' occupational and family roles have been shown to have effects on family interaction and the cognitive and emotional development of young children. Here we consider whether these patterns also hold for children in early adolescence. We study 1,158 10 to 14-year-old children born to the early childbearers among the female respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort. We find that both poor quality of parental employment and low quality of mothers' relationships with their partners have adverse effects on the cognitive stimulation and maternal warmth children receive; living in informal unions is also associated with poorer parent-child interaction. These family interaction patterns in turn both buffer the effects of stressful family conditions and shape academic and behavior outcomes directly. Some work and family conditions interact in their effects: In particular, single mothering has less adverse effects on cognitive stimulation and behavior problems when mothers are employed in occupations providing higher complexity. The effects of current conditions are diminished but seldom eliminated when we control for possible selection effects by using data from earlier waves to control for earlier levels of child problems. These findings suggest that current parental social stressors continue to have consequences for both academic and behavioral outcomes during early adolescence.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

[Quality criteria and quality standards--social medicine expert assessment and its effectiveness in the social insurance system].

Basing on formulated criteria of expertises opinions in social medicine, the results of four investigations are presented aiming at the utilisation of expert opinions from external surveyors for social insurance. Leaving aside deficits that may be compensated, the results and assessments justify the view that consideration of only a few quality standards may increase the sociomedical competence and relevance of expert opinions.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2005

Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: long-term effects from the Seattle Social Development Project.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of the Seattle Social Development Project intervention in promoting positive adult functioning and preventing mental health problems, crime, and substance use (including tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs) at 21 years of age. DESIGN: This nonrandomized controlled trial followed up participants to 21 years of age, 9 years after the intervention ended. We compared the following 3 intervention conditions: a full 6-year intervention (grades 1 through 6); a late 2-year intervention (grades 5 and 6 only); and a no-treatment control condition. SETTING: Eighteen public elementary schools serving diverse neighborhoods, including high-crime neighborhoods, of Seattle, Wash. PARTICIPANTS: A sex-balanced, multiethnic sample of 605 participants across the 3 conditions who completed interviews at 21 years of age (94% of the original sample in these conditions). INTERVENTIONS: Teacher training in classroom instruction and management, child social and emotional skill development, and parent training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of functioning in school and work, emotional and mental health, and crime and substance use at 21 years of age and official court records. RESULTS: Broad significant effects on functioning in school and work and on emotional and mental health were found. Fewer significant effects on crime and substance use were found at 21 years of age. Most outcomes had a consistent dose effect, with the strongest effects in subjects in the full-intervention group and effects in the late-intervention group between those in the full-intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: A theory-guided preventive intervention that strengthened teaching and parenting practices and taught children interpersonal skills during the elementary grades had wide-ranging beneficial effects on functioning in early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The importance of social condition in the hormonal and behavioral responses to an acute social stressor in the male Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

Social condition is an important factor in determining the behavioral and hormonal responses to a social stressor in the Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus). We predict that males housed with a female or a family (female and pups) will show an increase in the magnitude of the behavioral and hormonal responses to a male intruder compared to those of individually housed males. Three treatment groups were studied: individually housed males that had been previously group-housed in same-sex colonies (males, n = 10), males housed with a female (male + female, n = 9), and males housed with their female and pups (male + family, n = 12). Males were monitored for aggressive behavior toward an intruder male for 10 min. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after the encounter. Male + female and male + family groups spent more time in aggressive behavior (P < 0.05), such as attacking (P < 0.05) and fighting (P < 0.05), than did individually housed males. These same groups showed significant increases in plasma cortisol after the encounter (P < 0.01) whereas there were no significant increases in plasma cortisol in solitary males. All groups showed significantly lower levels of plasma testosterone (male, P < 0.001, male + female, P < 0.05; male + family, P < 0.01) whereas a significant increase in prolactin occurred only in the male + family group (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between postencounter cortisol levels and total number of minutes spent in aggressive behavior (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the introduction of a novel intruder male results in an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and a suppression of the reproductive axis. Furthermore, pairing of a male with a female alters the behavioral and hormonal responses to an intruder male.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Prediction of preschool social behavior from social-emotional development at one year.

In an attempt to directly investigate later consequences of the early mother-infant relationship, several measures of social-emotional and cognitive-motivational development at 12 months of age were correlated with two measures of preschool adjustment for 26 children. Results indicated that both of our measures of early social functioning were related to more optimal adjustment in a peer-setting at three-and-a-half years of age. Taken together, the results of the study provide empirical support for the widely held, but seldom tested, hypothesis that the quality of the early mother-infant tie has important consequences for the child's subsequent development in most areas.

Attention↗
PubMed1983

Sex-related motor behavior: effects on social impressions and social cooperation.

Advances have been made recently in the measurement of sex-related motor behaviors (i.e., sex-typed ways of standing, sitting, walking, and gesturing). While these behaviors are an important dependent variable (e.g., as a measure of sex role), they can also be viewed as an independent variable. The present paper reports two experiments on the effect of sex-related motor behaviors. In the first, videotapes of males and females behaving in extremely sex-typed ways (both "masculine" and "feminine") were rated on a number of dimensions (e.g., sexual orientation, likeability). In the second, male and female confederates behaving in extremely sex-typed ways approached people and asked for their cooperation in filling out a long survey. Females showing "masculine" motor behavior were thought to be more masculine and unnatural appearing but also elicited significantly more cooperation than when acting feminine. Males showing "feminine" mannerisms were thought to be feminine, unnatural, unlikeable, unconfident, and probably homosexual, and elicited less actual cooperation than when acting masculine. In general, cross-sex motor behavior had mixed social effects with females and consistently negative social effects with males.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Social inequality and alcohol consumption-abuse in Bahia, Brazil-- interactions of gender, ethnicity and social class.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings on Alcohol Consumption-Abuse (ACAb) in Bahia, Brazil, a research setting characterized by racial/ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. METHODS: A household survey was conducted with a sample of 2,302 adults. ACAb was defined as daily intake of more than two units of beverage, with drunkenness, or weekly binge drinking plus episodes of drunkenness, or any use of alcoholic beverages with frequent drunkenness, with failed attempts to stop drinking. RESULTS: The rate of 12-month prevalence was 7%, with an overall male: female ratio of 6:1. A positive association of ACAb prevalence with education and social class was found. Male gender and higher socio-economic status were associated with increased odds of ACAb. No relationship was found between ethnicity and ACAb. Stratified analysis yielded consistent gender effects, throughout all strata of independent variables. A strong interaction of gender (male) and social class (upper class) was found for Mulattos and Morenos (maximum Prevalence rate=9.04). CONCLUSION: Interaction patterns found defy simple generalizations based on class, ethnicity, and gender considered alone.

Adult↗