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PubMed2006

The role of perceived similarity in supportive responses to victims of negative life events.

The authors examined whether participants' perceived similarity to an ostensible victim of a negative life event influenced their supportiveness during a live interaction. Two competing models were considered: (a) increased similarity would be associated with increased supportiveness through attraction to the target and (b) increased similarity would be associated with decreased supportiveness through anxiety (due to heightened vulnerability). Participants (N = 241) met individually with a confederate posing as a cancer patient. Reactions were assessed, including verbal and nonverbal behaviors, both before and after the interaction, by participants themselves and by observers of the interaction. Results supported a model based on the classic similarity/attraction paradigm: Perceived similarity indirectly predicted participant-reported supportiveness/warmth and smiling through its relationship to attraction. Results extend the literature on similarity and attraction to the stress and coping arena and suggest that emphasizing perceived similarities to victims would be beneficial.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Emotional ties that bind: the roles of valence and consistency of group emotion in inferences of cohesiveness and common fate.

In three studies, observers based inferences about the cohesiveness and common fate of groups on the emotions expressed by group members. The valence of expressions affected cohesiveness inferences, whereas the consistency of expressions affected inferences of whether members have common fate. These emotion composition effects were stronger than those due to the race or sex composition of the group. Furthermore, the authors show that emotion valence and consistency are differentially involved in judgments about the degree to which the group as a whole was responsible for group performance. Finally, it is demonstrated that valence-cohesiveness effects are mediated by inferences of interpersonal liking and that consistency-common fate effects are mediated by inferences of psychological similarity. These findings have implications for the literature on entitativity and regarding the function of emotions in social contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rationalizing criminal behaviour: the influence of criminal sentiments on sociomoral development in violent offenders and nonoffenders.

Cognitive developmental theory suggests that mature-level sociomoral reasoning (Stages 3 and 4) can provide a protective factor, or buffer, against antisocial and violent criminal behavior. This study explored whether the influence of internalised criminal sentiments could undermine this buffer. The sample was high-risk men and women offenders (n = 99) convicted of serious violent index offences, and men and women nonoffender university students (n = 101). Moral reasoning was measured using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form, whereas criminal sentiments were assessed using the Criminal Sentiments Scale. Based on moral reasoning development level the sample was classified into groups: mature- or immature-level moral reasoners. The results suggested that mature-level sociomoral development might not protect a person from identifying with criminal others, and that law violation could be rationalized regardless of sociomoral level. Gender differences were neither expected nor found. The applied implications of the findings are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Deficit of the theory-of-mind in schizophrenia: clinical concept and review of experimental arguments].

OBJECTIVE: This article synthesizes and discusses the clinical and experimental arguments for applying the concept of a theory-of-mind deficit to schizophrenia. METHOD: The term "theory of mind" is defined. A review of literature on the hypothesis of a theory-of-mind deficit in schizophrenia is then presented. Clinical and experimental arguments are discussed. The article concludes with a summary of the issue. RESULTS: The hypothesis of a theory-of-mind deficit in schizophrenia is convincing, particularly considering the most recent experimental evidence. This cognitive deficit explains the presence of schizophrenia symptoms such as delusions of influence and reference, problems in social adaptation, and signs of disorganized communication. Consideration is given to the roles played by situational ambiguity, the individual's intellectual level, and type of treatment. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis of a theory-of-mind deficit has only recently been applied in schizophrenia research; it may have a strong impact on clinical practice. If its role in the onset of symptoms is to be better understood, explanatory models and experimental paradigms must be further refined.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2000

A longitudinal study of siblings of children with chronic disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the unaffected siblings of 2 different groups with chronic disabilities, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and Down syndrome (DS), over 3 years, comparing their adjustment with each other and with the siblings of a nondisabled group. METHOD: This study examines 137 siblings of children with PDD, children with DS, and developmentally normal children (control group) initially and 127 siblings at follow-up 3 years later. Their adjustment is measured by the Survey Diagnostic Instrument (SDI), completed by caregivers and teachers. Predictor variables include sibling self-perception, social support, and relationship with sibling, as indicated by siblings; caregiver psychosocial factors such as parental stress, caregiver depression, and marital relationship; family systems characteristics as viewed by both caregiver and sibling; and difficulty that disabled child causes as perceived by the primary caregiver. RESULTS: Significantly more adjustment problems are found in the siblings of PDD children at both times when compared with siblings of DS and control children. Caregivers of PDD children report the highest levels of distress and depression, and this persists over time. Parent distress was found, at both times, to be related to sibling adjustment problems, regardless of study group. CONCLUSION: These results have implications for preventive intervention for the unaffected siblings of PDD children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The place of attachment in the life events model of stress and illness.

Recent evidence indicates that perceived adequacy of support has substantial predictive power for the subsequent onset of minor psychiatric symptoms. Such findings suggest that social support is not purely a property of the environment, but is also a function of personality. The problem, however, with a re-emphasis on personality variables is that any one of scores of dimensions can be chosen for study. This paper argues that precision may be gained by conceptualizing personality variables in terms of basic behavioral systems that have been extensively investigated in ethological and developmental studies. One such basic system is attachment. The present paper discusses the relevance of attachment theory for understanding susceptibility to stress and individual differences in the use of social support during times of stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The role of victim-offender relationship in women's sexual assault experiences.

This study's goal is to identify differences in background, assault, and postassault factors according to the victim-offender relationship. A mail survey is conducted with more than 1,000 female sexual assault survivors (response rate 90%) recruited from college, community, and mental health agency sources. Stranger assailants are associated with a greater victim perceived life threat, more severe sexual assaults, and ethnic minority victims. Positive social reactions do not vary according to the victim-offender relationship, but stranger victims report more negative social reactions from others than do victims of acquaintances or romantic partners. Assaults by strangers and relatives are associated with more posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms than assaults by acquaintances and romantic partners. As expected, survivors' social cognitive responses to rape and social reactions from support providers are stronger correlates of PTSD symptoms than demographic or assault characteristics in general, but correlates vary across victim-offender relationship groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The social consequences of long-term breastfeeding.

This study examined the social consequences for mothers of long-term breastfeeding in a non-supportive culture, and how mothers learned to cope with negative reactions and comments from others. One hundred seventy-nine women who were recruited from La Leche League area conferences nationwide from 1989 to 1991 completed a self-administered closed-ended questionnaire which asked about their breastfeeding and weaning experiences. The percentage of mothers who cited "social stigma" as a negative aspect of breastfeeding increased dramatically as the age of the child increased; 29 percent cited social stigma for breastfeeding past six months, 44 percent for breastfeeding past 12 months, and 61 percent for breastfeeding past 24 months. In spite of the social stigma, the women cited more positive aspects for breastfeeding (M = 6.18 aspects) than they did negative aspects (M = .85 aspects). The positive aspects of breastfeeding emphasized the strong emotional bond between mother and child, and the emotional benefits they both received. Mother-to-mother support, spousal support, and a woman's own sense of confidence were important buffers against the criticism of others. And while the criticism of others was likely to cause negative feelings, the mothers reported that it had very little impact on their breastfeeding behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Breastfeeding in children's books: reflecting and shaping our values.

Children's books reflect and reinforce our society's message that bottlefeeding is the normal way to feed human babies. Even books that include breastfeeding may unwittingly undermine their intended message of support. It is important for lactation consultants to be aware of and help to promote those books that show or describe breastfeeding in a positive light. No book is perfect, and no one book will fit all needs, but a number of helpful books that include breastfeeding are available today. We can help to bring them to the attention of parents and children and to encourage their use in libraries, schools, clinics, childbirth classes, and similar settings.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

The concept of branding: is it relevant to nursing?

This concept exploration examines branding and its relevance to nursing. Branding is used to differentiate products through use of symbols. The symbols are the brands that are designed to communicate the value of products. Nursing has had many identifying symbols, such as the nurse's cap and the white uniform, but these symbols have failed to clearly communicate the essence of nursing. Lack of a distinct nursing brand has led to confusion about the discipline. The Roy adaptation model provides a view of branding as a process for clearly defining the profession, improving its image, and differentiating its role within the healthcare milieu.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Religious involvement and 6-year course of depressive symptoms in older Dutch citizens: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

OBJECTIVES: Expanding on cross-sectional studies, associations are examined between religious involvement and the 6-year course of depressive symptoms in older adults. METHODS: Subjects are 1,840 community-dwelling older adults (aged 55 to 85) participating in three measurement cycles of the Longitudinal Aging Study, Amsterdam. Assessments include aspects of religious involvement, depressive symptoms, physical health, self-perceptions, social integration, urbanization, and alcohol use. RESULTS: Church attendance is negatively associated with the course of depressive symptoms, also after adjustment for explanatory variables. Among respondents with functional limitations, lower depression scores are found for those who attend church on a regular basis. For respondents who are bereaved or nonmarried, however, slightly higher depression scores are found for those with high levels of orthodox beliefs. DISCUSSION: There is a consistent negative association over time between church attendance and depressive symptoms in older Dutch citizens. Both stress-buffering as well as depression-evoking effects of religious involvement are found.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

A commentary on strategies for AIDS prevention from the British perspective.

The commentary review similarities between the American and the European perspective of the HIV spread, with particular emphasis on the British mode of transmission among women. Social perceptions of the female role are seen as contributing to the difficulties experienced by British women who are HIV positive. Although there are numerous ongoing programs to assist and support HIV-infected women, the projection of an increased incidence in the spread of HIV among the heterosexual population is one that needs to be addressed. This is recognized as an issue that will reveal the needs of this new infected population and will in turn decide the necessary revisions of all existing programs that offer help and assistance to women. The commentary acknowledges the value of the American-designed peer counseling and leadership training and suggests that international (PCLT) program implementation might be considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Examination of a conceptual model of child neglect.

This study attempted to provide empirical support for conceptual definitions of child neglect. We identified 12 types of needs, conceptualizing neglect as occurring when children's basic needs are not adequately met. We examined measures administered to 377 children and caregivers at ages 4 and 6 years participating in longitudinal studies on child mal-treatment to identify potential indicators of these needs. Indicators were found for latent constructs, operationalizing three of the basic needs (emotional support and/or affection, protection from family conflict and/or violence, and from community violence). These latent constructs were used in a measurement model; this supported the conceptual definitions of neglect. A structural equation model then assessed whether the latent constructs were associated with child adjustment at age 8 years. Low level of perceived support from mother was associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Exposure to family conflict was also linked to these problems, and to social difficulties. Finally, children's sense of experiencing little early affection was associated with subsequent externalizing behavior and social problems. The approach of conceptualizing neglect in terms of unmet child needs, developing a measurement model to define latent neglect constructs, and relating these constructs to subsequent adjustment can build our understanding of neglect.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

A web in the patriarchal clan system: tactics of intimate partners in the Japanese sociocultural context.

Only recently has Japanese society come to realize the magnitude of domestic violence as a serious social problem. Using focus group methodology, this study investigated the function and the sociocultural reinforcements of male partner violence. The analysis of the participants' accounts of various types of violence their partners perpetrated, which were accompanied by an elaborate collection of tactics to reinforce the effects of the violence, has led to the conceptualization of partners' violence as a spider web. The Japanese patriarchal clan system and underlying ideology of male superiority fosters the maintenance of this web.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The critical path of women affected by family violence in Latin America: case studies from 10 countries.

This research examined the critical path followed by women from 10 Latin American countries who suffer family violence. It identified the personal and social processes women experience as a result of their help-seeking actions and the kinds of responses found at local services. The study used an action-oriented qualitative methodology with a standard research protocol that was translated and adapted for the various ethnic groups. The results provided community actors with an understanding of the barriers women face in overcoming the obstacles, humiliation, and inadequate responses they encounter along their critical paths.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Perceived barriers to social support from family and friends among older adults with HIV/AIDS.

Research has found that HIV-infected adults age 50 and older are more socially isolated than younger HIV-infected individuals. This study examines the perceived barriers to obtaining emotional and practical social support from friends and family among 63 older adults (age 50+) living with HIV/AIDS. Many reported they did not receive enough emotional support (42%) or practical assistance (27%). Barriers to obtaining support included: (1) nondisclosure of HIV status; (2) others' fear of HIV/AIDS; (3) desire to be self-reliant and independent; (4) not wanting to be a burden; (5) unavailability of family; (6) death of friends to AIDS; and (7) ageism. These barriers may explain the greater social isolation of HIV-infected older adults and inform interventions targeted at reducing these barriers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation.

This study assessed the effects of social support and hardiness on the level of stress in mothers of typical children and children with developmental disabilities. One hundred and twenty mothers participated (40 mothers of children with autism, 40 mothers of children with mental retardation, and 40 mothers of typically developing children). Results indicated significant group differences in ratings of depression, anxiety, somatic complaints and burnout. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the best predictors of the dependent measures. Both hardiness and social support were predictive of successful adaptation. The relationships among hardiness, support and coping are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗