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PubMed1997

The minimum sodium requirement of growing kittens defined on the basis of plasma aldosterone concentration.

The minimum sodium requirement of growing kittens was measured using a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Twelve specific-pathogen-free short-hair growing kittens (six males, six females) were fed casein and lactalbumin-based purified diets supplemented with various levels of sodium (NaCI). Using six growing kittens (four males, two females), a sodium depletion and repletion study was conducted to define the variables associated with sodium deficiency. Sodium-deficient kittens exhibited anorexia, impaired growth, polydypsia, polyuria, hemoconcentration, reduced urinary sodium output and specific gravity, and elevated aldosterone concentration in plasma and output in urine. Plasma sodium concentration was not affected by dietary sodium intake. Urinary sodium output was positively related to (r = 0.818, P < 0.001), but fecal sodium loss was independent of sodium intake. These results suggest that sodium balance in kittens is essentially regulated by renal excretion. The recommended minimum sodium requirement of kittens for growth is 1.6 g Na/kg diet (energy density, 22 kJ ME/g diet), or 0.07 mg Na/kJ ME, or 34 mg Na x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). A sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance was estimated to be 21 mg Na x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). These requirements are considerably greater than those recommended by the National Research Council in 1986.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1996

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,2-Bis(Bromomethyl)-1,3-Propanediol (FR-1138(R)) (CAS No. 3296-90-0) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies).

2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol is used as a fire retardant in unsaturated polyester resins, in molded products, and in rigid polyurethane foam. 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was chosen for study because it is a widely used flame retardant and little toxicity and carcinogenicity data were available. Groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to technical grade 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (78.6% pure) in feed for 13 weeks or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, mouse bone marrow, and mouse peripheral blood. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)- 1,3-propanediol for 13 weeks. These levels corresponded to approximately 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1,700 mg 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol/kg body weight (males) and 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1,600 mg/kg (females). No rats died during the studies. The final mean body weights and weight gains of 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 ppm males and females were significantly lower than those of the controls. Feed consumption by exposed animals was lower than that by controls at week 1, but was generally similar to or slightly higher than that by controls at week 13. No chemical-related clinical findings were observed. Chemical-related differences in clinical pathology parameters included increased urine volumes accompanied by decreased urine specific gravity and minimally increased protein excretion in 10,000 and 20,000 ppm males. In females, urine parameters were less affected than males. Water deprivation tests demonstrated that male and female rats were able to adequately concentrate their urine in response to decreased water intake. Serum protein and albumin concentrations in female rats exposed to 2,500 ppm and higher were slightly lower than those of the controls. Renal papillary degeneration was present in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm males, and in 20,000 ppm males and females. Hyperplasia of the urinary bladder was present in 20,000 ppm males. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol for 13 weeks. These levels corresponded to approximately 100, 200, 500, 1,300, or 3,000 mg 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol/kg body weight (males) and 140, 300, 600, 1,200, or 2,900 mg/kg (females). One control female, two males and one female receiving 625 ppm, one female receiving 1,250 ppm, one female receiving 2,500 ppm, one female receiving 5,000 ppm, and three males receiving 10,000 ppm died during the study. The final mean body weights and body weight gains of males and females receiving 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm and of females receiving 625 ppm were significantly lower than those of the controls. Feed consumption by exposed mice was generally higher than that by controls throughout the study. Clinical findings included abnormal posture and hypoactivity in 10,000 ppm male and female mice. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations of 5,000 ppm females and 10,000 ppm males and females were greater than those of controls. Also, urine specific gravity was lower in 10,000 ppm females. Differences in organ weights generally followed those in body weights. Papillary necrosis, renal tubule regeneration, and fibrosis were observed in the kidneys of 2,500 and 5,000 ppm males and 10,000 ppm males and females. Urinary bladder hyperplasia was observed in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm males and females. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats received 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)- 1,3-propanediol in feed for 104 to 105 weeks. Groups of 70 males and 60 females received 0 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in feed for 104 to 105 weeks. A stop-exposure group of 70 male rats received 20,000 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in feed for 3 months, after which animals received undosed feed for the remainder of the 2-year styear study. Average daily doses of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol were 100, 200, or 430 mg/kg body weight for males and 115, 230, or 460 mg/kg for females. Stop-exposure males received an average daily dose of 800 mg/kg. Ten animals from the 0 ppm male group and the 20,000 ppm stop-exposure group were evaluated at 3 months; nine or 10 control animals and five to nine animals from each of the continuous-exposure groups were evaluated at 15 months. Survival, Body Weights, Feed Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of 5,000 and 10,000 ppm continuous-exposure study males and females and 20,000 ppm stop-exposure males was significantly lower than that of the controls. Mean body weights of exposed male and female rats receiving 10,000 ppm and stop-exposure males receiving 20,000 ppm were lower than those of the controls throughout most of the study. In the continuous-exposure study, feed consumption by exposed rats was generally similar to that by controls throughout the study. In 20,000 ppm stop-exposure males, the feed consumption was lower than that by controls. Clinical findings included skin and/or subcutaneous masses on the face, tail, and the ventral and dorsal surfaces of exposed rats. Pathology Findings: In the 2-year continuous and stop-exposure studies in male rats, exposure to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was associated with neoplastic effects in the skin, mammary gland, Zymbal's gland, oral cavity, esophagus, forestomach, small and large intestines, mesothelium, urinary bladder, lung, thyroid gland, hematopoietic system, and seminal vesicle. Nonneoplastic effects in the kidney, lung, thyroid gland, seminal vesicle, pancreas, urinary bladder, and forestomach were also observed. In females, 2-year exposure to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was associated with neoplastic effects in the oral cavity, esophagus, mammary gland, and thyroid gland. Nonneoplastic effects in the kidney were also observed. These findings are outlined in the two summary tables. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice received 0, 312, 625, or 1,250 ppm 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in feed for 104 to 105 weeks. Average daily doses of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol were 35, 70, or 140 mg/kg (males) and 40, 80, or 170 mg/kg (females). Eight to 10 animals from each group were evaluated at 15 months. Survival, Body Weights, Feed Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of 1,250 ppm males and females was significantly lower than that of the controls. Mean body weights of exposed male and female mice were similar to controls throughout the study. Final mean body weights were also generally similar to those of controls. Feed consumption by exposed male and female mice was similar to that by controls. Clinical findings included tissue masses involving the eye in exposed mice. Pathology Findings: Exposure of male mice to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol for 2 years was associated with neoplastic effects in the harderian gland, lung, and kidney. Exposure of female mice to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was associated with increased incidences of neoplasms of the harderian gland, lung, and skin. Nonneoplastic effects in the lung were also observed in exposed females. These findings are outlined in the two summary tables. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 when tested in the presence of induced 30&percnt; hamster liver S9; all other strain/activation combinations gave negative results. In cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol induced chromosomal aberrations only in the presence of S9; no induction of sister chromatid exchanges was observed in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol, with or without S9. In vivo, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol induced significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes in male and female mice. Significant increases in micronuclei were observed in peripheral blood samples from male and female mice exposed to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol for 13 weeks via dosed feed. Results of a bone marrow micronucleus test in male mice, where 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was administered by gavage, were considered to be equivocal due to inconsistent results obtained in two trials. An additional bone marrow micronucleus test was performed with male and female mice and 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection; results of this test were positive in females and negative in males. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2,2-bis-(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (FR-1138) in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of neoplasms of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, mammary gland, Zymbal's gland, oral cavity, esophagus, forestomach, small and large intestines, mesothelium, urinary bladder, lung, thyroid gland, and seminal vesicle, and the increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of neoplasms of the oral cavity, esophagus, mammary gland, and thyroid gland. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of neoplasms of the harderian gland, lung, and kidney. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of neoplasms of the harderian gland, lung, and subcutaneous tissue. Slight increases in the incidences of neoplasms of the pancreas and kidney in male rats; forestomach in male mice; and forestomach, mammary gland, and circulatory system in female mice may have also been related to treatment. Exposure of male and female rats to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was associated with alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasia in the lung (males only); focal atrophy, papillary degeneration, transitional epithelial hyperplasia (pelvis), and papillary epithelial hyperplasia in the kidney; follicular cell hyperplasia in the thyroid gland (males only); hyperplasia in the seminal vesicle and pancreas (males only); mucosal hyperplasia in the forestomach (males only); and urinary bladder hyperplasia (males only). Exposure of mice to 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol was associated with hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium in females. Synonyms: 2,2-Bis(2-bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol; 1,3-dibromo-2,2-dihydroxymethylpropane; 1,3-dibromo-2,2-dimethylolpropane; 2,2-dibromomethyl-1,3-propanediol; dibromopentaerythritol; dibromoneopentyl glycol; pentaerythritol dibromide; pentaerythritol dibromohydrin

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of t -Butyl Alcohol (CAS No. 75-65-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies).

t -Butyl alcohol is widely used in the manufacture of perfumes and a variety of cosmetics. It is also used as a raw material in the production of isobutylene, which may be used to produce methyl tertiary butyl ether, a common gasoline additive, or to produce butyl elastomers used in the production of automobile tires. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were given t -butyl alcohol (greater than 99% pure) in drinking water for 13 weeks or 2 years. The genetic toxicity of t -butyl alcohol was assessed by testing the ability of the chemical to induce mutations in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium and in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and by measuring the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in mouse peripheral blood. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female F344/N rats were given 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol in drinking water for 13 weeks. All males and six females given 40 mg/mL died during the study. Final mean body weights of 10 and 20 mg/mL males and of 40 mg/mL females were 12%, 17%, or 21% less than those of the corresponding controls, respectively. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activities in 10 and 20 mg/mL males were greater than that in the controls after 13 weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in 40 mg/mL females was greater than that in the controls after 2 weeks and greater in all exposed females after 13 weeks. Urine volumes of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL males and females decreased, and urine specific gravity values increased. Transitional epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation of the urinary bladder were observed in 20 and 40 mg/mL males and 40 mg/mL females. Absolute and relative liver weights of all exposed groups of females and relative liver weights of 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL males were significantly greater than those of the controls. Absolute and relative kidney weights of all exposed groups of males and females were significantly greater than those of the controls. Incidences of mineralization of the kidney were significantly increased in 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL males. The severity of nephropathy in 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL males was significantly greater than that of the controls as was the accumulation of hyaline droplets in the kidney of 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL males. The incidences of nephropathy in 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL females were significantly greater than that of the controls. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were given 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol in drinking water for 13 weeks. The deaths of two males and one female in the 40 mg/mL group were attributed to exposure to t -butyl alcohol. The final mean body weights of 20 and 40 mg/mL males and 40 mg/mL females were significantly lower than those of the controls. There were no biologically significant differences in hematology parameters of exposed and control groups of mice. Transitional epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation were observed in the urinary bladder of 20 and 40 mg/mL males and 40 mg/mL females. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 60 F344/N rats were given 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol (males) or 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol (females) in drinking water for 2 years. These correspond to average daily doses of approximately 90, 200, or 420 mg t -butyl alcohol/kg body weight for males and approximately 180, 330, or 650 mg t -butyl alcohol/kg body weight for females. Ten rats per group were evaluated after 15 months of chemical administration. Survival, Body Weights, and Water Consumption: Survival rates of 5 mg/mL males and 10 mg/mL females were significantly lower than those of the controls. The final mean body weights of exposed groups of males were 15% to 24% lower than that of the controls, and the final mean body weight of 10 mg/mL females was 21% lower than that of the controls. Water consumption by males increased with dose; water consumption by females decreased with dose. Hematology and Urinalysis: At the 15-month inte. Hematology and Urinalysis: At the 15-month interim evaluation, there were no significant differences in hematology parameters in males and females, and there were no significant differences in urinalysis parameters in males. Females given 5 or 10 mg/mL had increased urine specific gravities and decreased urine volumes. Pathology Findings: At the 15-month interim evaluation, relative kidney weights of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL males and absolute and relative kidney weights of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL females were significantly greater than those of the controls. At 2 years, the incidence of mineralization in the kidney increased with dose and that of 5 mg/mL males was significantly greater than that of the controls. In the standard evaluation at the end of the study, the incidences of focal renal tubule hyperplasia and of adenoma were increased in exposed males and a carcinoma was observed in one 5 mg/mL male. Renal tubule hyperplasia occurred in one 10 mg/mL female. An extended evaluation of the kidney identified additional male rats with hyperplasia (control, 11/50; 1.25 mg/mL, 13/50; 2.5 mg/mL, 11/50; 5 mg/mL, 19/50) and renal tubule adenoma (7/50, 8/50, 15/50, 10/50); renal tubule carcinomas were identified in two 1.25 mg/mL males and in one 2.5 mg/mL male. Renal tubule adenoma was identified in one 5 mg/mL male from the 15-month extended evaluation. In the standard and extended evaluations combined, there were dose-related increased incidences of hyperplasia and adenoma. The severity of nephropathy and the incidence and severity of transitional cell hyperplasia of the kidney were increased in exposed male and female rats. Linear foci of mineralization were present in the renal papilla of exposed males. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 60 male and 60 female B6C3F1 mice were given 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol in drinking water for 2 years. Exposure levels of 5, 10, or 20 mg/mL delivered average daily doses of approximately 540, 1,040, or 2,070 mg t -butyl alcohol/kg body weight to males and approximately 510, 1,020, or 2,110 mg/kg to females. Survival, Body Weights, and Water Consumption: Survival of 20 mg/mL males was significantly lower than that of the controls. The final mean body weights of exposed groups of males were similar to those of the controls. The mean body weights of females given 20 mg/mL were 10&percnt; to 15&percnt; lower than those of the controls from week 13 to the end of the study. Water consumption by exposed groups of males and females was similar to that by the controls. Pathology Findings: Incidences of thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia were significantly increased in all exposed groups of males and in 10 and 20 mg/mL females. The incidence of follicular cell adenoma or carcinoma (combined) was marginally increased in 10 mg/mL males (0 mg/mL, 1/60; 5 mg/mL, 0/59; 10 mg/mL, 4/59; 20 mg/mL, 2/57). The incidence of follicular cell adenoma was significantly increased in 20 mg/mL females (2/58, 3/60, 2/59, 9/59). The incidences of chronic inflammation and transitional epithelial hyperplasia of the urinary bladder were increased in 20 mg/mL males and to a lesser extent in 20 mg/mL females. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: t -Butyl alcohol was tested for induction of genetic damage in vitro and in vivo, and all results were negative. In vitro, t -butyl alcohol was negative in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse lymphoma cell mutation tests, and it did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. These in vitro studies were conducted with and without metabolic activation (S9). In vivo, no increase in micronucleated erythrocytes was observed in peripheral blood samples from mice administered t -butyl alcohol in drinking water for 13 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year drinking water studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of t -butyl alcohol in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats receiving 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/mL t -butyl alcohol. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of t -butyl alcohol in male B6C3F1 mice based on the marginally increased incidences of follicular cell adenoma or carcinoma (combined) of the thyroid gland. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of t -butyl alcohol in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of follicular cell adenoma of the thyroid gland. Exposure to t -butyl alcohol was associated with mineralization and renal tubule hyperplasia in male rats, transitional epithelial hyperplasia and increased severity of nephropathy of the kidney in male and female rats, follicular cell hyperplasia of the thyroid gland in male and female mice, and chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of the urinary bladder in male mice and to a lesser extent in female mice. Synonyms: 2-Methyl-2-propanol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, TBA, t -butanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, t -butyl hydroxide, trimethyl carbinol, trimethyl methanol

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

[Fractionation of human erythrocytes according to their sedimentation behaviour caused by gravity. I. Methodical Investigations (author's transl)].

The usefulnes of a method to differentiate erythrocytes according to their specific gravity introduced by Danon et al. is demonstrated by using blood samples of healthy children and of others with different haematological diseases. Several conditions affecting the results are investigated. For clinical purposes the simple method is only applicable, if the results are presented as intervals of density.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Hydrotropic solubilization of nimesulide for parenteral administration.

Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. It is practically insoluble in water. The effect of various hydrotropes such as nicotinamide, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and piperazine on the solubility of nimesulide was investigated. The solubility enhancement of nimesulide by the hydrotropes was observed in decreasing order as piperazine > sodium ascorbate > sodium salicylate > sodium benzoate > nicotinamide. In order to elucidate the probable mechanism of solubilization, various solution properties of hydrotropes such as viscosity, specific gravity, surface tension, refractive index, specific conductance of hydrotropic solutions were studied at 25 +/- 2 degrees C on the basis of earlier studies. The hydrotropic solubilization of nimesulide at lower hydrotrope concentration may be attributed to weak ionic interactions while that at higher hydrotrope concentration may be due to molecular aggregation. Parenteral formulations using piperazine as a hydrotrope were developed and studied for physical and chemical stability.

Infusions, Parenteral↗
PubMed2001

Applied horizontal force increases impact loading in reduced-gravity running.

The chronic exposure of astronauts to microgravity results in structural degradation of their lower limb bones. Currently, no effective exercise countermeasure exists. On Earth, the impact loading that occurs with regular locomotion is associated with the maintenance of bone's structural integrity, but impact loads are rarely experienced in space. Accurately mimicking Earth-like impact loads in a reduced-gravity environment should help to reduce the degradation of bone caused by weightlessness. We previously showed that running with externally applied horizontal forces (AHF) in the anterior direction qualitatively simulates the high-impact loading associated with downhill running on Earth. We hypothesized that running with AHF at simulated reduced gravity would produce impact loads equal to or greater than values experienced during normal running at Earth gravity. With an AHF of 20% of gravity-specific body weight at all gravity levels, impact force peaks increased 74%, average impact loading rates increased 46%, and maximum impact loading rates increased 89% compared to running without any AHF. In contrast, AHF did not substantially affect active force peaks. Duty factor and stride frequency decreased modestly with AHF at all gravity levels. We found that running with an AHF in simulated reduced gravity produced impact loads equal to or greater than those experienced at Earth gravity. An appropriate AHF could easily augment existing partial gravity treadmill running exercise countermeasures used during spaceflight and help prevent musculoskeletal degradation.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Glyceryl ether metabolism: regulation of buoyancy in dogfish Squalus acanthias.

The ratios of concentrations of diacyl glyceryl ethers to triglycerides are increased significantly in the livers of weighted dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in comparison to an unweighted control group. The hydrostatic properties of the liver may be regulated through the metabolism of these two classes of lipids which have different specific gravities.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Assessing the severity of canine pancreatitis.

The objective of this study was to determine whether laboratory testing currently available is able to provide prognostic information in canine pancreatitis. A prospective study of dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis was undertaken. Twenty-two cases with histologically confirmed pancreatic inflammation were included in the study. Each dog had routine haematology parameters, serum biochemistry (including lipase and amylase), serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity and trypsinogen activation peptides (TAP) in urine and plasma measured. Twelve of the dogs were classified as having severe disease. These dogs had statistically significant increases in urinary TAP-creatinine ratio (UTCR) measurement, serum lipase, serum phosphate and serum creatinine concentrations. Additionally dogs with severe pancreatitis had significantly decreased urine specific gravity levels. The most sensitive and specific test to assess the severity of pancreatitis was the measurement of UTCR.

Amylases↗
PubMed1996

[Studies on the evaluation of exposure to industrial chemicals].

Among the biological exposure indices of lead, lead in plasma was the most direct indicator of current exposure. Lead mobilized into plasma as well as in urine could be used as an indicator of the internal dose of lead. The ratio of non-treated to restored activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was a more specific index than ALA-D activity itself at low levels of lead exposure, excluding the familial or genetic variation in the activity. The methods using HPLC for determining heme intermediate improved the evaluation of the lead effect: delta-aminolevulinic acid in plasma, blood, and urine (ALA-P, ALA-B, and ALA-U), coproporphyrin in urine, and zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZP). ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve analyses indicated that the diagnostic values for lead exposure decreased in the order ALA-D ratio > ALA-D activity = ALA-P > ALA-U = ZP. Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity or pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations in blood was also useful for the monitoring or diagnosis of lead intoxication. Using the HPLC method with inclusion compounds in the mobile phase, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acids, mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid could be simultaneously determined in the urine of workers exposed to a mixture of toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene. The correction of the urinary metabolite concentration for specific gravity or creatinine allowed the more specific evaluation of the solvent exposure. In the biological monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, prolonged excretion of the metabolites resulted in a bias between metabolite concentrations and TWA levels of the solvent in a day. The background levels of 2,5-hexanedione (HD) were affected by acid hydrolysis conditions, age, sex and lipid metabolism. Substances hydrolyzed to HD in urine from non-exposed subjects were different from HD detected in the workers exposed to n-hexane. Urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cysteine (AMCC) served as an index of the average exposure to N, N-dimethylformamide during several preceding work days and may indicate the internal dose, while N-methylformamide may be an index of daily exposure. A simple and rapid method for the determination of urinary alkoxyacetic acids was recently developed for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to glycolethers and their acetates. Urinary butoxy acetic acid (free plus conjugated ones) could be simply determined by gaschromatography after acid hydrolysis of urine. The urinary acetone or methanol concentration determined by the head space technique was also useful for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to isopropanol and/or acetone, or methanol, respectively. Evaluation of exposure to the solvents described above could be carried out by comparing the urinary metabolite concentrations with reference values and the biological exposure index values which were defined as the urinary metabolite concentration corresponding to the threshold value for each solvent.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1998

Experimental short-term tolerance to perfluorodecalin in the rabbit eye: a histopathological study.

PURPOSE: Perfluorocarbon liquids are largely used in vitreoretinal surgery, but their permanence into the eye is considered harmful and early withdrawal is routinely performed by most of the surgeons. We undertook this investigation to evaluate the effects of Perfluorodecalin (PFD) tamponade following vitrectomy in the rabbit eye. METHODS: Twenty-four rabbits underwent vitrectomy of the right eye according with a standard procedure. Eighteen rabbits received PFD and 6 control rabbits received Balanced Salt Solution (BSS) as vitreous substitute. The eyes were examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy after two, four and six days after tamponade and thirty days after the withdrawal of PFD. RESULTS: The tamponade lasting four or more days caused irreversible retinal damage involving the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Peculiar impressions were formed in the inner retina at the site of the gravitational effect of PFD droplets. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study we suggest that the tamponade with PFD lasting more than two days is detrimental to the retina, at least in the case of the rabbit. Damage seems to be related only to the high specific gravity of PFD.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The physical characteristics of the haemolymph in Porcellio spinicornis say (Porcellionidae, Isopoda).

Absolute haemolymph volume in Porcellio spinicornis, as determined by the 14C-dilution and the haemolymph sodium estimation techniques, ranged, on the average, from 8.1 microliter in the 6th growth--stage to 15.06 microliter in the 9th growth--stage. The mean haemolymph volume per cent for all growth--stages (6th-9th) amounted to 33.78. The haemolymph pH varied from 6.42 to 6.54, osmotic pressure from 221 to 256 mM NaCl equivalents and the specific gravity from 1.031 to 1.052.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effects of urinary volume on urinary concentrations of lead, delta-aminolaevulinic acid, coproporphyrin, creatinine, and total solutes.

Urinary volume was related to urinary concentrations of lead, delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin (COPRO), creatinine, and total solutes in nine lead workers. On a log scale, linear relationships were found between urinary volume and the urinary concentrations. There was a certain difference in the extent of the effects of urinary volume on the urinary concentrations. For example, the concentration of creatinine was more affected by urinary volume than those of lead, ALA, and total solutes among the substances examined: similarly, the concentration of COPRO more than that of ALA. An equation was introduced to eliminate the effects of urinary volume on urinary concentrations. The effects of urinary volume on the concentrations adjusted to urinary specific gravity, osmolality, and creatinine are discussed in the light of these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of glucose concentration in bupivacaine solutions on the distribution of local anesthetics in cerebrospinal fluid during spinal anesthesia].

In two groups (ten patients each) catheter spinal anesthesia was performed with 3.0 ml bupivacaine hyperbaric (5% and 8% glucose was added). With special reference to the early phase following intrathecal injection, local anesthetic concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. A control group received 3.0 ml of isobaric bupivacaine intrathecally. With increasing specific gravity of these solutions, the CSF concentration of the local anesthetic decreased, which is interpreted as a consequence of inhomogeneous intrathecal distribution.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Effect of posture and some c.s.f. characteristics on spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine.

The effect of the sitting position (0, 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 min), during and after the injection of 3 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine-HCl, on the segmental spread of spinal analgesia was studied in 40 patients. Ten patients injected in the lateral horizontal position acted as controls. The spread of analgesia was significantly greater in those who sat for 2.5 min or more compared with those who were immediately put in the supine position. Prolongation of the sitting time did not produce a higher analgesic block. The motor block was complete in all patients; its duration was significantly longer in the horizontal group than in all the sitting groups. There was no significant correlation between the different c.s.f. indices (pressure, protein and chloride ion concentration pH, and specific gravity) and the spinal block.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The ability of hens to adjust calcium intake when given a choice of diets containing two levels of calcium.

Two experiments were conducted in which 270 hens received a choice of diets offered in two plastic cups. The treatments consisted of hens fed diets containing 3.0% calcium (Ca) in both cups, 6.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca, or 3.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca. Young hens exhibited the ability to discriminate between high and low levels of Ca. They greatly increased their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet. Old birds showed an immediate marked aversion to the 6.0% Ca diet. They did not increase their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet as did young hens. Reversing the position of the diets after the young hens' initial adjustment resulted in a reversal of the hens' positional preference for the feed. The birds tended to eat more of the higher calcium diet in the early morning and late afternoon, the times of greatest Ca need or anticipated need. This indicated that the young hens regulated their calcium intake according to metabolic need. Young hens in the regulating groups maintained egg production and egg weight, but not specific gravity of eggs nor serum calcium, at levels comparable to controls.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Reversed contrast-urine levels in urinary bladder: CT findings.

Contrast-urine levels are routinely seen in contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis with contrast-opacified urine in the bottom and unopacified urine in the top. We encountered four cases in which contrast-urine levels were reversed. The reversal of the contrast-urine level was probably caused by high specific gravity of the preexisting urine in the bladder due to infectious debris or mucous threads in the urine.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Detection of barbiturates by latex agglutination inhibition.

A latex-agglutination inhibition test was developed and evaluated for the detection of barbiturates, primarily in urine, but it has applicability to serum. The 2-h test was performed with samples free of gross debris in a 37 degree C heat block and the reaction between the barbiturate antibody and the barbiturate-latex, at pH 7.3, was inhibited by urines containing secobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital, or phenobarbital. For laboratory standards the test was particularly sensitive to secobarbital (300 microgram/litre) and relatively insensitive to amobarbital (5000 microgram/litre). In clinical specimens some barbiturates were detected at levels as low as 150 microgram/litre. The test was specific, and negative endpoints were frequently noted in as little as 30 min. The effects of variables (antiserum dilution, urine specific gravity, heat block temperature, sample size, and type of barbiturate) on the degree of agglutination were also determined.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

Purification and biochemical characterization of human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF).

Supernatants of human T lymphocytes stimulated by TT antigen release two factors that induce mitogenesis in autologous and allogeneic B lymphocytes. These factors are precipitated by 60% ammonium sulfate and 50% ethanol, and are both destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C for 5 min. By equilibrium ultracentrifugation there was a peak of mitogenic activity in the fraction with a specific gravity of 1.3147 corresponding to a partial specific volume of 0.761. After ultrafiltration through an Amicon XM50 membrane, the concentrate was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-200 column. Mitogenic activity was found only in the post-albumin fraction. When the post-albumin fraction was run on an isoelectrofocusing column, two distinct mitogenic factors were identified. The major peak of mitogenic activity (LMF) had a pI of 6.68 +/- 0.05 and the minor peak (MMF) had a pI OF 7.27 +/- 0.05. Amino acid analysis of LMF identified it as a protein and PAGE showed that LMF probably was a tetramer with a m.w. of 80,000.

Amino Acids↗