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PubMed1991

Species specificity in mouse glycophorin.

89, 65, 46 and 29 Kd mouse glycophorin proteins identified during polyacrylamide electrophoresis of mouse erythrocytes have been further characterized. These proteins (1) stain positive with Periodic Acid Schiff reagent after sodium hydroxide treatment; (2) labeled using [125I] in intact cells; (3) co-isolated along with integral membrane proteins in the pellet fraction of sodium hydroxide treated ghosts; and (4) demonstrated a molecular weight downshift after neuraminidase treatment during electrophoresis. We have called them mouse Sialoglycoproteins 1, 2, 3 and 4. Immuno-blot analysis revealed distinct species specificity between human and mouse erythrocyte ghosts, and some cross-reactivity between rat and mouse erythrocyte ghosts.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The induction of species-specific immunity against Schistosoma japonicum by exposure of rats to ultra-violet attenuated cercariae.

Single percutaneous immunizations of Fischer rats with 1000 ultra-violet attenuated Schistosoma japonicum cercariae induced 52-88% resistance to challenge 4 weeks later. Increasing this to 3 immunizations induced 90% resistance to challenge, and this level of protection remained undiminished for up to 40 weeks after vaccination. Rats vaccinated with gamma-irradiated S. mansoni cercariae were resistant to challenge with S. mansoni but not S. japonicum. Similarly rats vaccinated with u.v.-attenuated S. japonicum cercariae were not resistant to heterologous challenge. Thus irradiated vaccines are species-specific in both permissive and non-permissive hosts.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Species specific sensitivity towards the hemorrhagin of Ophiophagus hannah (Elapidae).

The filtration pattern of Ophiophagus hannah venom on Sephadex G-75 shows several peaks. The first peak, S1, includes high molecular weight proteins and contains the hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. The proteolytic fractions overlap the hemorrhagic fractions, but are not identical with them. The crude venom and the high molecular weight peak have caseinase, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrolase and kallikrein-like activities, but not collagenase, gelatinase, thrombin, plasmin or urokinase-like activities. The hemorrhagin of Ophiophagus hannah shows species specific differences in its hemorrhagic effects: it causes hemorrhages in rabbits and hares (Lagomorpha), but not in rats, mice or guinea-pigs (Rodentia).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Species-specific modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition by norbormide.

In the present study, we show that norbormide stimulates the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) in mitochondria from various organs of the rat but not of guinea pig and mouse. Norbormide does not affect the basic parameters that modulate the PTP activity since the proton electrochemical gradient, respiration, phosphorylation and Ca(2+) influx processes are only partially affected. On the other hand, norbormide induces rat-specific changes in the fluidity of the lipid interior of mitochondrial membranes, as revealed by fluorescence anisotropy of various reporter molecules. Such changes increase the PTP open probability through the internal Me(2+) regulatory site. The lack of PTP opening by norbormide is matched by a negligible perturbation of internal lipid domains in guinea pig and mouse, suggesting that the drug does not gain access to the matrix in the mitochondria from these species. Consistent with this interpretation, we demonstrate a preferential interaction of norbormide with the mitochondrial surface leading to alterations of the Me(2+) binding affinity for the external PTP regulatory site. Our findings indicate that norbormide affects Me(2+) binding to the regulatory sites of the PTP, and suggest that the drug could be taken up by a mitochondrial transport system unique to the rat. The characterization of the norbormide target may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial PTP as well as to the identification of species-specific drugs that affect mitochondrial function.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Species-specific differences in the glucocorticoid receptor transactivation function upon binding with betamethasone-esters.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most effective drugs for anti-inflammatory diseases. A number of adverse side effects, however, limit chronic treatment with GCs. To improve their therapeutic usefulness, attempts have been made to dissociate the two main actions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), transactivation and transrepression, which are believed to be responsible for the side effects and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. We report here species-specific differences in the transactivation response mediated by GR. Dexamethasone (DEX), betamethasone (BM), and their esterified-derivatives had full transrepression agonistic activity in a reporter assay using CV-1 cells transfected with either human or rat GR. These GCs also had full transactivation agonistic activity in CV-1 cells transfected with human GR. The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with rat GR, whereas BM and esterified-DEX had full transactivation agonistic activity. Moreover, in rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells, the esterified-BM failed to induce tyrosine aminotransferase, which is regulated by GR-mediated transactivation activity. There were no significant differences between the binding affinity of these GCs to human and rat GR. Consistent with the weak transactivation activity of esterified-BM mediated by rat GR, there were few side effects, evaluated by thymus involution and body weight loss, in an antigen-induced asthmatic model in rats. These results suggest that the potency of esterified-BM to induce transactivation activity is different between species and that this difference is not due to differences in receptor binding.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Species-specific in situ hybridization with fluorochrome-labeled DNA probes to study vascularization of human skin grafts on athymic mice.

The skin replacements presently used for wound coverage vascularize less well than do autologous split-thickness skin grafts. Understanding how autologous grafts vascularize can lead to methods to improve skin-replacement vascularization. Fresh human skin was grafted on athymic mice. Endothelial cells were stained by immunohistochemistry. Human and mouse cells were distinguished by in situ hybridization with fluorescent species-specific DNA probes. The number of mouse and human endothelial cells in the graft were counted. Initial vascularization of the graft is limited solely to anastamosis of severed ends of human vessels in the graft-to-mouse vessels in the recipient bed. Mouse endothelial cells gradually replace human endothelial cells in the graft. This demonstrates that initial vascularization of skin grafts is solely the result of inosculation rather than neovascularization. Skin replacements that contain vessels should vascularize like skin grafts, and methods to repopulate replacements with capillaries should be sought.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Dependence of angiotensin production in transgenic mice carrying either the human renin or human angiotensinogen genes on species-specific kinetics of the renin-angiotensin system.

In order to study the functional role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure, projects were initiated using transgenic mice carrying either the human renin gene or the human angiotensinogen gene. To extend the usefulness of the transgenic model system of hypertension research, a two-tiered strategy for generation of transgenic mice with high blood pressure has been developed. This unique system allows the establishment of transgenic lines with a strict species specificity of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction exhibited by transgene products that are regulated in a tissue specific manner. In this report, the strategy concerning the "two-tiered method" is presented and evidence is provided the overproduction of angiotensin occurs only in the combined reaction with human renin and human angiotensinogen expressed in transgenic mice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

Species specificity of interleukin 2 binding to individual receptor components.

The affinity of recombinant human and murine interleukin 2 (IL 2), which differ significantly in structure in the amino terminal alpha helix, for the human or murine interleukin 2 receptors was compared. Murine IL 2 showed a 10-fold higher affinity than human IL 2 for the murine high-affinity receptor expressed on T lymphocytes, whereas human IL 2 bound 100-fold more strongly than murine IL 2 to the human high-affinity receptor. As the high-affinity IL 2 receptor on T lymphocytes has been demonstrated to be composed of two IL 2 binding components, p55 and p75, the role of the individual chains in the determination of species specificity was then investigated. Recombinant retroviral vectors were used to generate populations of 3T3 fibroblasts expressing either human or murine p55 in isolation, and their binding characteristics were determined. While the murine p55 showed an identical species preference to the murine p55/p75 high-affinity complex, the human p55 had an equal affinity for human and murine IL 2. This suggested that the human p75 chain was responsible for the preference for human IL 2 shown by the human high-affinity receptor, which was confirmed by performing a binding experiment using gibbon MLA 144 cells, expressing only p75. These data suggest that the amino terminal region of the IL 2 molecule interacts with the p75 chain of the IL 2 receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A novel method to bursectomize avian embryos and obtain quail----chick bursal chimeras. I. Immunocytochemical analysis of such chimeras by using species-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Chick embryos were bursectomized at 5 days of incubation according to a novel surgical technique described in this article. This method yields birds that are able to hatch and are devoid of the physiologic deficiencies resulting from the previously used method, which involved resection of the cloacal and posterior embryonic region. The bursectomized embryos were grafted in situ with a quail bursa of the same age, which thereafter became chimeric through chick host hemopoietic cell invasion. By means of species-specific antibodies, the chimeric condition revealed 1) that the bursal epithelium expresses a unique antigenic determinant (MB1 determinant), until now considered to be an exclusive feature of blood vessel endothelium and hemopoietic cells, and 2) that this determinant appears in bursal epithelium at the time and site of hemopoietic cell invasion. The other point arising from this work concerns the apparent constitutive Ia expression by perifollicular blood capillary endothelial cells in normal and chimeric bursas.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Identification of genic moss SSR markers and a comparative analysis of twenty-four algal and plant gene indices reveal species-specific rather than group-specific characteristics of microsatellites.

BACKGROUND: The moss Physcomitrella patens is an emerging model in comparative plant science. At present, the Physcomitrella genome is sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute (USA). In this study we present our results on the development of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers for Physcomitrella patens, their classification and applicability as genetic markers on the intra- as well as on the interspecies level. We experienced severe restrictions to compare our results on Physcomitrella with earlier studies for other plant species due to varying microsatellite search criteria and a limited selection of analysed species. As a consequence, we performed a side by side analysis of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellites among 24 plant species covering a broad phylogenetic range and present our results on the observed frequencies. RESULTS: We identified 3,723 microsatellites using the software MISA in a non-redundant Physcomitrella expressed sequence tag database comprising more than 37 megabases of nucleotide information. For 2,951 microsatellites appendant primer sequences have been derived. PCR of 376 microsatellites yielded 88 % successful amplicons and over 30 % polymorphisms between two Physcomitrella accessions. The polymorphism information content of 64 microsatellites based on 21 different Physcomitrella accessions was comparably high with a mean of 0.47 +/- 0.17. Of the 64 Physcomitrella microsatellite markers, 34 % respectively 79.7 % revealed cross-species applicability in two closely related moss species. In our survey of two green algae, two mosses, a fern, a fern palm, the ginkgo tree, two conifers, ten dicots and five monocots we detected an up to sevenfold variation in the overall frequency with a minimum of 37 up to maximal 258 microsatellites per megabase and a high variability among the different microsatellite class and motif frequencies. Numerous species-specific microsatellite frequencies became evident and several deviations to earlier reports were ascertained. CONCLUSION: With the Physcomitrella microsatellite marker set a valuable tool has been made available for further genetic and genomic applications on the intra- as well as on the interspecies level. The comparative survey of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellites among the plant kingdom is well suited for a classification of future studies on plant microsatellites.

Base Pairing↗

PubMed1980

An indirect assay for canine leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF): demonstration of its species specificity.

An indirect assay in agarose-gel was developed to measure secretion of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by canine lymphocytes. Supernatants from cultures of mitogen- or alloantigen-stimulated canine peripheral blood lymphocytes were assayed for LIF activity using purified granulocytes as indicator cells. Canine LIF activity could be detected provided either autologous or allogeneic canine granulocytes were used as indicator cells. In contrast, canine LIF uniformly failed to inhibit the migration of human granulocytes. Likewise, human LIF inhibited the migration of human but not canine granulocytes in this assay. The data indicated that this species specificity could be due to differences in the structures of LIF receptors on canine and human granulocytes.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed2001

Species-specific interaction of transcription factor p70 with the rDNA core promoter.

p70 is a transcription factor that is involved in the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I and has been shown to cooperate with the selectivity factor SL1 for binding to the core promoter region of mammalian ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA). To examine a role of the p70-SL1 interaction in promoter recognition, mouse and human proteins were partially purified and analyzed by UV-cross linking. Mouse rDNA core promoter was recognized by any combination of p70 and SL1 prepared from either species. In contrast, human p70 no longer bound to the human core promoter when mouse SL1 was used. Thus, a species-specific interaction between p70 and SL1 may be involved in the promoter selection for rDNA transcription.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Pseudotargeted peptidomics approach for identifying species-specific biomarkers in fermented Cordyceps products: A case study on Bailing Capsule.

Bailing Capsule, a fermented Cordyceps product used as an adjunctive treatment for chronic kidney disease and chronic bronchitis, is a crucial substitute for wild Ophiocordyceps. However, its current quality control relies on non-specific small-molecule markers, making it hard to distinguish from other analogous products. In this study, a pseudotargeted peptidomics strategy was developed to discover characteristic peptides for differentiation. Firstly, digested peptides were obtained by trypsin digestion (37 °C, 24 h, enzyme/protein ratio 1: 50) and profiled by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). Subsequently, a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition list was generated from the Q-TOF data using a "MRM-Ion Pair Finder" tool. These transitions were validated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS) with 48 batches of samples from Bailing Capsule and four other analogous products. As a result, a total of 150 characteristic transitions specific to Bailing Capsule were identified, of which 76 peptide sequences were elucidated, and 12 peptide biomarkers were confirmed using synthetic standards. This pseudotargeted approach exhibits broad coverage and good sensitivity. Without requiring prior knowledge of peptide sequence, the transition-driven strategy reduces redundancy and enables focused, transition-based peptide differentiation. Compared to conventional small-molecule biomarkers, this peptide-based approach offers species-specific identification. This study demonstrates that a pseudotargeted peptidomics strategy may aid in the quality control of fermented Cordyceps products.

Cordyceps↗

PubMed1998

The role of Stat4 in species-specific regulation of Th cell development by type I IFNs.

Type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta), in addition to IL-12, have been shown to play an important role in the differentiation of human, but not mouse, Th cells. We show here that IFN-alpha/beta act directly on human T cells to drive Th1 development, bypassing the need for IL-12-induced signaling, whereas IFN-alpha cannot substitute IL-12 for mouse Th1 development. The molecular basis for this species specificity is that IFN-alpha/beta activate Stat4 in differentiating human, but not mouse, Th cells. Unlike IL-12, which acts only on Th1 cells, IFN-alpha/beta can activate Stat4 not only in human Th1, but also in Th2 cells. However, restimulation of human Th2 lines and clones in the presence of IFN-alpha does not induce the production of IFN-gamma. These results suggest that activation of Stat4, which is necessary for the differentiation of naive T cells into polarized Th1 cells, is not sufficient to induce phenotype reversal of human Th2 cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of the Xenopus laevis CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha gene promoter demonstrates species-specific differences in the mechanisms for both auto-activation and regulation by Sp1.

Transcription factors belonging to the CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during differentiation, development and disease. Autoregulation is relatively common in the modulation of C/EBP gene expression and the murine and human C/EBPalpha genes have been shown to be auto-activated by different mechanisms. In the light of this finding, it is essential that autoregulation of C/EBPalpha genes from a wider range of different species be investigated in order to gauge the degree of commonality, or otherwise, that may exist. We report here studies that investigate the regulation of the Xenopus laevis C/EBPalpha gene (xC/EBPalpha). The -1131/+41 promoter region was capable of directing high levels of expression in both the human hepatoma Hep3B and the Xenopus kidney epithelial A6 cell lines, and was auto-activated by expression vectors specifying for xC/EBPalpha or xC/EBPss. Deletion analysis showed that the -321/+41 sequence was sufficient for both the constitutive promoter activity and auto-activation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified the interaction of C/EBPs and Sp1 to this region. Although deletion of either the C/EBP or the Sp1 site drastically reduced the xC/EBPalpha promoter activity, multimers of only the C/EBP site could confer autoregulation to a heterologous SV40 promoter. These results indicate that, in contrast to the human promoter and in common with the murine gene, the xC/EBPalpha promoter was subject to direct autoregulation. In addition, we demonstrate a novel species-specific action of Sp1 in the regulation of C/EBPalpha expression, with the factor able to repress the murine promoter but activate the Xenopus gene.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Species-specific differential cleavage and polyadenylation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 hnRNA.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the primary physiologic inhibitor of the naturally occurring plasminogen activators. In higher primates two forms of mature PAI-1 mRNA (3.2 kb and 2.2 kb) arise by alternative cleavage and polyadenylation of PAI-1 hnRNA which is regulated in a tissue-specific fashion in humans. In other mammals only the 3.2 kb mRNA has been detected. The putative downstream polyadenylation site in humans that gives rise to the 3.2 kb PAI-1 mRNA consists of three overlapping copies of the consensus polyadenylation sequence while no consensus polyadenylation sequence is found upstream at a position that could generate the shorter mRNA species. To determine whether differential cleavage and polyadenylation of PAI-1 mRNA is due to species-specific differences in trans-acting factors that process PAI-1 mRNA or to the presence of a nonconsensus polyadenylation site acquired recently during primate evolution we prepared plasmids in which the 3' nontranslated region of the human PAI-1 gene or the mouse PAI-1 cDNA was inserted downstream of the neomycin gene in the plasmid pSV2neo. We show that the 3'-nontranslated region of the human PAI-1 gene but not the mouse PAI-1 cDNA conferred alternative cleavage and polyadenylation to the neomycin gene in transfected human Hep G2 cells as well as mouse NIH3T3 and rat L6 cells.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed1977

Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. II. Species specificity of enzyme and presence of inactive form in striated muscle of rabbit and man.

Antibodies specific for the brain isoenzymes (BB) of creatine kinase were prepared by the injection of the highly purified rabbit enzyme into roosters. The antibodies were found to cross-react only partially with BB of rat, guinea pig, sheep, monkey, and man, demonstrating that these proteins are not entirely identical with respect to their antigenic sites. A greater degree of species specificity seems to exist for BB than for the muscle isoenzyme (MM) suggesting that BB may have undergone considerable evolutionary modification. Developmentally mature rabbit cardiac and skeletal muscles contained large quantites of an enzymatically inactive BB which can be detected immunochemically. It is antigenically identical with active rabbit BB but the two proteins can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Enzymatically inactive BB is also present in human skeletal muscle. The presence of MM in muscle provides sufficient catalytic function and may have permitted the evolution of inactive BB in an additional (noncatalytic) metabolic role.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Simian Y chromosomes: species-specific rearrangements of DAZ, RBM, and TSPY versus contiguity of PAR and SRY.

The three human male specific expressed gene families DAZ, RBM, and TSPY are known to be repetitively clustered in the Y-specific region of the human Y Chromosome (Chr). RBM and TSPY are Y-specifically conserved in simians, whereas DAZ cannot be detected on the Y chromosomes of New World monkeys. The proximity of SRY to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is highly conserved and thus most effectively stabilizes the pseudoautosomal boundary on the Y (PABY) in simians. In contrast, the non-recombining part of the Y Chrs, including DAZ, RBM, and TSPY, was exposed to species-specific amplifications, diversifications, and rearrangements. Evolutionary fast fixation of any of these variations was possible as long as they did not interfere with male fertility.

Animals↗