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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Hexarelin decreases slow-wave sleep and stimulates the secretion of GH, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin during sleep in healthy volunteers.

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue (GHS) receptor and some GHSs exert different effects on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and sleep-related hormone secretion in humans. Similar to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans, whereas GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) enhances stage 2 nonrapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS). As GHRP-6, hexarelin is a synthetic GHS. Hexarelin is superior to GHRH and GHRP-6 in stimulating GH release. The influence of hexarelin on sleep-endocrine activity and the immune system is unknown. We investigated simultaneously the sleep EEG and nocturnal profiles of GH, ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and soluble TNF-alpha receptors in seven young normal volunteers after repetitive administration of 4 x 50 microg hexarelin or placebo at 22.00, 23.00, 24.00 and 01.00 h. Following hexarelin, stage 4 sleep during the first half of the night, and EEG delta power during the total night decreased significantly. Significant increases of the concentrations of GH and prolactin during the total night, and of ACTH and of cortisol during the first half of the night were found. Leptin levels, TNF-alpha and soluble TNF receptors remained unchanged. We hypothesize that sleep is impaired after hexarelin since the GHRH/corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ratio is changed in favour of CRH. There are no hints for an interaction of hexarelin and the immune system.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sleep in infants and young children: Part one: normal sleep.

The importance of sleep to overall health and well-being is becoming increasingly appreciated; however, clinicians may not have a sound understanding of the fundamentals of sleep. This review of normal pediatric sleep is meant to provide a foundation for the pediatric nurse practitioner to develop and use in clinical practice. Key concepts such as normal sleep physiology including biological rhythms and stages of sleep are discussed. Developmental changes in sleep seen in the transition from infancy to young childhood are highlighted, and strategies for instituting and maintaining normal sleep behaviors are recommended. Part 2 of this series will address common sleep problems experienced by young children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1999

Alpha activity in the human REM sleep EEG: topography and effect of REM sleep deprivation.

The topographical distribution of alpha activity (8.125-11.125 Hz) in the REM sleep EEG, its time course within and across REM sleep episodes, and the effects of selective REM sleep deprivation were investigated in 8 young males. Power spectra of bipolar derivations along the antero-posterior axis in the left (F3C3, C3P3, P301) and right (F4C4, C4P4, P402) hemisphere were calculated. Alpha activity increased along the antero-posterior axis in both hemispheres, and was dominant in the right hemisphere. It decreased within and across REM sleep episodes. Selective REM sleep deprivation resulted in a reduction of alpha activity in the REM sleep EEG. However, the topographical distribution and the time course were not affected. It is suggested that alpha activity in the REM sleep EEG is a marker of REM sleep homeostasis.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

The effects of evening light exposure on the sleep of elderly women expressing sleep complaints.

In order to address the typical phase advanced, disturbed sleep of the elderly, additional evening light was provided to elderly women by means of a "visor" which provides 2000 lux to each eye. The subjects wore the light visor for 30 min in the evening. The subjects were 10 community-residing women over the age of 65 (mean = 79.4 years; range, 67-87 years). Sleep was recorded in the home for 28 successive 24-hr periods: 7 days pretreatment, 14 days while using the light visor, and 7 days posttreatment. Thus, each subject served as her own control. Sleep was recorded using the Home Monitoring System (HMS), a nonintrusive procedure which does not require instrumentation of the subject. The subjects showed significant changes during and even after the intervention: there was a significant decrease in sleep latency over weeks, and a significant increase in sleep time and sleep efficiency. The subjects also reported less fatigue during treatment. The results suggest that additional light, provided for as little as 0.5 hr in the evening and at only 2000 lux, increases the amount of nighttime sleep and improves the quality of sleep in older women.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Interhemispheric asymmetry of human sleep EEG in response to selective slow-wave sleep deprivation.

Recent evidence suggests that the human sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) shows regional differences over both the sagittal and coronal planes. In the present study, in a group of 10 right-handers, the authors investigated the presence of hemispheric asymmetries in the homeostatic regulation of human sleep EEG power during and after selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation. The SWS deprivation was slightly more effective over the right hemisphere, but the left hemisphere showed a markedly larger increase of EEG power in the 1.00-24.75 Hz range during recovery-night non-REM sleep, and a larger increase of EEG power during both deprivation-night and recovery-night REM sleep. These results support the greater need for sleep recuperative processes of the left hemisphere, suggesting that local sleep regulation processes may also act during REM sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of nadolol on blood pressure, sleep efficiency, and sleep stages.

The effects of nadolol (20 and 80 mg) on blood pressure and sleep parameters were assessed in six patients with mild hypertension. A 32-night experimental protocol in the sleep laboratory was instituted consisting of four placebo-baseline nights followed by 4 weeks of drug administration. Both doses of nadolol had a clear-cut and consistent lowering effect on blood pressure throughout the night and during the day, with a greater reduction noted with the 80 mg dose. In fact, blood pressure values were reduced to normotensive levels. Neither dose had a disrupting effect on sleep, whereas the 80 mg dose improved sleep efficiency and also had a rapid eye movement-enhancing effect. This absence of sleep-disrupting effects is attributed to nadolol's low level of lipophilicity and lack of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. The clinical significance of the lack of sleep disruption and possible improvement of sleep with nadolol is discussed in light of the well-recognized sleep disturbances produced by other beta-blockers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of lovastatin and pravastatin on sleep efficiency and sleep stages.

The effects on sleep of two 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (40 mg lovastatin and 40 mg pravastatin) were evaluated in 12 normal subjects in a double-blind placebo-controlled sleep laboratory study. Subjects were randomly assigned to each of two parallel groups (lovastatin and pravastatin). Each parallel-group protocol consisted of 22 consecutive nights including 4 placebo-baseline nights, 2 weeks of drug administration, and 4 placebo-withdrawal nights. Lovastatin did not disturb sleep initially (nights 5 through 7) but, with continued administration (nights 16 through 18), it significantly and markedly increased wake time after sleep onset and stage 1 sleep compared with baseline. By contrast, pravastatin was not associated with sleep disturbance either initially or with continued use. Neither drug caused any sleep disturbance after withdrawal. Lovastatin's sleep disturbing effects with continued administration are attributed to its high degree of lipophilicity in contrast with the hydrophilicity of pravastatin.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of infant sleeping position on sleep spindles.

Sleep spindles play an active role in inducing and maintaining sleep and may affect arousal by blocking the transmission of external stimuli through the thalamus to the cortex. Previously we have demonstrated that sleeping in the prone position impairs arousal in infants at 2-3 months of age, but not at 5-6 months. We aimed to examine if sleeping position and postnatal age affected duration and/or density of sleep spindles. Twenty-one healthy term infants were studied using daytime polysomnography at 2-3 months and 16 were again studied at 5-6 months. Infants slept both prone and supine at each study. The mean duration of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was not different between the two studies in either position. At 2-3 months both spindle density (P < 0.001) and proportion of NREM sleep (P < 0.025) with spindles were significantly greater in the supine than in the prone position. At 5-6 months spindle duration was longer in the supine than in the prone position (P < 0.03). Spindle density in the supine position was not different between the two studies, however, when infants slept prone, it was significantly increased at 5-6 months compared with 2-3 months (P < 0.001). Arousal threshold was not correlated with either spindle density or percentage of NREM sleep with spindles in either position at either study. In this study spindle density and the percentage time spent with spindles were not well correlated with infant arousability, and hence may not be able to be used as markers of depressed arousal responses in infants.

Arousal↗
PubMed1990

Evidence for genetic influences on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern in twins.

The etiologic role of genotype and environment in sleep pattern (daytime napping, habitual bedtime, and sleep duration) and subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbance was examined using a general population sample of 3,810 adult Australian twin pairs, aged 17-88 years. Genetic differences accounted for at least 33% of the variance in sleep quality and sleep disturbance and 40% of the variance in sleep pattern. There was no evidence for a decline in the importance of genetic predisposition with age. Short-term environmental fluctuations accounted for as much as 30% of the variance, and more stable nonfamilial environmental effects accounted for the remainder. No effect of shared family environment on sleep characteristics was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A field study of sleep disturbance: effects of aircraft noise and other factors on 5,742 nights of actimetrically monitored sleep in a large subject sample.

This field study assessed the effects of nighttime aircraft noise on actimetrically measured sleep in 400 people (211 women and 189 men; 20-70 years of age; one per household) habitually living at eight sites adjacent to four U.K. airports, with different levels of night flying. Subjects wore wrist-actimeters for 15 nights and completed morning sleep logs. A sample of 178 nights of sleep electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded synchronously with actigrams. The EEG was used to develop filters for the raw actigrams, in order to: (1) estimate sleep onset and (2) compare actigrams with aircraft noise events (ANEs). Actigrams, filtered to detect the onset of discrete movements, were able to detect 88% of all EEG-determined periods of interim wakefulness of > 15 seconds and periods of movement time of > 10 seconds. The main findings were: (1) actimetry and self-reports showed that only a minority of ANEs affected sleep, and, for most of our subjects, that domestic and idiosyncratic factors had much greater effects; (2) despite large between-site variations in ANEs, the difference between sites in overall sleep disturbance was not significant; (3) there was a diminished actimetric response to ANEs in the first hour of sleep and, apparently, also in the last hour of sleep; and (4) men had significantly more discrete movements than women and were more likely to respond to ANEs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sleep in the laboratory and sleep at home: comparisons of older insomniacs and normal sleepers.

Many laboratory polysomnographic (LPSG) studies have shown only modest sleep differences between insomniacs and matched, noncomplaining normal controls. However, the extent to which LPSG methodology affects the outcome of such comparisons has yet to be tested. In the current investigation, 32 (16 females, 16 males) older (age > or = 60 years) insomniacs and an age-matched and gender-matched sample of 32 noncomplaining normal sleepers underwent three consecutive nights of LPSG monitoring and another three consecutive nights of PSG monitoring in their homes (HPSG). By random assignment, one-half of the subjects in each group underwent LPSG first, whereas the remaining subjects underwent HPSG first. Each PSG recording was blindly scored using conventional scoring criteria, and resulting measures of total sleep period, total sleep time, sleep efficiency percent, stage 1 time, slow-wave sleep time, and rapid eye movement latency were used to compare the two subject groups within each PSG recording site (i.e. lab and home). Statistical analyses showed the normals sleepers and insomniacs evidenced similar pronounced first night effects (FNEs) when undergoing LPSG. However, neither mean values of the selected sleep parameters nor measures reflecting their night-to-night variability differentiated the insomniacs from the normal sleepers when such measures were derived from LPSG. In contrast, FNEs were generally absent for both subject groups when they underwent HPSG. Moreover, the insomniacs displayed significantly greater variability in several of their sleep measures during HPSG than did the normal sleepers. Overall, results suggest FNEs are a concern mainly when using LPSG, and HPSG may be more sensitive than LPSG for documenting sleep differences between normal sleepers and insomniacs. Additional studies are needed to determine if the findings reported herein are similar for young and middle-aged adults.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Bed sharing, sleep habits, and sleep problems among Chinese school-aged children.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between bed sharing, sleep habits, and sleep problems among Chinese school-aged children. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire survey of school-aged children was undertaken in Jinan city, People's Republic of China, in 2001. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 517 elementary-school children (mean age, 10.5 years; 47.4% boys) participated in the survey. MEASUREMENTS: The parents completed the Chinese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and a number of questions that asked about bed sharing and characteristics of the family and child. RESULTS: The prevalence of regular bed sharing in Chinese school-aged children was as high as 18.2%. The rate of bed sharing did not differ between boys and girls but significantly decreased with age from 55.8% in 7-year-olds to 7.2% in 11- to 13-year-olds. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age, poor physical health of the child, and crowded housing were associated with an increased likelihood for the child's bed sharing with parents. Bedtime and total sleep duration did not significantly differ between children who shared beds and those who slept alone. Children who shared beds with their parents were reported to have more sleep anxiety and daytime sleepiness than children who slept alone. Bed sharing was not associated with parasomnias and breathing problems during sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Regular bed sharing in Chinese school-aged children was very common and significantly decreased with age. Crowded housing and poor physical health of the child increased the likelihood for children and parents to share beds. Bed sharing may exert influences on sleep quality rather than sleep quantity.

Beds↗
PubMed1983

Sleep positions in the young adult and their relationship with the subjective quality of sleep.

The sleep characteristics and the body positions of eight good and eight poor sleepers were monitored in the laboratory for 2 consecutive nights preceded by 2 adaptation nights. Throughout the nights, sleep positions and sleep motility were monitored with a super-8 camera, and a new scoring method was used. Overall, the findings supported earlier observations regarding sleep positions and sleep motility. Interestingly, poor sleepers spent more time awake and had more awakenings than good sleepers. Consistently, poor sleepers spent more time on their backs with their heads straight. These results suggest that sleep positions constitute an important sleep variable and that they may be related to the quality of sleep.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Experimental elevations of blood pressure induced as an internal stimulus during sleep in man: effects on cortical vigilance and response thresholds in different sleep stages.

The hypothesis that raising blood pressure (BP) during human sleep, by intravenous administration of angiotensin II, causes arousals was tested. BP was measured intraarterially during polygraphic sleep recordings. Twenty-seven intrasleep elevations of BP in two young adults over 2 nights were evaluated. The BP increases ranged from 16% to 74% of the preexperimental level for systolic BP and from 28% to 84% for diastolic BP. Eighty-one percent of all BP variations induced arousals, and the number of awakenings during elevated BP was 6.5 times higher than in control conditions. These results confirm the hypothesis that BP elevation is an internal stimulus inducing arousal reactions from sleep. The arousals were equally linked to the three phases of BP variation, i.e., rise, peak, and fall in BP, indicating that BP variation functions as a stimulus unit. Arousal thresholds varied with the different sleep stages. They were lowest in sleep stage 2, slightly higher in REM sleep, and highest in slow-wave sleep, in accordance with the thresholds for neutral external stimuli. The study demonstrates the relevance of BP when considering the physiological parameters of sleep-wake regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Sleep complaints and epilepsy: the role of seizures, antiepileptic drugs and sleep disorders.

Patients with epilepsy commonly complain of daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. These problems are frequently attributed to antiepileptic drugs and seizures. Antiepileptic drugs and seizures have effects on sleep architecture often leading to daytime sleepiness. However, sleep symptoms may also be caused by poor sleep hygiene and primary sleep disorders. Primary sleep disorders should be suspected in patients with persistent daytime sleepiness, particularly those on AED monotherapy or with low serum drug concentrations and well-controlled seizures. Treatment of sleep disorders and improved sleep hygiene may improve seizure control and quality of life.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1982

Plasma testosterone and sleep: relationship to sleep stage variables.

A study was performed to determine whether the pattern of secretion of testosterone (T) during the night bears a systematic relationship to the cyclically recurring periods of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. In four healthy male volunteers, 10-20 min sampling of plasma for T was carried out through a long indwelling catheter in conjunction with all-night polysmonography. Analysis of plasma T, comparing the samples drawn during the REM and NREM stages, did not reveal a significant difference in the mean concentration of T between the two sleep stages or among specified time segments of the NREM-REM cycles. A more exacting approach to exploring for a correlation of the secretory pattern with the sleep-stage cycle was then undertaken. This method used the NREM-REM cycle as the independent variable in the analysis. We were able to demonstrate that the positions of the peaks and troughs of T concentration in each REM-NREM cycle are discriminable when examined in relation to the time of REM sleep onset in each cycle. The tendency for peaks in T concentration to be associated with repetitive inaugurations of REM sleep is coordinate with a pattern of serial "upswing" in T concentrations that occurs in the period from 30 to 10 min before the transition from NREM to REM sleep. Accordingly, it proved possible to demonstrate certain signs of interaction between the activity of the pituitary-gonadal system and the mechanisms that regulate central nervous system state in sleep. The more traditional parameter of comparison (mean concentration of hormone in REM and NREM sleep) did not detect the association.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sleep behavior of pregnant women using sleep log.

Sleep log study, which was designed to study sleep characteristics by questionnaire, was performed on 172 pregnant women about the relationship between their pregnancy and their night sleep. Sleep behavior by sleep log revealed that they woke more frequently during the course of their pregnancy and that their total sleep time decreased gradually toward the end of their pregnancy. According to their subjective evaluations, these shortages of night sleep could not be made up with the morning naps in the multiparas as was the case of the primiparas. These changes in sleep characteristics have been studied from biological, psychological and social factors view points.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The timing and duration of sleep in partial sleep deprivation therapy of depression.

The antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation early in the night (PSD-E) was compared with the response to partial sleep deprivation late in the night (PSD-L) in 16 drug-free depressed inpatients using a balanced order crossover design. PSD-L had a significantly greater antidepressant effect that PSD-E. The response to PSD-L was sustained and enhanced by a second night of treatment. Patients had significantly shorter sleep durations and reduced REM sleep on PSD-L that did not occur in the PSD-E situation. There was a significant negative correlation between response to PSD and sleep duration, and in particular, REM sleep duration, in the late sleep deprivation situation. Thus, the amount and timing of sleep appear to be factors in the response to PSD, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the relative importance of these parameters.

Adult↗