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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Use of artificial sediments in a comparative toxicity study with larvae and postlarvae of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

An artificial sediment was tested for use in evaluating the potential hazard of toxicants on benthic organisms. The seawater-sediment system was assessed by use of the pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, as the model toxicant for testing with larvae of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, an ecologically important estuarine species. The sediment was prepared from commercially available components, and mixed with the toxicant to provide concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 microg fenvalerate kg(-1) dry sediment in 20 ppt seawater. Sediment free of the insecticide served as the control. Throughout the study, fenvalerate was not detected in the water column, but was measured in sediment at the nominal concentration of 100 microg kg(-1). The P. pugio population was adversely affected by fenvalerate. The effect occurred at metamorphosis, when larvae changed from pelagic individuals to benthic organisms. At this period, larvae were in direct contact with sediment. A portion of the population was tolerant of the insecticide.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Anesthetic antagonism of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on locomotory activity of the brine shrimp Artemia.

The locomotory activity of small groups of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) was studied under conditions of high hydrostatic pressure, varying temperatures and exposure to several gaseous anesthetics. Both compression and exposure to anesthesia reduced the animal's swimming activity, while temperature increased or decreased activity as it was raised or lowered from ambient. The effect of the anesthetics was less during periods of simultaneous exposure to high hydrostatic pressure. It is concluded that pressure antagonism of anesthesia is demonstrable in invertebrate organisms and may represent a fundamental interaction of these parameters in biological systems.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1988

Presence and significance of lithium in the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.).

1. In female (non-ovigerous and ovigerous) brown shrimps, Crangon crangon, whole animal lithium levels are about 20% higher than in males, which indicates that lithium has a special function in the female reproductive system. 2. Decreasing lithium levels in larger males suggest that with males a substantial part of the lithium present may be passively absorbed to the exoskeleton. 3. At low temperatures internal lithium concentrations are strongly increased. In response to external salinity the internal lithium concentrations show a typical regulation pattern. The effects of temperature and salinity clarify that lithium must be involved in metabolic processes. 4. Apart from a special function in the reproductive system, lithium can probably replace other ions in their function, e.g. in regulating the activity of enzymatic processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of juvenile hormone III, methyl farnesoate, and methoprene on Na/K-ATPase activity in larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia.

1. Ion transport enzyme (Na/K-ATPase) activity in stage III larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia, remains elevated throughout the stadium when populations are exposed to methoprene in artificial seawater. 2. Infusion of methoprene, juvenile hormone, or methyl farnesoate causes increased Na/K-ATPase activity in homogenates of mid-stadium larvae that would otherwise exhibit low activity. 3. The sensitivity of the enzyme system to extremely low concentrations of the juvenoids suggests that this may be a common mode of action of these compounds. Additionally it suggests that the enzyme may be under the influence of a similar compound present in the larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Vinblastine-induced aggregation of brine shrimp (Artemia) tubulin.

Tubulin from the brine shrimp Artemia readily assembles in vitro in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins under conditions which do not permit assembly of tubulin from brain. Heated microtubule-associated protein preparations from bovine brain do, however, interact with Artemia tubulin, resulting in stimulation of tubulin assembly and formation of morphologically normal cold-sensitive microtubules. Addition of vinblastine to mixtures containing microtubules assembled in the presence of neural microtubule-associated proteins caused a drop and then a rise in turbidity of the solution. The turbidity changes were accompanied by the appearance of coils, presumably derived from the microtubules which disappeared upon addition of vinblastine. Coils also resulted when microtubule-associated proteins and vinblastine were added to tubulin before polymerization was initiated. Vinblastine prevented normal assembly and caused disruption of Artemia microtubules polymerized in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins. Under these conditions clumped or compact coils, different in appearance from those formed in the presence of the microtubule-associated proteins, were observed. The data confirm that tubulin from Artemia, an organism that is phylogenetically far removed from mammals, has retained binding sites for vinblastine and microtubule-associated proteins and that the interrelationship of these sites has been at least partially preserved. The incomplete depolymerization of Artemia microtubules in response to vinblastine when microtubule-associated proteins are absent suggests that the longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions involved in microtubule formation are more stable for Artemia than for neural tubulin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A precipitin for human serum proteins as released into the environment by stressed bait shrimp, Penaeus duorarum.

1. A precipitin for human serum proteins is released into the environment by stressed bait shrimp, Penaeus duorarum. 2. Two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the precipitin reacts (a) primarily with proteins belonging to the major group, alpha-1 globulin; and (b) with more proteins than a standard mammalian antiserum. 3. This study extends the variety of species known to liberate precipitins and suggests this response may be widespread among invertebrates. 4. The precipitins are easily collected in saline solution and, by virtue of their unique specificities, are potentially useful in diagnostic testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cuticular proteins from the shrimp, Pandalus borealis.

1. The percentages of mineral salts, chitin, and urea-extractable and non-extractable proteins were determined in pieces of cuticle from selected body regions of the shrimp, Pandalus borealis. 2. Two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis of the urea-extractable proteins shows that a large number of different proteins are present. Identical protein patterns are obtained from the various cuticular regions. 3. A fractionation scheme is presented, which is suitable for obtaining the major proteins in quantities sufficient for further characterization. The amino acid compositions are reported for several of the proteins.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structure of extracellular hemoglobin from the brine shrimp Artemia salina.

1. Hemoglobin from the brine shrimp Artemia salina, purified by ultracentrifugation and preparative gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing medium, gave in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band corresponding to a polypeptide chain with Mr 150,000. 2. Crosslinking by glutardialdehyde resulted in the appearance of a band corresponding to a molecular mass twice that of a polypeptide chain. 3. Limited trypsinolysis gave eight proteolytic bands corresponding to submultiples 8/9-1/9 of a polypeptide chain. 4. We conclude that a molecule of Artemia hemoglobin is composed of two single polypeptide chain subunits and that each subunit consists of nine structural units roughly equal in size.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Anionic glutathione S-transferases in shrimp eyes.

1. Two anionic isoenzymes of glutathione transferases (EC 2.5.1.18), QI and QII, have been purified from the eyes of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus by using a combination of S-hexylglutathione affinity column chromatography and Mono-Q fast protein liquid chromatography (f.p.l.c.). 2. Both QI and II glutathione S-transferases are homodimers. They show similarity in substrate specificities and pH optima, but not in isoelectric points. 3. QI is distinct from QII by anion-exchange f.p.l.c., reverse-phase h.p.l.c. chromatography and amino acid sequencing analysis. QI has N-terminal amino acid sequences homologous to mu glutathione S-transferase, whereas QII is homologous to theta glutathione S-transferases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amino acid sequence determination of a protein purified from the shell of the shrimp, Pandalus borealis.

One of the urea-extractable proteins in the shell of the shrimp Pandalus borealis has been purified, and the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by the combined use of mass spectrometry and Edman degradation of the intact protein as well as of enzymatically derived peptides. Characteristic features of the sequence are discussed and compared to sequences from insect cuticular proteins and other structural proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Differential expression of cuticle-epidermis proteins in the shrimp Penaeus vannamei during molting.

High-resolution mini-two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (mini-2D-PAGE) was used to analyze silver-stained, soluble proteins from the cuticle-epidermis of Penaeus vannamei during molting. The 2D-PAGE patterns of epidermis polypeptides from metecdysis and anecdysis/proecdysis molt stages demonstrated similarities as well as several quantitative and qualitative differences. Quantitative modulation in polypeptide expression was noted in at least seven prevalent polypeptides during molting. A 50 kDa protein is specifically expressed in anecdysis/proecdysis tissue samples. Quantitative and qualitative differences were also noted in proteins migrating mainly in the molecular mass ranges of 26-32 kDa. An overall increase in polypeptide expression was noted in this molecular mass range at metecdysis as compared to anecdysis/proecdysis epidermis tissues. These results indicate modulation of cuticle-epidermis proteins in Penaeus vannamei shrimps during molting.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of two physiological salines, Locke's and van Harreveld's, on the midgut red chromatophores of the freshwater shrimp, Caridina denticulata.

It was reported previously that the red chromatophores on the midgut of a freshwater shrimp, Caridina denticulata, are affected by Locke's and van Harreveld's solutions differently, i.e., the pigment disperses in Locke's solution and concentrates with the addition of crude eyestalk extract, but in Harreveld's solution the chromatophores do not change in the saline alone nor do they respond to eyestalk extract. The differences were probably due to the osmotic pressure and Mg ion concentrations of the two solutions not being the same. Harreveld's solution is commonly used as a physiological saline for freshwater crustaceans such as crayfish. Consequently, this solution was employed at first in a previous study (Miyawaki and Tsuruda, 1985). But this solution completely inhibited pigment migration in the chromatophores. But when Locke's solution was subsequently tried, migration of the pigment in the midgut chromatophores occurred. It seemed worthwhile to examine further the effects of both solutions on these chromatophores. The results of this study are presented below.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Isolation and partial purification of phthalate ester hydrolyzing enzyme(s) from the brine shrimp, Artemia.

Isolation and 30-fold purification of a di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) hydrolyzing enzyme from synchronously hatched larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia, are reported. The activity of the enzyme increases during larval development simultaneously with the acute toxic action of DNBP on the larvae. The enzyme is not stimulated by 10 mM sodium cholate, is stable for days to weeks in solution at 4 degrees C, indefinitely stable at -70 degrees C and is distinct from the previously reported trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases [1].

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on the ventilatory and cardiac activity in two species of shrimps.

The effect of dieldrin on the heart and ventilatory activity in the shrimps Macrobranchium faustinum and Macrobrachium amazonicum was studied over 4 and 7 day exposure periods, respectively. In M. faustinum, ventilatory rate increased by 43% and heart rate by 14.4%. In M. amazonicum, the ventilatory and heart rates decreased by 21 and 6%, respectively. In M. amazonicum ventilatory reversal frequency, an index of respiratory stress, was 6.7 times higher than the control values. All the changes, except for M. amazonicum heart rate were significant at the 0.01 level of probability.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on resting and active metabolism in two species of shrimps.

The effects of dieldrin on the active (VaO2) and resting (VrO2) oxygen consumption rates of the shrimps Macrobrachium faustinum (De Sassure) and Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller) were studied during exposure for 4 days at 0.01 p.p.b. and 7 days at 0.0002 p.p.b., respectively. The VrO2 of M. faustinum increased significantly (P less than 0.01) by 48% but the VaO2 decreased by 13%. The VrO2 and VaO2 decreased by 43 and 70%, respectively, in M. amazonicum. Thus, in both species the aerobic metabolic scope for activity decreased. The increased resting metabolic rate of the indigenous M. faustinum is ascribed to energy consuming responses which allow compensation for the effects of the stressor. The stressor may be said to have moved this species into a metabolic "zone of compensation". The decreased resting metabolic rate of the pond-cultured M. amazonicum is ascribed to greater susceptibility, more extensive metabolic breakdown and failure of compensatory responses. This species might be said to have been forced by the stressor into a metabolic "zone of collapse".

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Differential haemotoxic effect of PCB congeners in the common shrimp, Crangon crangon.

1. Specimens of the common shrimp, Crangon crangon, were exposed to sub-acute logarithmically separated concentrations (ranging from 0.05 microgram to 500 micrograms l-1) of two structurally dissimilar PCB congeners (PCB 15 and PCB 77) for five days in vitro. 2. Mortality, recoverable haemolymph volume, haemocyte count, plasma protein and haemolymph osmolarity were determined for test animals together with levels of haemolymph cell prophenoloxidase, an indicator of immune potential. 3. Sub-acute concentrations of PCB 15, but not PCB 77, produced significant decreases in haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity with a marked increase in recoverable haemolymph volume. 4. No effect was observed on haemolymph osmolarity or plasma protein levels with either PCB 77 or PCB 15.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Purification and characterization of hatching enzyme from shrimp Penaeus chinensis.

By using Penaeus chorion as a specific substrate, the hatching enzyme (HE) from Penaeus chinensis was purified by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, and characterized in terms of its molecular weight and enzymatic properties in this study. It was found that the molecular weight of Penaeus HE is about 43.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The Penaeus HE had obvious choriolytic activity, which was optimal at pH 6.0 and temperature of 40 degrees C, respectively. The Km value of the HE for casein was 7.47 mg ml(-1). The HE activity was almost completely inhibited by SBTI, p-APMSF, bestatin, and NEM, greatly inhibited by ovomucoid, TLCK, IAM, chymostatin, and PMSF, and slightly inhibited by pepstatin A, TPCK, LBTI, and leupeptin. These results indicate that the HE is most probably a trypsin-type serine protease. Besides of these, the HE was extremely sensitive to EDTA, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+. Combined with the results that the EDTA-pretreated HE activity could be perfectly recovered by Zn2+, it is indicated that shrimp HE is most probably a kind of Zn-metalloprotease.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genotoxicant induced DNA damage and repair in early and late developmental stages of the grass shrimp Paleomonetes pugio embryo as measured by the comet assay.

In this study, data are presented which link frequency of DNA strand breaks and repair capability to developmental stage. Stages 4 and 7 embryos of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were exposed to various concentrations of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BalphaP), Cr(VI) and hydrogen peroxide. Following exposure, responses were measured as changes in hatching rates and DNA strand breaks (using the comet assay). The comet assay was modified by treatment of isolated nuclei with endonucleases which cleave DNA at oxidative lesions in DNA prior to electrophoresis. DNA repair was followed by transfer of toxicant exposed embryos to clean water and periodic determination of strand breaks. DNA strand breaks were higher in stage 7 embryos than in stage 4 embryos after exposure to the same concentration of different genotoxicants. However, when samples were treated with endonucleases to measure oxidative lesions, the total amount of DNA damage between stages 4 and 7 were similar. After toxicant exposure and transfer to clean water, DNA strand breaks in stage 7 embryos returned to background levels more rapidly than in stage 4 embryos. Similarly, samples treated with endonucleases during DNA repair studies showed that oxidative lesions were repaired more rapidly in stage 7 than in stage 4. These findings suggest that because of rapid DNA repair in late embryo stages that early embryo stages are more likely to have developmental effects after genotoxicant exposure.

Animals↗