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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Interactive contribution of NK(1) and kinin receptors to the acute inflammatory oedema observed in response to noxious heat stimulation: studies in NK(1) receptor knockout mice.

1. Scald injury in Sv129+C57BL/6 mice induced a temperature and time dependent oedema formation as calculated by the extravascular accumulation of [(125)I]-albumin. Oedema formation was suppressed in NK(1) knockout mice compared to wildtypes at 10 (P<0.01) and 30 min (P<0.001). However, at 60 min a similar degree of extravasation was observed in the two groups. 2. Kinin B(1) (des-Arg(10) Hoe 140; 1 micromol kg(-1)) and B(2) (Hoe 140; 100 nmol kg(-1)) antagonists caused an inhibition of oedema in wildtype mice at 10 and 30 min (P<0.001), but not at 60 min or at 30 min in NK(1) receptor knockout mice. 3. The inhibition of thermic oedema by des-Arg(10) Hoe 140 was reversed by des-Arg(9) bradykinin (0.1 micromol kg(-1); P<0.01) and also observed with a second B(1) receptor antagonist (des-Arg(9) Leu(8) bradykinin; 3 micromol kg(-1); P<0.01). Furthermore des-Arg(10) Hoe 140 had no effect on capsaicin (200 microg ear(-1)) ear oedema, but this was significantly reduced with Hoe 140 (P<0.05). 4. Scalding induced a large neutrophil accumulation at 4 h, as assessed by myeloperoxidase assay (P<0.001). This was not suppressed by NK(1) receptor deletion or kinin antagonists. 5. These results confirm an essential role for the NK(1) receptor in mediating the early, but not the delayed phase of oedema formation or neutrophil accumulation in response to scalding. The results also demonstrate a pivotal link between the kinins and sensory nerves in the microvascular response to burn injury, and for the first time show a rapid involvement of the B(1) receptor in murine skin.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Bacteria recovery from genetically feathered and featherless broiler carcasses after immersion chilling.

Feathered and featherless (scaleless) sibling broilers were reared and processed together to evaluate the influence of feathers and feather follicles on carcass bacteria recovery after chilling. In each experiment, broilers were inoculated 1 wk prior to processing by oral gavage with a suspension of salmonellae or Campylobacter at 106 cells/mL. Broilers were stunned and bled, and carcasses were single-tank or triple-tank scalded, defeathered, eviscerated, and washed. Carcasses were chilled for 45 min in ice and water immersion chillers with or without 20 mg of chlorine/L added. Postchill carcass rinsates were evaluated for Escherichia coli, coliforms, total aerobes, and salmonellae or Campylobacter. Following processing and immersion chilling, genetically featherless carcasses had slightly higher counts (by log10 0.35 cfu/100 mL of carcass rinsate) for E. coli, coliforms, and total aerobes than feathered carcasses. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of salmonellae (25%) or Campylobacter (93%) between feathered and featherless carcasses. Recovery of E. coli, coliforms, and total aerobic bacteria were lower for carcasses that were single-tank scalded, and following enrichment, salmonellae were recovered from fewer carcasses subjected to the single-tank (71%) than triple-tank (86%) scalding. Addition of chlorine to chiller water significantly decreased carcass bacteria recovery (by log10 0.43 cfu/100 mL of carcass rinsate) for E. coli, coliforms, total aerobes, and Campylobacter but did not affect salmonellae recovery. The presence of feathers and feather follicles during processing and immersion chilling appears to have minimal influence on the recovery of salmonellae or Campylobacter from carcasses sampled after immersion chilling.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Major burn injuries among restaurant workers in New York City: an underappreciated public health hazard.

Major burns among food service workers appears to be an underappreciated source of morbidity and public expense in New York City. A retrospective study was conducted to identify workers requiring hospital admission over the past 3 years. Seventy-six restaurant workers (3.8% of all adult admissions) were identified. They averaged 33 years of age, and sustained burns with a mean %TBSA of 12.5, resulting in a mean length of stay of 12.8 days. Scalds predominated, with water/coffee burns most common (n = 29), followed by oil (n = 27), and soup/sauce burns (n = 12). Burns to the extremities occurred in 97% of patients. Surgery was required in 32 of 76 patients (42.1%). Oil burns were more likely to require surgery than aqueous scalds (59 vs 34%; P < 0.01). Hospitalization expenses averaged $1.13 million dollars per year. There were no mortalities. Restaurant-related major burns are a frequent occurrence, particularly scald injuries. Hospital care and further disability result in enormous publicly funded expenses. The morbidity and lost wages are a severe detriment to workers and their families. Greater public health awareness measures are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Burn injuries in small children, a population-based study in Sweden.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe characteristics in burn injuries in children (zero to six years old), consulting primary care and hospital-based care in Malmö, Sweden. Burn-injured children consulting the University Hospital or the 21 Health Centres, during year 1998 and year 2002, were included. BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies of burns in children have mostly been hospital-based and the cases that never reached the hospital have been excluded. DESIGN: The study had a retroperspective design with data collected from medical records. METHODS: Chi-squared test was used to analyse differences in nominal data and cross tables were used to analyse the proportions between the characteristics of the injuries and sex, age and nationality. RESULTS: The burn-injured children were 148 and 80% of those were scalds, caused by hot liquid (71%) or hot food (29%). The greatest number was boys between one and two years old. Children to foreign born parents were more frequently affected and the extent of the injuries often larger. Almost all the accidents (96%) occurred in home environment, while a family member was next to the child. The Health Centres received more often children affected on hand/arm and by causes like hot food than the University Hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate the importance of developing a programme for the prevention of paediatric scalds with education of family members to be aware of the danger. With present study the knowledge about the occurrence of injuries in scald accidents in children has become deeper. This knowledge may contribute to more individual adept child accident prevention programme, to use in the child health care.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1985

Blood flow heterogeneity in the renal cortex during burn shock in dogs.

Blood flow distribution and occurrence of intermittent, patchy ischaemia in the renal cortex were investigated in anaesthetized dogs before and during burn shock. Severe or moderate thermal injury was induced by scalding 30% of body surface by 90 degrees C or 70 degrees C hot water. Local blood flow in outer and inner cortex was measured by microspheres and by electrodes recording hydrogen gas washout rates. The haematocrit rose much more in the moderately than in the severely scalded dogs, due to marked haemolysis in the latter group. Cortical blood flow was reduced more after severe than after moderate thermal injury. A significant redistribution of blood flow from outer to inner cortex was not demonstrated. Abrupt shifts in local washout rates were observed in most dogs during shock, but was consistently more frequent in the moderately scalded dogs. Such episodes of patchy intermittent ischaemia were not seen after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin. Thus, prostaglandins may mediate focal vasoconstriction in the renal cortex during burn shock in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Sampling techniques for the enumeration of microorganisms in the diverticulum of the anterior thoracic air sac of chickens.

The swab, excise, flush, and agar microbial sampling techniques were applied randomly to the air sac cavities of 130 healthy broiler chickens of 56 to 70 days of age when slaughtered. Samples were obtained from both nonscalded and scalded chickens. The scalded chickens were immersed in the scald water (49 +/- 0.5 C) for 120 sec immediately after severing the blood vessels from the outside at the base of the lower mandible. From these data, a selection was made of a sampling technique for the air sac cavity which would yield reproducible counts with the least amount of variation. The flush and swab technique did not differ significantly and had less variation than did the excise and agar techniques. Even though no significant differences existed between the flush and swab techniques, the flush technique might be preferred because of the closed system present during the time in which the sample is obtained. The method of expressing microbial concentration in the air sac cavity might best be as "per air sac."

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1986

When are burns not accidental?

One hundred and ninety five children aged up to 6 years with burns and scalds (30 non-accidental and 165 accidental) were studied retrospectively. The history, presentation, and other typical injuries assisted the diagnosis of abuse. Scalds accounted for 81% of accidents and 25% of the cases of abuse, and burns for 17% and 44%, respectively. Scalds usually followed spillage from kitchen containers in accidents and forced tap water immersion in cases of abuse. Burns in cases of both accidents and abuse resulted from contact with a wide range of household appliances, including room heaters. Attention is drawn to the back of the hand as an important site in cases of abuse, as well as the legs, buttocks, and feet. It is speculated that the low level of reporting of this form of child abuse reflects failure of diagnosis.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed2001

Barriers to safe hot tap water: results from a national study of New Zealand plumbers.

INTRODUCTION: Many countries still have unacceptably high hospitalizations and deaths from scalds from hot tap water. Prevention strategies implemented in some countries may not work in others. Legislation aimed at changing environments that are conducive to hot tap water scalds may not be effective in many situations for a number of reasons, including lack of acceptability and practicality. METHOD: A qualitative study of a purposefully selected group of craftsman plumbers across New Zealand was conducted using a structured format with open ended questions. The questionnaire was administered by telephone. Information was sought on the opinions, knowledge, and practice of these plumbers regarding hot tap water safety in homes. RESULTS: Several barriers to hot tap water safety in homes were identified by the plumbers. These included common characteristics of homes with unsafe hot tap water, such as hot water systems heated by solid fuel, and public ignorance of hot tap water safety. Other factors that emerged from the analysis included a lack of knowledge by plumbers of the hazards of hot tap water, as well as a lack of importance given to hot tap water safety in their plumbing practice. Shower performance and the threat to health posed by legionella were prioritized over the prevention of hot tap water scalds. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study allow an understanding of the practical barriers to safe hot tap water and the context in which interventions have been applied, often unsuccessfully. This study suggests that plumbers can represent a barrier if they lack knowledge, skills, or commitment to hot tap water safety. Conversely, they represent a potential source of advocacy and practical expertise if well informed, skilled, and committed to hot tap water safety.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1999

A thermal injury-induced circulating factor(s) compromises intestinal cell morphology, proliferation, and migration.

The effects of a 60% body surface area thermal injury in rats on the morphology and proliferation of the epithelium of the small intestine and the in vitro effects of serum collected from scalded rats on intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. Scald injury caused significant reductions in duodenal villus width and crypt dimensions, villus enterocytes changed in shape from columnar to cuboidal, and the number of goblet cells decreased. The proportion of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled S phase cells in crypts was also diminished. In vitro, incubation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) with scalded rat serum (SRS) collected at either 12 or 24 h after injury caused a disruption in the integrity of the confluent culture and induced the appearance of large denuded areas. SRS also decreased DNA synthesis and delayed wound closure in an in vitro wound-healing model. The thermal injury-induced changes in intestinal mucosal morphology and epithelial cell growth characteristics described in this study may underlie, in part, the mechanism(s) involved in the diminished absorption of nutrients, increased intestinal permeability, and sepsis in patients with thermal injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Temporal patterns of gene expression in murine cutaneous burn wound healing.

The global changes in gene expression in injured murine skin were characterized following a second-degree scald burn. Dorsal skin was harvested from uninjured and from burned mice at 2 h and at 3 and 14 days following immersion in 65 degrees C water for 45 s. Gene expression was surveyed using an Affymetrix U74Av2 GeneChip, and patterns of gene expression were analyzed using hierarchical clustering and supervised analysis. Burn injury produced significant alterations in the expression of a number of genes, with the greatest changes seen 3 and 14 days after the scald burn. Using a supervised analysis with a false discovery rate of 1% or 5%, differences in the expression of 192 or 1,116 genes, respectively, discriminated among the unburned skin and the three time points after the burn injury. Gene expression was primarily a transient and time-dependent upregulation. The expression of only 24 of the 192 discriminating genes was downregulated after the burn injury. No gene exhibited a sustained increase in expression over the entire 14 days following the burn injury. Gene ontologies revealed an integrated upregulation of inflammatory and protease genes at acute time intervals, and a diminution of cytoskeletal and muscle contractile genes at 3 or 14 days after the injury. Following a second-degree scald burn, global patterns of gene expression in the burn wound change dramatically over several weeks in a time-dependent manner, and these changes can be categorized based on the biological relevance of the genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The role of defeathering in the contamination of turkey skin by Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes.

This study was undertaken to determine whether the incidence of either Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes on turkeys at three commercial processors could be related to the type of defeathering system: 1) conventional, 58 C common bath scald; 2) kosher, 7 C common bath scald; or 3) steam-spray, 62 C nonimmersion scald. Flocks were sampled before defeathering, after defeathering, and after chill at each facility. The incidence of Salmonella-positive turkeys significantly increased subsequent to conventional defeathering (10 positive out of 14) as compared with before defeathering (3/14). The number of Salmonella-positive carcasses following kosher (0/14) and steam-spray (2/14) defeathering were similar to the number of Salmonella-positive carcasses found prior to defeathering (1/14 and 3/14, respectively). The incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses following chill was slightly lower, but not significantly different than the number of Salmonella-positive carcasses found immediately following defeathering at all processors (8/14, 0/14, 1/14 for conventional, kosher, and steam-spray processors, respectively). Although L. monocytogenes was detected on turkeys sampled before chilling (2/10, kosher) and after chilling (8/14, kosher; 1/14, conventional), no L. monocytogenes was detected on turkeys at any of the processors prior to the evisceration process. Flocks with high aerobic plate counts prior to processing were more likely to contain Salmonella-positive birds throughout processing. Aerobic plate counts of all flocks were similar after chill whether or not Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bacterial populations associated with the dirty area of a South African poultry abattoir.

Bacterial populations associated with three sample types from the neck region of poultry carcasses in the dirty area of an abattoir were characterized. Sample types before and after scalding were skin only, feathers only, and a skin and feather combination. The neck skin of carcasses after the defeathering processing stage was also sampled. Bacterial populations associated with water from the scald tank, rubber fingers at the exit of the defeathering machine, and air in the dirty area were also characterized. Bacterial colonies (751) were randomly isolated from yeast extract-supplemented tryptone soya agar plates exhibiting 30 to 300 colonies. Micrococcus spp. were isolated in the highest proportion from pre-and postscalded carcass samples (63.5 to 86.1% of isolates), regardless of the sample type. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae (40.3%), Acinetobacter (19.4%), and Aeromonas/Vibrio (12.5%) species predominated on neck skin samples taken from mechanically defeathered carcasses. Isolates from the rubber fingers were, however, predominantly Micrococcus spp. (94.4%). Bacterial groups isolated in the highest proportion from scald tank water samples were Micrococcus spp. (38.3%), species of Enterobacteriaceae (29.1%), and lactic acid bacteria (17.0%). Corynebacterium spp., species of Enterobacteriaceae, and Micrococcus spp. were dominant on air settle plates.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Broiler carcass contamination with Campylobacter from feces during defeathering.

Three sets of experiments were conducted to explore the increase in recovery of Campylobacter from broiler carcasses after defeathering. In the first set of experiments, live broilers obtained from a commercial processor were transported to a pilot plant, and breast skin was sampled by a sponge wipe method before and after defeathering. One of 120 broiler breast skin samples was positive for Campylobacter before defeathering, and 95 of 120 were positive after defeathering. In the second set of experiments, Campylobacter-free flocks were identified, subjected to feed withdrawal, and transported to the pilot plant. Carcasses were intracloacally inoculated with Campylobacter (10(7) CFU) just prior to entering the scald tank. Breast skin sponge samples were negative for Campylobacter before carcasses entered the picker (0 of 120 samples). After defeathering, 69 of 120 samples were positive for Campylobacter, with an average of log10 2.7 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). The third set of experiments was conducted using Campylobacter-positive broilers obtained at a commercial processing plant and transported live to the pilot plant. Just prior to scalding, the cloacae were plugged with tampons and sutured shut on half of the carcasses. Plugged carcasses were scalded, and breast skin samples taken before and after defeathering were compared with those collected from control broilers from the same flock. Prior to defeathering, 1 of 120 breast skin sponge samples were positive for the control carcasses, and 0 of 120 were positive for the plugged carcasses. After passing through the picker, 120 of 120 control carcasses had positive breast skin sponge samples, with an average of log10 4.2 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). Only 13 of 120 plugged carcasses had detectable numbers of Campylobacter on the breast skin sponge, with an average of log10 2.5 CFU per sample. These data indicate that an increase in the recovery of Campylobacter after defeathering can be related to the escape of contaminated feces from the cloaca during defeathering.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Use of MIDI-fatty acid methyl ester analysis to monitor the transmission of Campylobacter during commercial poultry processing.

The presence of Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcasses and in scald water taken from a commercial poultry processing facility was monitored on a monthly basis from January through June. Campylobacter agar, Blaser, was used to enumerate Campylobacter in water samples from a multiple-tank scalder; on prescalded, picked, eviscerated, and chilled carcasses; and on processed carcasses stored at 4 degrees C for 7 or 14 days. The MIDI Sherlock microbial identification system was used to identify Campylobacter-like isolates based on the fatty acid methyl ester profile of the bacteria. The dendrogram program of the Sherlock microbial identification system was used to compare the fatty acid methyl ester profiles of the bacteria and determine the degree of relatedness between the isolates. Findings indicated that no Campylobacter were recovered from carcasses or scald tank water samples collected in January or February, but the pathogen was recovered from samples collected in March, April, May, and June. Processing generally produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the number of Campylobacter recovered from broiler carcasses, and the number of Campylobacter recovered from refrigerated carcasses generally decreased during storage. Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer Campylobacter were recovered from the final tank of the multiple-tank scald system than from the first tank. MIDI similarity index values ranged from 0.104 to 0.928 based on MIDI-fatty acid methyl ester analysis of Campylobacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates. Dendrograms of the fatty acid methyl ester profile of the isolates indicated that poultry flocks may introduce several strains of C. jejuni and C. coli into processing plants. Different populations of the pathogen may be carried into the processing plant by successive broiler flocks, and the same Campylobacter strain may be recovered from different poultry processing operations. However, Campylobacter apparently is unable to colonize equipment in the processing facility and contaminate broilers from flocks processed at later dates in the facility.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and immunochemical properties of burn toxin.

Human skin and the skin of some laboratory animals was minced, scalded and homogenized. The preparation from scalded human skin (the "crude burn toxin") revealed to be highly toxic to mice after i.v. administration. It was found by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, that the urea and buthanol extracts of the crude "toxin" contain tissue antigens which were absent in a control preparation from a native (non scalded) skin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The dynamic changes of postburn complement activation and its effects on the secretory function of macrophages in severely burned mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic changes of postburn complement activation and its effects on the secretory function of macrophages in severely burned mice, so as to help explore the mechanism of postburn immunological disturbance. METHODS: The mice inflicted with 18% TBSA III degree scalding were employed as the model and randomly divided into normal control, decomplementizing control, scalding and decomplementizing scalding groups. The chemotactic activity of plasma, the production of nitride oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by peritoneal macrophages (MPhi) cultured by plasma from every groups were examined. RESULTS: The chemotactic activity of plasma complements increased quickly within 30 min. postburn, reached the summit level at 6 postburn hour (PBH) and declined since 12 PBH. Plasma from injured mice could induce peritoneal MPhis to produce more NO and TNFalpha. CONCLUSION: Complements were immediately activated postburn. The MPhis were activated by active complements. As a result, immunological active products increased significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The effects of batroxobin on the healing of and microcirculatory blood flow volume in deep partial thickness burn wounds in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of batroxobin on the healing of and microcirculatory blood flow in deep partial thickness burn wound in rats. METHODS: Wistar rat inflicted by 4 cmx 4 cm deep partial thickness scalding on the back was taken as the model. Twenty male rats were randomly divided into scalding burn group and batroxobin treatment group. Cutaneous blood flow volume was measured before and at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 72 postburn hours (PBH). Scalding and residual burn wound areas were measured immediately and on the 14th and 18th postburn day (PBD). The rats were sacrificed on 30th PBD and the cutaneous samples were harvested for hair follicle counting and histological examination with LM. RESULTS: The cutaneous blood flow volume of rats in single burn group decreased progressively during 2-72 PBHs. But in batroxobin treating group, cutaneous blood flow volume improved evidently and the wound healing accelerated obviously with increased cutaneous appendages formation. CONCLUSION: Batroxobin might restore the blood circulation of stasis band of burn wound, so as to accelerate wound healing and to improve the quality of healed skin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Swedish study of home accidents: children with young mothers and children in families on welfare are at greater risk].

In this study we used data from Swedish national registers to describe socio-demographic patterns of hospital admissions after injuries in the home (poisonings, falls, scald injuries and ingestion/intrusion of foreign objects) in children 0-2 years of age. Infants and toddlers in families with young mothers and in families on social welfare were at particular risk, while children with foreign-born parents and children in single parent households were at greater risk for scald injuries only. The relative risk for poisonings, scald injuries and ingestion of foreign objects respectively was found to be correlated to quite specific ages, a finding which should be used in timing of parent counseling.

Accidents, Home↗