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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Injury associated health risk factors in Chinese people, in 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of injury associated health risk factors, especially traffic accident/suicide-associated health risk factors in different populations by education, occupation and districts. METHODS: The indicators on traffic peccancy behavior and protective measures, storage of pesticide and micecide were calculated based on results from 13 questions of BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census. RESULTS: 36.7% pedestrians reported that they had traffic peccancy behavior in the past 30 days with 3.67% as always, 11.3% as sometimes and 21.7% as seldom. 30.3% bicycle riders reported that they had traffic peccancy behavior in the past 30 days. There were 13.2%, 11.4% and 16.9% auto-drivers reported ever having drunken driving, tired driving or driving without license. 7.7% drivers and riders always wore a safety belt. 19.1% motorcycle drivers and riders reported that they wore a crash helmet while riding. The traffic peccancy behavior in males, in rural area was more serious than in females and in urban areas. There were more families preserving pesticide and micecide in rural than in urban areas. 10% of these families did not have a good storage. CONCLUSION: The traffic peccancy behavior was very serious, but the protective measures were not well conducted in China. The storage of pesticide and micecide was unsatifactory. The awareness on safety was insufficient in the general population, suggesting that it is of urgent importance to change people's improper behaviors through health education. It is also important to develop regulations to create supportive environment in reducing the deaths caused by injury.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Determination of diphacinone residues in Hawaiian invertebrates.

A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic analysis combined with a solid-phase extraction clean-up method is used to assess the quantity of diphacinone residue found in invertebrates. Three invertebrate species are exposed to commercially available diphacinone-fortified bait used for rat control. The invertebrate samples are collected, frozen, and shipped to the laboratory. The samples are homogenized after cryogenic freezing. A portion of the homogenized samples are extracted with acidified chloroform-acetone, followed by cleanup with a silica solid-phase extraction column. Diphacinone is detected by UV absorption at 325 nm after separation by the chromatographic system. The method limit of detection (MLOD) for snail and slug samples averaged 0.055 and 0.066 mg/kg, respectively. Diphacinone residues in snail tissue ranges from 0.83 to 2.5 mg/kg for Oxychilus spp. The mean recoveries from snails at 0.20 and 2.0 are 97 +/- 21% and 84 +/- 6%. Diphacinone residues in slug tissue ranges from 1.3 to 4.0 mg/kg for Deroceras laeve and < MLOD to 1.8 mg/kg for Limax maximus, respectively. The mean recoveries from slugs at 0.20 and 2.0 mg/kg are 91% +/- 15% and 86% +/- 5%.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thallium poisoning which stimulated systemic lupus erythematosus in a child].

We report the case of a preschool boy who, without knowledge of his relatives, ingested thallium sulfate in a dose calculated in 30 mg/kg. He presented a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome and only further alopecia oriented the diagnosis of thallium toxicosis; thallium blood levels were; 37.2 micrograms/dl and in urine: 2330 micrograms/L. Treatment with the chelating agent D. penicillamine was effective, the clinical picture disappeared and the decrease of the thallium levels was observed. Thallium intoxication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of connective tissue disease as the above mentioned.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1991

Clinical signs, laboratory changes and toxicokinetics of brodifacoum in the horse.

Six horses gavaged with a commercial brodifacoum (BDF)-containing bait (Talone) at a dosage of 0.125 mg of BDF/kg of body weight showed weight loss, severe hypocoagulability and hemogram alterations. Four of the horses became depressed and anorectic; one required vitamin K1 therapy. Increases in clotting times were observed at 24 h in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) followed by the thrombotest (TBT) and one-stage prothrombin time (PT) at 48 h. Elevated mean PTT, PT and TBT were observed from days 4 to 8 (p less than 0.05) with levels returning to pretreatment levels by day 12. Maximum prolongation was a fourfold increase in PTT (day 4), a 2.5-fold increase in TBT (day 6) and a twofold increase in PT (day 6). Thrombin clotting times remained unchanged. In two horses prolongation in clotting time did not normalize until day 23. The mean hematocrit (0.38 +/- 0.01 L/L) was decreased (p less than 0.05) from day 8 (0.33 +/- 0.02 L/L) to day 14 (0.33 +/- 0.01 L/L). The hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte numbers were decreased (p less than 0.05) from day 6 (20.1%, 17.6% respectively) to day 14 (22%, 20% respectively). Platelet counts decreased on day 6 (17.2%) to nine (14.6%). No other significant changes were observed in routine hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Peak plasma concentrations of BDF occurred 2 to 3 h after oral administration; two horses had detectable levels of BDF at nine days. Pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated that BDF has a half-life of 1.22 +/- 0.22 days, a body clearance of 1073.1 +/- 53.21 mL/kg/day, a volume of distribution of 1853.7 +/- 26.41 ng-day/mL and closely approximates a one-compartment model in the elimination phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thallium poisoning. Experience with 50 patients].

We have studied fifty cases of thallium intoxication during the past nine years. Twenty-eight occurred in women and twenty-two in men. One of the patients was a new born whose mother had this type of intoxication during her third trimester of pregnancy. The ages varied from one day to 84 years and in all cases the source of thallium was ingestion of rat poison, except for the baby who received it across the placenta and an other patient whose source was transdermal. Twenty-three of the cases of intoxication were accidental, twenty-one were suicidal attempts and five were homicidal. One case did not know the source of intoxication. Thallium levels were measured in the urine of all the patients, some were measured in blood, as well as cerebrospinal fluid. The main clinical manifestation was a mixed type of severe peripheral neuropathy, with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and alopecia and some cases had psychiatric manifestations. Electrophysiological studies and nerve biopsy examined with electron microscopy in three patients. Magnetic nuclear resonance, computerized axial tomography of the abdomen and cranium were performed in two patients. There was only one death and the rest of the patients recovered almost completely. Pathophysiology and pharmacological management of this type of neurointoxication are revised.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1990

Aspects of pesticide toxicology.

Pesticides are currently perceived by the public as posing a major long-term threat to the health of the population. While the acute toxic effects of accidental or intentional ingestion of large doses are accepted, very little is known about the health risks associated with chronic occupational exposure or a life-long intake in food and drinking water. As in most cases of risk assessment, it is the relative risks that must be considered. Pesticides have made a vital contribution to the quality and quantity of food and overall to health both in developed and, most significantly, developing countries, so that their sudden withdrawal would present far more serious health problems than do their potential long-term toxic effects. Genetic engineering may develop seeds that are naturally resistant to many plant diseases, and biological methods of insect control are likely to be used more frequently, but the continued use of pesticides will be necessary for many more years. There is a pressing need for research into the chronic health effects in man of low-level exposure to pesticides, the mechanisms of the toxic effects, and the development of reliable methods for monitoring exposure. The responsibility for ensuring that this work is undertaken must be accepted by governments.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of potential antidotes for sodium fluoroacetate in mice.

Pathogenesis in fluoroacetate poisoning is multifactorial. Biochemically it is characterized by lethal synthesis of fluorocitrate, causing hypocalcemia, and energy deficiency through blockade of the TCA cycle. Calcium gluconate (CaG) was chosen to antagonize hypocalcemia, while sodium alpha kelogluterate (NaKG) and sodium succinate (NaSuc) were selected as potential antidotes to revive the TCA cycle. Effectiveness of each of these antidotes individually and in certain combinations was tested in mice exposed to lethal doses (15 mg/kg ip) of sodium fluoroacetate (NaFAC). Antidotal treatments were administered at 15 min, 4 h, 10 h, 24 h, and 36 h after NaFAC. All 3 of the antidotes alone, as well as a combination of CaG with NaKG, were ineffective in reducing mortality in mice after NaFAC. On the other hand, a combination of CaG (130 mg/kg) with NaSuc (240 mg/kg) was effective if the 2 solutions were either injected at separate sites or mixed in the same syringe just prior to injection. Similar solutions, if mixed for 24 h or longer before administrations, were ineffective. Increasing the dose of NaSuc to 360 or 480 mg/kg with CaG (130 mg/kg) was unrewarding. These results indicate that CaG in combination with 240 mg NaSuc/kg offer a promising therapy modality in NaFAC intoxication. Additional studies involving biochemical parameters and other species are needed to confirm the efficacy and mechanism(s) of action of this combination.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The subacute and subchronic toxicity of chlorophacinone in Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica)].

Accordingly to the subacute toxicity of chlorphacinone to Japanese quail (LC 50: 60 mg/kg feed), the uptake of Delicia-chlorphacinone-baits for several days can be lethal to birds as a matter of principle. A subchronic study resulted in a "no-observed-effect-level" of 1 mg chlorphacinon/kg feed. Reproduction is not affected until dose levels which resulted in lethality or are accompanied by physiological changes (coagulability of blood, microcytic anaemia). Increased sensibility of descendants to chlorphacinone cannot be derived from the findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Symptoms of acute inhalation lesions caused by trichloronitromethane].

A study of 13 patients revealed three periods of trichlornitromethane intoxication: irritation, latent (average 2-5 hours) and development of pulmonary edema. With high concentration of trichlornitromethane vapours and long exposition the latent period was significantly shorter or was absent. The course of the first and second period was similar while the thirds proved to be different. Timely use of etiopathogenetic and symptomatic treatment was effective and result in clinical recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

The toxicity of Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L) seeds to rats.

Toxicolethal effects of seeds of mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L) were investigated in to roof rat, (Rattus rattus L). The argemone seeds were fed at 100% of the diet up to the death or for a maximum of 10 days. Observed signs of poisoning were sedation, passiveness, sluggishness, feeble or no muscular jerks, abdominal contractions and increased defecation. Also black secretions from the eyes, corneal opacity, erection of hairs, and edema of the hind legs and submandibular space in were noted. Fourteen of 16 rats died. Significant reduction in the weights of the rats was observed. There were significant increases in blood glucose, BUN and SGOT. Major histopathological lesions were: hepatocytolysis, nuclear degeneration, pyknosis, cloudy swelling and dilatated sinusoids disturbing the lobulalar architecture of the liver; proliferated endothelium of glomeruli, hemorrhage in glomeruli and interstitium, and cloudy swelling of convoluted tubular epithelium in the kidney cortical region; erosion and atrophy of the upper stomach mucosa and calcification in the cardiac stomach, and; erosion and congestion of the upper mucosa of the duodenum. No change was noticed in the ileum.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Conditioned taste aversion in lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis.

The lesser bandicoot rat after ingesting a sublethal dose of 0.025% zinc phosphide, in preferred food millet (Pennisetum typhoides) grains, for 4 days, showed aversion for 5-6 days towards plain millet offered in choice with the less preferred sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) grains. The aversion response to nontoxic bait was stronger (aversion index greater than 0.7) for first 3-4 days in individual and for 1-2 days in paired rats. 100% or more shift in aversion index from pre-treatment to post-treatment periods indicated that the aversive and naive partners of the heterosexual and unisexual female pairs mutually influence the feeding preferences of each other as a result of which they showed aversion for first 2-3 days to the plain food in which poison was given to one of the partner earlier.

Administration, Oral↗