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PubMed1964

DYSEKPNOEA.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1984

Respiratory tract fluids: analysis of content and contemporary use in understanding lung diseases.

Respiratory tract fluid, produced from an enormous area spanning the mucosa of the nose to the alveolar surface, is a complex mixture of serum transudate and locally secreted proteins and glycomucoproteins and of inflammatory and immune effector cells intermingled. Its analysis is important in understanding the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and remains essential for the clinical diagnosis of most lung disorders. Many basic facts about the formation and composition of this fluid remain unknown, and little information exists about absorptive mechanisms along the airways. Respiratory fluid is not homogeneous but has unique regional characteristics that are becoming better appreciated as more selective sampling methods are devised. Above all, it is a dynamic substance in healthy airways and diseased ones, and any specimen is just a point-in-time sample that can change in composition, often making serial analysis and comparisons necessary. Nasal fluids currently have limited diagnostic application except in allergic rhinitis. Expectorant (sputum) telescopes fluid and cells from all areas and is not from a specific locale, so the trend is to retrieve more selective and regional specimens of airways fluids. Technology largely does not exist to collect area specimens, except for bronchoalveolar lavage, which generally samples the alveolar surface. Clearly, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis has been the favored way to characterize the peripheral air-spaces for the past 10 years or so, and most of this monograph has been devoted to normal data derived from lavage specimens and to a few examples of lung disease that reflect this burgeoning application. In many respects, results obtained from lavage fluid are virtually in catalogue form at present, and it remains to the future to know how some of the observations will help make diagnosis better or elucidate pathogenic mechanisms. Generally, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis has led to better concepts of immunopathology of many diseases and provided new ways to monitor the evolution of certain diseases, especially the diffuse interstitial lung disorders, but development of specific criteria for diagnosis has been less rewarding. However, certain patterns of lymphocyte-predominant alveolitis, suggesting sarcoidosis or hypersensitivity diseases, recognition of specific T lymphocyte defects and opportunistic microorganisms as in AIDS, and the use of microprobe electron analysis to identify cellular particulates all point to more precision of diagnosis. Alveolar proteinosis and histiocytosis X may be detected from lavage fluid components. The prospects are truly exciting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

[Smoking and the respiratory tract].

Diseases of the airways increase and are of eminent social- and public health-care interest. As essential exogen noxious substance for cause in etiology is smoking considered. Incidence for bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer due to smoking is between 85 to 90%. Changes in the respiratory tract through smoking are also measureable function disturbances. They are more intensely than in dust-exposed nonsmoking workers. Also in passive smokers you can find such disturbances, the additional cancer risk is increased. Smoking is further one cause for centrilobular emphysema. Great international studies refer smoking as essential noxious substance for lung cancer. The minimal therapeutic success underlines the importance of early diagnosis, risk groups, significant etiologic factors, operability, chemo- and radiation-therapy. The early mortality for heavy smokers was ascertained up to 12.3 years lifetime-shortening. Overall the reason is adequate and serious enough to draw the attention to the effects of smoking to the respiratory tract besides tobacco-associated diseases of other organs with all emphasis and to make all efforts against this noxious substance.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Mortality from specific causes among silicotic subjects: a historical prospective study.

A historical mortality study was conducted among 520 silicotic subjects diagnosed at the Department of Occupational Health of the San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy, between 1961 and 1980. Vital status was ascertained as of 1 January 1982. Age-, sex- and calendar-year-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for specific causes were computed using Italian as well as Genoa County male population death rates. The study shows statistically significant increased mortality from all deaths (SMR = 2.92), all cancers (SMR = 2.38), respiratory tract cancers (SMR = 6.85), respiratory tract diseases (SMR = 13.63), and from 'other diseases' (SMR = 6.81). The excess mortality from respiratory tract diseases and from 'other diseases' are mainly attributable to silicosis and silicotuberculosis, respectively. These findings confirm the existence of a causal association between silicosis and increased mortality from both malignant and non-malignant respiratory tract diseases. The high mortality from respiratory tract cancers was still present even after adjustment for smoking.

Adult↗