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PubMed1989

Occurrence and aetiology of acute respiratory diseases: results of a longterm surveillance programme.

Totals of 58,661,000 acute respiratory disease (ARD) cases, 1,376,651 bronchitis and pneumonia complications, and 93,042 deaths from influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia or chronic pulmonary affection were notified during 11 years of ARD surveillance from 1975 to 1986. All ARD seasons started with the first phase in September-December; this increase in morbidity was caused chiefly by adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses and M. pneumoniae. Second wave of ARD morbidity occurring in January-April used to be explosive and was associated with an influenza epidemic in 9 of the 11 seasons; only in 1978/79 and 1984/85 the ARD epidemics were caused by adenoviruses and especially RSV, the share of influenza being minimal. Pneumonia and bronchitis excesses occured during epidemics caused by M. pneumoniae in 1975/76, 1980/81 and 1985/86. Particularly high mortality excesses occurred in 1976, 1977 and 1983 during epidemics elicited by a new drift variants of influenza A(H3N2). Identification of viral agent of M. pneumoniae attempted in 5474 ARD cases was successful at 37.4%. The respective contributions of parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, influenza A virus and RSV to overall aetiologically identified morbidity were 14.2, 13.9, 13.8, and 12.0%. Mixed infections (2-3 agents identified simultaneously) accounted for 14.6% of cases. Type B influenza virus, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus contributed only by 5.6-7.8%. In ordinary seasons the share of M. pneumoniae in aetiologically identified ARD morbidity was 0.6-3.8%; this agent displayed predominance at 5-year cycles, when accounting for 20.5-38.9% of cases. The most frequently detected agents in individual age groups were as follows: in preschool children parainfluenza (18.6%), RSV (16.6%), and adenoviruses (17.4%); in school children M. pneumoniae (26%), influenza A and B (10.2 and 14.7% respectively), and adenoviruses (10.7%); in adolescents and young adults influenza type A (20.2%), M. pneumoniae (15.0%), and rhinoviruses (13.3%); in adults above 25 years age influenza A virus (38%), and other respiratory viruses at a frequency lower than 10% each.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Fungal antigens as a source of sensitization and respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers.

Mycological and serological studies were carried out as part of a survey of respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers. 70% of stained sputum smears from 574 workers showed the presence of higher plant cells and/or myclelia, and the spores of common environmental fungi. Penicillium spp. (90%), Rhizopus stolonifer (48%) and yeasts (53%) were the dominant fungi in 699 sputum cultures, and showed a similar proportional distribution in 327 samples of grain, malt, culms and dusts from fifty-six maltings. 57% of 711 men were serologically positive for fungi, 22% for Aspergillus fumigatus, 20% for A. clavatus, 10% for A. niger, 16% for Cladosporium herbarum and over 3% for Rhizopus stolonifer, 6% of 132 men were positive for Penicillium cyclopium. No precipitating antibodies to antigens from Alternaria tenuis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula glutinis or Trichoderma viride were detected in tests of forty sera. Sera from the 5.2% of men with symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis showed increased reactivity to mycelial antigens from Aspergillus clavatus. The fungus was cultured from 21% of maltings, 7% of all environmental samples and from the sputa of 8% of maltworkers.

Alternaria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intensive physical conditioning as nonspecific prophylaxis of respiratory diseases in children].

We studied efficacy of using intensive physical conditioning as prophylaxis of respiratory diseases in young children and health status of children exposed to physical conditioning in childhood (a total of 44 children aged from 1.5 months to 1 year; 58 children aged from 2.5 to 13.5 years). The proposed method of conditioning significantly diminished incidence of respiratory infections, enhanced local immunity of the upper respiratory tract and prevented development of chronic diseases at later age.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

Activity of serum inhibitory proteases in bronchial secretions from children with various chronic non-specific respiratory diseases.

In a group of 223 children with various chronic, non-specific respiratory diseases, the levels of serum inhibitory proteolytic enzymes in bronchial secretions was measured. Activity of inhibitory proteolytic enzymes was analyzed according to the nature of bronchial lesions observed at bronchoscopy and character and cellular composition of bronchial secretion. Statistically significant increase of the mean inhibitory value in comparison to values in the control group, was found in children with recurrent bronchitis (a-1-AT), cystic fibrosis (a-1-AT and a-1-X), chronic bronchitis (a-1-X), bronchiectases (a-1-X) and in children with obstructive bronchitis (a-2-M).

Bronchi↗
PubMed1980

Respiratory disease in rats associated with a filamentous bacterium: a preliminary report.

A naturally occurring, chronic disease of the respiratory tract was investigated from the time of its onset to completion of life-time studies in a colony of rats. The disease was characterized by peribronchial lymphoid cuffing, suppurative bronchitis, bronchiectasis and bronchial abscesses. Its onset in the colony occurred a few months after an epizootic of Sendai virus infection. Limited retrospective serological testing indicated that Mycoplasma pulmonis may have been present in the colony at that time and continued to persist throughout life in some rats in the colony. Although of uncertain significance, light and electron microscopy consistently demonstrated many filamentous bacteria between the cilia on respiratory epithelium and free in bronchial exudate in these cases. Attempts to culture this organism on artificial media were unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inguinal hernia: relationship to respiratory disease in prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk of respiratory disease for developing inguinal hernia (IH). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study reviewed medical records of 100 outborn infant males, gestational age (GA) less than 35 weeks, admitted between July 1999 and November 2002 to our level III neonatal intensive care unit. Prospectively selected variables were reviewed from 50 cases of IH and 50 controls. RESULTS: Premature infants expressing IH were more likely to have had lower GA and birth weight, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, use of high-frequency oscillating ventilator (HFOV), higher peak mean airway pressures during mechanical ventilation, and postnatal dexamethasone exposure. Adjusted results showed dexamethasone, HFOV in infants less than 28 weeks GA, and length of mechanical ventilation remained significant. Multivariate analysis revealed dexamethasone as an independent risk for the expression of IH. CONCLUSIONS: The association of IH expression with mechanical support and dexamethasone administration was substantial. These data provide further caution when using either HFOV or dexamethasone in preterm infants with respiratory insufficiency.

Dexamethasone↗
PubMed1995

Comparative studies on the antiallergic effects of kampo medicines used for the therapy of respiratory diseases.

Eight kinds of kampo medicines mainly used for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases, whose comparative effects were still unproven, were selected for comparison of their antiallergic activity in the present study. 1) In an experiment on 48-hr PCA reaction in rats passively sensitized with anti egg albumin IgE antisera, inhibitory effects were observed in those groups orally administered with the tested kampo medicines. Among the drugs tested, TJ-19 showed a potent inhibitory activity as effective as that of tranilast (TL). 2) In the study of extraction method, the effects of kampo drugs varied widely according to the extraction method by which they were prepared. This suggests that the routine methods for preparing these extracts should be reconsidered to achieve the optimal efficacy. 3) In the study of histamine release from rat peritoneal cells stimulated with compound 48/80, TJ-55, TJ-19 and TL exerted a strong inhibition, but TJ-119, TJ-29 and TJ-96 had a weak inhibition. 4) TJ-96, TJ-19 and TL exerted a strong inhibitory effect on LTC, release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by calcium (Ca) ionophore A23187, but TJ-95, TJ-55 and TJ-119 exerted only a weak inhibition. To sum up of the results, any of these kampo medicines have unique pharmacological action and antiallergic effects. Besides, the method for extraction affects the efficacy of kampo medicine in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship between emergency consultations for respiratory diseases and air pollution in Juarez City, Chihuahua].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of < or = 10 microns particles (PM10) and atmospheric ozone concentrations, with the daily number of emergency visits due to asthma and acute respiratory diseases, among children aged under 15, living in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 1999, an ecologic study was conducted. Atmospheric data were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), from eight monitoring stations located in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, and EI Paso, Texas. From July 1997 to December 1998, data from emergency room visits for respiratory illness were abstracted from existing medical records of two Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) hospitals in Ciudad Juarez. Diagnoses were classified into two groups: a) asthma, and b) upper respiratory infections (URI), according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and/or IDC-10). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Poisson regression time series method. RESULTS: During the study period, the mean 24-hour PM10 level was 34.46 micrograms/m3 (SD = 17.99) and the mean ozone level was 51.60 ppb (SD = 20.70). The model shows that an increase of 20 micrograms/m3 in the mean 24-hour exposure to PM10 was related to an increase of 4.97% (95% CI 0.97-9.13) in emergency visits for asthma, with a 5-day lag, as well as to an increase of 9% (95% CI 1.8-16.8) when a cumulative 5-day exposure was considered. URI increased 2.95% as a cause of emergency room visits, for each 20 micrograms/m3 increase in the mean 24-hour exposure to PM10. The impact of PM10 on emergency visits for asthma was greater on days with ozone ambient levels exceeded 49 ppb (median value). CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was found between environmental PM10 and ozone concentrations and the daily number of emergency room visits due to asthma and acute respiratory diseases, even with levels lower than the Mexican standard levels. Also, a synergic effect between PM10 and O3 was found.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The protective action of arbidol during a rise in respiratory diseases in 1990].

Prophylactic properties of a new chemical drug, arbidol, against acute respiratory diseases (ARD) were studied. Arbidol given daily in a dose of 0.2 g for 19 days reduced the morbidity rate 2.3-fold in adults during an outbreak of ARD. Geometric mean titres of antibodies to respiratory viruses among healthy persons did not change after treatment with arbidol indicating the lack of immunosuppressive properties in the drug. The prophylactic effect of arbidol may be due to both specific effect of the drug on influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and its interferon-inducing and immunity-stimulating properties.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Update on respiratory disease from coal mine and silica dust.

Coal mine and silica dust cause significant respiratory disease in spite of modern dust control regulations. Susceptible individuals in exposed populations may develop fibrosing lung disease, obstructive airways disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, or lung cancer. A careful occupational history that elicits exposure to respiratory hazards is the cornerstone of an accurate diagnosis. Treatment involves removal from exposure, supportive care, pulmonary rehabilitation, and when disabling disease is present, assistance obtaining compensation.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed1995

Short term fluctuations in air pollution and hospital admissions of the elderly for respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have reported associations between short term changes in air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions. This relationship was examined in two cities with substantially different levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) but similar levels of airborne particles in an attempt to separate the effects of the two pollutants. Significant differences in weather between the two cities allowed the evaluation of that potential confounder also. METHODS: Daily counts of admissions to all hospitals for respiratory disease (ICD 9 460-519) were constructed for persons aged 65 years and older in two cities - New Haven, Connecticut and Tacoma, Washington. Each city was analysed separately. Average daily concentrations of SO2, inhalable particles (PM10), and ozone were computed from all monitors in each city, and daily average temperature and humidity were obtained from the US weather service. Daily respiratory admission counts were regressed on temperature, humidity, day of the week indicators, and air pollution. A 19 day weighted moving regression filter was used to remove all seasonal and subseasonal patterns from the data. Possible U-shaped dependence of admissions on temperature was dealt with using indicator variables for eight categories each of temperature and humidity. Each pollutant was first examined individually and then multiple pollutant models were fitted. RESULTS: All three pollutants were associated with respiratory hospital admissions of the elderly. The PM10 associations were little changed by control for either ozone or SO2. The ozone association was likewise independent of the other pollutants. The SO2 association was substantially attenuated by control for ozone in both cities, and by control for PM10 in Tacoma. The magnitude of the effect was small (relative risk 1.06 in New Haven and 1.10 in Tacoma for a 50 micrograms/m3 increase in PM10, for example) but, given the ubiquitous exposure, this has some public health significance. CONCLUSIONS: Air pollution concentrations within current guidelines were associated with increased respiratory hospital admissions of the elderly. The strongest evidence for an independent association was for PM10, followed by ozone. These results are consistent with other studies and suggest that lowering air pollution concentrations would have some impact on public health.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Immunologic indicators in the treatment of recurrent respiratory diseases using peroral bacterial vaccines].

The authors treated on account of relapsing respiratory diseases 95 children with Broncho-vaxom (Lab. ltd. Meyrin, Geneva) and 75 children with bacterial vaccine prepared with regard to the microbiological examination. Restoration or improvement of the clinical condition was achieved in 80% of the patients. No side-effects were observed during treatment. As to investigated immunological indicators they recorded after treatment a significant reduction of IgM (P less than 0.001), IgA (P less than 0.01), SIgA in saliva (P less than 0.01), values of the nitroblue tetrazolium test (P less than 0.01) and (P less than 0.05). The assembled data revealed that bacterial vaccines are useful as immunomodulating preparations.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Incidence by occupation and industry of acute work related respiratory diseases in the UK, 1992-2001.

AIMS: To summarise incidence rates and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of work related respiratory disease reported by specialist physicians in thoracic and occupational medicine, with particular reference to occupation, industry, and causal agents for asthma, inhalation accidents, and allergic alveolitis. METHODS: Cases reported 1992-2001 to the SWORD and OPRA national surveillance schemes, in which almost all UK chest and occupational physicians participate, were analysed by age, sex, cause, occupation, and industry, with incidence rates calculated against appropriate denominators. RESULTS: Excluding diseases of long latency, infrequently seen by occupational physicians, the distribution of diagnoses in the two specialties was similar, but with rates generally much higher in occupational than chest physicians. Occupational asthma was responsible for about 25% of cases overall, affecting mainly craft related occupations and machinists, and most often attributed to isocyanates, metals, grains, wood dusts, solders, and welding fume. These same occupations were those at highest risk from inhalation injuries, most frequently caused by irritant gases, vapours, and fume. Among medical technicians and nurses, however, glutaraldehyde and latex were the main causes of occupational asthma. Allergic alveolitis was seldom reported, with almost all cases in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. CONCLUSION: During the 10 year period studied, there were few changes in level of reported incidence, apart from some decline in occupational asthma and inhalation injuries. These results and their implications should be distinguished from much higher estimates of asthma made worse by work derived from population surveys, based on prevalence rather than incidence, and self-reported symptoms rather than diagnoses made by specialist physicians. Even so, the reported incidence of new cases of acute respiratory illness caused by work remains substantial.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prognostic factors for mechanical ventilation in infants with acute lower respiratory disease].

OBJECTIVE: Acute lower respiratory tract infections are the most common cause of hospital admission in pediatrics. A number of admitted patients need invasive mechanical pulmonary ventilation (IMPV). This study aimed to evaluate prognostic factors for IMPV in infants admitted due to acute lower respiratory infection. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted from April to September, 2004, in two university hospitals of the Campinas metropolitan area, São Paulo, Brazil. One hundred, fifty-two infants were enrolled. Epidemiological and clinical data were recorded at admission and follow-up. Two groups were analyzed, according to the need of IMPV, with a comparison of prognostic factors. Association between risk factors and the outcome were studied and assessed by Relative Risk (RR), with confidence intervals of (95%CI). RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (13.81%) needed IMPV. Factors significantly associated with IMPV on admission were: age < 3 months (RR=2.35, 95%CI:1.06-5.22), breast feeding < 1 month (RR=3.15, 95%CI:1.35-7.35) and cyanosis (RR=7.55, 95%CI:5.01-11.36). In the IMPV group, increased risks for hospitalization > 10 days (RR=13.69, 95%CI:4.92-38.09), oxygen therapy > 10 days (RR=13.57, 95%CI:5.41-34.03), antibiotic usage (RR=3.03, 95%CI:1.34-6.89) and readmission (RR=5.23, 95%CI:2.12-12.91) were observed. CONCLUSION: The associations between need of IMPV and early age, reduced breast feeding and cyanosis demonstrate diminished physiological reserves in the young infant with lower respiratory infection. These patients require prolonged and intensive hospital support and readmission.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Correlation between Torque tenovirus infection and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein in children hospitalized for acute respiratory diseases.

Children with bronchopneumonia have considerably higher Torque tenovirus (TTV) loads than do children with milder acute respiratory diseases (ARDs). Moreover, in children with ARDs, high TTV loads correlate with low percentages of circulating CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and with elevated percentages of B cells, suggesting that TTV might be immunomodulatory. Here, we show that, in children with ARDs, the presence of TTV and TTV load correlate with concentrations of serum eosinophil cationic protein. The possible mechanisms whereby TTV infection might lead to augmented activity of eosinophils and the implications for pathogenesis are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

[Inhalation technique in patients with chronic respiratory diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To determine how inhalers are used by patients with chronic respiratory diseases in the Community of Valencia (Spain) and to identify the factors associated with correct use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective study of 554 patients (331 men, 223 women, mean age 50.5 +/- 21.5 years) who underwent spirometric testing (292 with bronchial asthma, 192 with COPD, 15 with bronchiectasis and 55 with other diagnoses). The patients were asked what type of inhaler they used. Pressurised canisters (PC) were used by 39.9%, inhalation chambers (IC) by 37.9% and dry powder inhalers (Turbuhalers) (DP) by 22.2%. They were also asked what instructions they had received; the inhalation techniques recommended by the Spanish Society of Pneumologists and Chest Surgeons (SEPAR) was reviewed step by step. RESULTS: a) Four hundred thirty-two patients (78%) reported having received instruction in how to use the inhaler; b) One hundred seventy-five (31.6%) used the correct technique: 25.3% using PC, 32.4% using IC and 41.5% using DP (p = 0.008); c) The most common errors were not holding the breath after inhaling in the case of PC users, not waiting 30 seconds between inhalation maneuvers and the lack of synchrony with inspiration among PC users; d) Use of correct inhalation technique was associated with prior instruction (rs = 0.249; p < 0.001) and younger age (rs = 0.92; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients, particularly those using PC and those who received no instruction, use inhalers incorrectly in the Community of Valencia. We therefore recommend health education programs that target the main errors identified.

Administration, Inhalation↗