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PubMed1979

[Development tendencies of the contact allergy].

The development tendencies of the contact allergy in the given catch-area in the years 1948-1977 are studied here by the help of a systematic examination of the dynamics concerning the hypersensitivity of the population. By means of patch tests applied to 15685 patients/6864 men and 8821 women/reactors are checked up towards 15 contact allergens/hexavalent and trivalent chromium, nickel, cobalt, procaine, paraphenylenediamine, neomycine, mercury bichloride, resorcinol, camomile, paraben mixture, formaldehyde, balsam of Peru, turpentine oil, rubber chemicals, and the connections between the percentage of the reactors and the alterations in the technology of the production as well as of the degree and effektiveness of the preventive measures and of the introduction of new remedies, cosmetics and necessaries for daily use are being determined. At the same time this study and the results achieved by analysis are the basis for preventive measures to be taken according to the characteristics of the contact allergens and in proportion to the possibility of taking such measures.

Allergens↗
PubMed2005

[Immunopathological evidence of terminal residues containing sialic acid in Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide as the critical antigen to induce peripheral neuropathy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the important role of the terminal residues containing sialic acid (SA) in Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the critical antigen to induce nerve damage, and also to identify immunopathological evidence for the hypothesis of molecular mimicry and cross-immunity between CJ LPS and gangliosides. METHODS: A mutant of Pen O:19 CJ with neuB1 gene inactivated and LPS outer core terminal residues losing SA was to be constructed. PCR and RT-PCR were used to confirm the mutant. Capability of CJ LPS binding to cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was tested. Guinea pigs were systematically immunized with LPS of the wild and the mutant strains, respectively. Titers of anti-LPS and anti-ganglioside GM(1) IgG antibodies in sera of immunized guinea pigs were detected by ELISA. Pathological study for sciatic nerves of both Guinea pigs either immunized systematically or perineural injection with their immunized serum was finished. RESULTS: (1) The mutant of CJ O:19 strain with inactivated neuB1 gene was successfully constructed and lost transcriptional activity of neuB1 gene in the mutant strain was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR. SA was well demonstrated by both acidic ninhydrin reaction and periodate-resorcinol reaction in the LPS of wild strain but not in the mutant LPS; (2) Compared with the titers before immunization, the titers of anti-GM(1) IgG antibody increased in sera of guinea pigs immunized with LPS of the wild strain. However there were no detectable anti-GM(1) IgG antibody in sera of the animals immunized with mutant LPS and PBS. (3) The incidence of pathological fibers of sciatic nerves in wild CJ LPS group (17.3%) was significantly higher than the mutant CJ LPS group (chi(2) = 125, P < 0.01); the difference between the mutant CJ LPS group and control group was not statistically significant (chi(2) = 1.633, P > 0.05). (4) After perineural injection with immunized serum, the incidence of pathological fibers of sciatic nerves in wild strain group (67.8%) was also significantly higher than the incidence of mutant group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A mutant of CJ O:19 strain neuB1 gene inactivated and SA component of terminal structure of LPS lost was successfully constructed. And it no longer expressed SA component which is the normal terminal structure of LPS in wild strain. The capability of the wild strain to induce increased titers of anti-GM(1) antibody and immune-mediated nerve damage was simultaneously lost for the mutant strain. It could be a strong immunopathologic evidence to identify the molecular mimicry hypothesis between CJ LPS and ganglioside epitope in nerve on the pathogenesis of CJ related GBS. The terminal residues containing SA should be as the basic GM1-like structure in CJ LPS.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Simultaneous determination of isomers of dihydroxybenzene using alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm combined with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection].

Alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm is a promising method for second-order calibration, which is based on an alternating least-squares principle to overcome some shortcomings of the traditional parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) algorithms, such as the sensitivity to the estimated component numbers and slow convergence. It utilizes an iterative procedure involving Moore-Penrose generalized inverse computations based on singular value decomposition and can be applied to the simultaneous determination of several organic components even in the presence of unknown interfering components. The overlapped chromatogram and spectra system of dihydroxybenzenes were resolved by ATLD combined with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)/ diode array detection (DAD). The elution time was set from 1.086 min to 1.399 min with an interval of 1/150 min and the ultraviolet wavelength from 268 nm to 298 nm with an interval of 1 nm. The resolved results were in agreement with the actual results excellently. Catechol (CAT), resorcinol (RES) and hydroquinone (HYD) in aqueous solution were determined simultaneously, whose recoveries were (100.1 +/- 1.0)%, (99.4 +/- 1.4)% and (100.5 +/- 1.7)%, respectively. The results showed this experiment can be easily performed without resorting to time-consuming and complicated procedures and quantified accurately. It successfully solved the resolving problem caused by chromatogram and spectra overlapping in the presence of interfering components. It also revealed the ATLD algorithm can be efficiently applied to solve the second-order calibration problem in HPLC-DAD.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2006

Targeting Hsp90 for the treatment of cancer.

Heat shock protein (Hsp)90 is a molecular chaperone that is responsible for the correct folding of a large number of proteins, which allows these proteins to achieve their functional conformation. Client proteins of Hsp90 include many overexpressed or mutated oncogenes that are known to be critical for the transformed phenotype observed in tumors. The compounds 17-AAG (Kosan Biosciences Inc/National Cancer Institute) and 17-DMAG (Kosan Biosciences Inc/National Cancer Institute) are Hsp90 inhibitors that are derived from the prototypical ansamycin natural product Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin. These compounds have demonstrated preclinical efficacy in mouse xenograft models, and are now undergoing phase II and I clinical trials, respectively. Preclinical efficacy studies of these compounds are collated and discussed in this review. More recent disclosures of small-molecule Hsp90 inhibitors include purine and resorcinol analogs, and the first small-molecule Hsp90 compounds showing oral efficacy have been described. Inhibition of Hsp90 not only results in the degradation of client proteins, but also results in the induction of another chaperone, Hsp70. Hsp70 is known to be anti-apoptotic, and therefore the induction of Hsp70 may ultimately limit the efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors under certain circumstances. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have recently been demonstrated to exert some of their effect through modulation of Hsp90 chaperoning activity, and some mechanistic aspects of this control are also discussed herein.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adaptive functions of extracellular autoregulators of microorganisms].

Information about the functions of extracellular autoregulators, which adapt microorganisms to the stresses "scheduled" in the development cycle of microbial cultures (stresses of new medium, starvation, or space exhaustion (high cell density)) is summarized in the review. In a number of bacteria and yeasts, derivatives of alkylhydroxybenzenes (AHB), particularly of the class of alkyl resorcinols, act as autoregulators with adaptogenic functions. The chemical structure of AHB determines their amphiphility; capacity for physical and chemical interaction with membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA; properties as natural modifiers of biological membranes and enzymes; and the expression of antioxidant activity. Increase of AHB concentration up to the critical level (10(-5)-10(-4) M) results in cessation of cell division and in transition of the microbial culture to the stationary phase; further increase to 10(-4)-10(-3) M induces a transition of some of the cells of a post-stationary culture to the anabiotic state with the formation of cystlike resting cells (CRC), even in non-spore-forming bacteria. AHB participate in the regulation of the phenotypic variability of bacteria. The dynamics of extra- and intracellular concentrations of AHB in growing microbial cultures and the polymodality of their effect determine the adaptogenic functions of AHB as autoinhibitors of culture growth, autoinducers of anabiosis, and autoinhibitors of germination of resting forms. Manifestation of any given function depends on the concentration of AHB, the physiological state of the recipient cells, and on environmental factors. The species nonspecificity of AHB effects points to their significant role in the regulation of the development and functioning of microbial communities.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1975

Heme A of cytochrome c oxicase. Structure and properties: comparisons with hemes B, C, and S and derivatives.

Heme A, isolated from bovine heart muscle by procedures which include extractions into pyridine/chloroform and two-phase, liquid-liquid chromatography on Celite, has been converted to several derivatives. Examination of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra and other properties of these derivatives reveals heme A to be the iron complex of 8-formyl-6,-m-bis(2''-hydroxycarbonylethyl)-2-(1'-hydroxy-5',9',13'-trimethyl-4',8',12'-trans,trans-tetradecatrienyl)-1,3,5-trimethyl-4-vinylporphin. Substituents at the 2,4, and 8 positions are replaced by hydrogen in a resorcinol melt to give cytodeuteroporphin (8-demethyldeuteroporphyrin IX)...

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Catalytic properties of neuraminidase of non-cholera vibrios].

Main catalytic properties of commercially available neuraminidase preparations from noncholeric vibrios were studied. The enzymatic activity was measured using a simple resorcinol procedure. Optimal conditions for neuraminidase effect: pH 5.5-6.0 and buffer composition, were characterized. Affinity of the enzyme to various substrates was studied using 10 natural and synthetic sialoconjugates. Km values were studied for fetuin, ovomucin and transferrin used as optimal substrates. When influence of meta ions, detergents, complexes and other compounds was studied, activation of neuraminidase was found in presence of bivalent metal ions, especially of Ca2+, while chelate-forming complexes and heavy metal salts inhibited the enzyme. These results may be used in studies of the neuraminidase action mechanism and regulation of its activity.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1990

[Salla disease (sialuria, Finnish type). New clinical presentation in the 1st Argentine report].

Studies in three sibs from an Argentine family, aged 29, 18 and 9 years, suffering from a severe neurological disease, revealed in the two older brothers (the third died), ultrastructural changes in cellular vacuolization in diverse peripheral tissues (conjunctival, gum and skin biopsies) and in blood lymphocytes. These data were suggestive of mucopolysaccharidosis, mucolipidosis or glycoproteinosis. However, the activity of lysosomal enzymes, the excretion of mucopolysaccharides and oligosaccharides reactive to orcinol, as well as the search for aspartylglucosaminuria gave normal values. The main biochemical finding was the detection of a substantial urinary increase of a unique resorcinol-positive compound, which by thin-layer chromatography was identified as N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA-Free) and when quantified by the thiobarbituric acid method previously passed through a gel filtration column (Sephadex G-15) or through ion exchange resins, showed a NANA-Free concentration about 15 times higher than in controls of similar age (Table 2). The ultrastructural findings (Figs. 3-5), the hypersialuria and the present clinical state of these patients (Table 1, Figs. 1, 2) were compatible with Salla disease, a rare lysosomal storage disease originally observed in Finland. The precocity and severity of the neurological damage in our patients were evident since birth and without maturing accomplishments in their first years, contrary to the progressive neurological regression described for the classical syndrome. Based on these facts we suggest that the Argentine patients would constitute a new clinical form of Salla disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Absorption spectra of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals of substrates for phenol hydroxylase.

The absorption spectra of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals formed upon the addition of OH radicals to six substrates for phenol hydroxylase have been determined using pulse radiolysis. Combining the radical spectra of thiophenol (lambda max, 390 nm; epsilon, 10,500 M-1 cm-1) and resorcinol (lambda max, 340 nm; epsilon, 4,100 M-1 cm-1) with their respective published spectra of enzyme-bound reduced flavin that is substituted in the C(4a) position of the dihydroflavin ring gave composite spectra that closely match the spectra formed concomitantly with the introduction of an oxygen atom into the substrates, the so-called Intermediate II species. A similar procedure for the substrates hydroquinone, 3-aminophenol, 3-chlorophenol, and 3-methylphenol yielded spectra that are also consistent with the known characteristics of their Intermediate II species. These spectral results give further support to the proposed biradical mechanism (Anderson, R.F., Patel, K. B., and Stratford, M. R. L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17475-17479) for the functioning of this class of flavoprotein hydroxylases.

Free Radicals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glucuronidation of morphine and six beta 2-sympathomimetics in isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells.

The metabolism of morphine and six beta 2-sympathomimetics (orciprenaline, terbutaline, fenoterol, salbutamol, ritodrine, and bamethan) in isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells was investigated. Only conjugates with glucuronic acid were detected. With regard to observed Vmax values the beta 2-sympathomimetics can be divided in two groups. The three resorcinols (orciprenaline, terbutaline, fenoterol) have a Vmax value comparable to that of morphine (70-230 pmol/min X mg cell protein). The phenolic beta 2-sympathomimetics (salbutamol, ritodrine, bamethan) exhibit a Vmax value comparable to the Vmax value of 1-naphthol (500-1100 pmol/min X mg cell protein). Calculation of intestinal intrinsic (metabolic) clearance and intestinal first pass extraction ratios from Vmax and Kappm values suggests that most of these drugs may undergo substantial intestinal first pass metabolism after oral administration. The glucuronidation of morphine in isolated mucosal cells could be completely inhibited by addition of 1-naphthol (50 microM), salicylamide (5 mM), or fenoterol (5 mM). Glucuronidation of fenoterol could be partially inhibited by 1-naphthol, salicylamide, and morphine. Preliminary data obtained with microsomes suggest that 1-naphthol and morphine are metabolized by different forms of the intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Fenoterol and ritodrine are probably glucuronidated by the form, which also glucuronidates morphine. The results demonstrate that rat intestinal epithelial cells can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of morphine and other drugs at least qualitatively and that phenolic food constituents (e.g. 1-naphthol) and non-prescription drugs (e.g. salicylamide) may affect the intestinal first pass metabolism of morphine and fenoterol.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1987

Structure-activity relationships of beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase: implications of a redox mechanism for the action of agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors.

The present studies have tested the hypothesis that agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors activate the beta-receptors by reducing them. This was examined by analyzing the interactions of 41 beta-agonists and antagonists with the receptors. The structural features which determined binding affinity (KD) were shown to be distinct from those which determined intrinsic, activity (IA). The IA was shown to be related to the oxidation-reduction properties which were determined primarily by the nature of the substituents on the phenyl ring. Thus, the parent compound phenylethanolamine, having no phenolic substituent, acted as an antagonist (IA = 0) and was also redox inactive. All of the antagonists tested (19) exhibited EP (peak potential for the first oxidative wave) values greater than 0.75 V, suggesting that they were difficult to oxidize. Agonists, however, exhibited a wide range of EP (0.25-0.7 V) with values lower than those of the antagonists. The agonists tested include catecholamines, catecholamine analogs bearing meta-substituted amino functionalities (such as amino, methylamino, formanilide, sulfonamide, urea, and carbamate), resorcinol, and hydroxymethyl congeners. It is proposed that the oxidizing tendency of the substituent on the phenyl ring is one of the factors that influences IA. To test the hypothesis further, we electrolytically oxidized isoproterenol to adrenochrome or to the o-quinone intermediate and tested for activity. The 4e-, 4H+-oxidation product adrenochrome did not bind to or stimulate adenylate cyclase, suggesting that the reducing ability to isoproterenol is important for its agonistic activity. A cyclic redox mechanism for the action of agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors is presented. We propose that agonist are electron donors. Their interactions with receptors result in reduction leading to activation of the receptors.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1989

Human DNA damage induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol, a benzene metabolite.

Reactivities of benzene metabolites (phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,2,4-benzenetriol) and related polyphenols (resorcinol, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol) with DNA were investigated by a DNA sequencing technique using 32P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene, and the reaction mechanism was studied by UV-visible and electron-spin resonance spectroscopies. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol caused strong DNA damage even without alkali treatment. Alkali-labile sites induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol were base residues of guanine and adjacent thymine. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and methional inhibited the DNA damage completely, but sodium formate did not inhibit it. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol-induced DNA damage was inhibited by the addition of a Cu(I)-specific chelating agent, bathocuproine, and was accelerated by the addition of Cu(II). The addition of Fe(III) did not create any significant effects on 1,2,4-benzenetriol-induced DNA damage. Electron-spin resonance studies using spin traps demonstrated that addition of Fe(III) increased hydroxyl radical production during the autoxidation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol, whereas the addition of Cu(II) did not. The results suggest that DNA damage was caused by an unidentified active species which was produced by the autoxidation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol in the presence of Cu(II), rather than by hydroxyl radicals. The possibility that 1,2,4-benzenetriol-induced DNA damage is one of the primary reactions in carcinogenesis induced by benzene is discussed.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed1985

Effect of reductones on cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase.

The effect of some reductones such as ascorbic acid (AsA), triose reductone (TR), epinephrine (Ep) and their derivatives on cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cAMP PDE) was studied in the presence or absence of Cu2+. AsA, TR, Ep and the reductones related to them inhibited cAMP PDE activity. Among the reductones, TR showed the highest inhibition. AsA, 5-methyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrone, pyrocatechol, p-hydroxyquinone and resorcinol had a relatively high inhibiting activity. The type of inhibition of AsA, TR and Ep was uncompetitive, competitive and noncompetitive, respectively. Cu2+ enhanced the inhibitory action of the reductones markedly and altered the type of inhibition of the reductones.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1988

[Do elastic corpuscles appear prenatally? Histological studies of the skin of embryos and fetuses].

There have been descriptions of corpuscular structures in the human skin since the turn of the century. These bodies 3-20 micron in size are situated in the zone connecting the epidermis and corium. They can be readily visualized with resorcinol-fuchsin staining according to Weigert and are regarded as morphological variants of the elastic fiber system. According to the investigations we have carried out so far on the skin of babies, infants and adults, these elastic globes exhibit the following distribution pattern: abundant occurrence on the limbs, only scanty occurrence on the trunk and the hands. With increasing age, a numerical increase of elastic globes can be demonstrated in babies and in infants. In adults, there is an opposite tendency in the hands and feet. Here, the frequency of elastic globes decreases with increasing age. To clarify the question as to whether precursors of elastic globes are present, the skin of 35 embryos and fetuses was systematically examined for their occurrence and the results of the investigation are discussed.

Elastic Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Expression of GD3 ganglioside in childhood T-cell lymphoblastic malignancies.

Lymphoblasts from seven children with T-cell lymphoblastic malignancies and three children with non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analyzed for ganglioside content. Nonmalignant T-cells from thymus served as controls. Both ganglioside and glycoprotein sialic acid were increased approximately 3-3.5-fold in T-cell disease compared to thymic tissue when expressed on a per cell basis, but not on a per milligram protein basis. Thin-layer chromatography of the isolated ganglioside fraction from T-cell lymphoblasts revealed two major resorcinol-positive bands. One ganglioside comigrated with II3-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyllactosylceramide (GM3), the major ganglioside in normal lymphoid tissue, and the other ganglioside comigrated with authentic II3-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-alpha 2----8-N-acetylneuraminosyllactosylceramide (GD3) in three different solvent systems. Neuraminidase treatment of the latter ganglioside yielded GM3 and lactosyl ceramide, hydrolysis products of GD3. Scanning densitometry revealed that whereas thymus cells contained 97% GM3 and 3% GD3, T-cell lymphoblasts contained from 22 to 86% GD3 and a corresponding decrease in GM3. The shift to increased GD3 was observed in the blasts from all seven T-cell patients, but not in the blasts from the non-T, non-B patients studied. Only trace quantities of GD3 were detected from two continuous T-ALL cell lines, HSB2 and RPMI 8402. The results demonstrate a consistently significant increase in ganglioside GD3 in uncultured, patient-derived T-cell ALL lymphoblasts when compared to non-T-cell ALL and normal lymphoid tissue. Therefore, GD3 may represent a tumor-associated antigen for the T-cell subclass of childhood lymphoblastic malignancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the iodide binding by horseradish peroxidase.

Binding of an iodide ion to horseradish peroxidase was studied by following the hyperfine-shifted proton nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the enzyme. For the enzyme in an iodide-free solution, the spectra of hyperfine-shifted methyl region were only slightly affected by varying pH. In the presence of iodide (200 mM), however, both chemical shifts and line widths of the heme peripheral 1- and 8-methyl proton signals were markedly affected by the pH change from 7 to 4 and broadened at pH 4. From the change in peak heights of these signals at various concentrations of iodide, the dissociation constant of the iodide to the enzyme was calculated to be about 100 mM at pH 4.0. The peak derived from the proximal histidyl imidazole N epsilon-H proton was not perturbed by the addition of 200 mM iodide at pH 4.0 and 7.1. The rate of oxidation of iodide with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the enzyme was increased with decreasing pH, indicating the participation of an ionizable group with the pKa value of 4.0. Optical difference spectrum studies showed that iodide exerts no effect both at pH 4.0 and 7.4 on the binding affinity of resorcinol which is associated with the enzyme in the vicinity of the heme peripheral 8-CH3 group. These results suggest that an iodide ion binds to the enzyme at almost equal distance from the heme peripheral 1- and 8-methyl groups at the distal side of the heme and that the interaction becomes stronger in acidic medium with protonation of the ionizable group with the pKa value of 4.0.

Horseradish Peroxidase↗
PubMed1985

Effect of substrate and pH on the oxidative half-reaction of phenol hydroxylase.

The oxidative half-reaction of phenol hydroxylase has been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Three flavin-oxygen intermediates can be detected when the substrate is thiophenol, or m-NH2, m-OH, m-CH3, m-Cl, or p-OH phenol. Intermediate I, the flavin C(4a)-hydroperoxide, has an absorbance maximum at 380-390 nm and an extinction coefficient approximately 10,000 M-1 cm-1. Intermediate III, the flavin C(4a)-hydroxide, has an absorbance maximum at 365-375 nm and an extinction coefficient approximately 10,000 M-1 cm-1. Intermediate II has absorbance maxima of 350-390 nm and extinction coefficients of 10,000-16,000 M-1 cm-1 depending on the substrate. A Hammett plot of the logarithm of the rates of the oxygen transfer step, the conversion of intermediate I to intermediate II, gives a straight line with a slope -0.5. Fluoride ion is a product of the enzymatic reaction when 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol is the substrate. These results are consistent with an electrophilic substitution mechanism for oxygen transfer. The conversions of I to II and II to III are acid-catalyzed. A kinetic isotope effect of 8 was measured for the conversion of II to III using deuterated resorcinol as substrate. The conversion of III to oxidized enzyme is base-catalyzed, suggesting that the reaction depends on the removal of the flavin N(5) proton. Product release occurs at the same time as the formation of intermediate III, or rapidly thereafter. The results are interpreted according to the ring-opened model of Entsch et al. (Entsch, B., Ballou, D. P., and Massey, V. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2550-2563).

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1971

The photometric determination of gangliosides with the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction.

A simple, quantitative method is described for the photometric determination of gangliosides. The procedure is based on the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction, and does not require prior hydrolysis. It has been shown that the reaction is probably due to oxidation by sulfuric acid of the sphingosine moiety which results in the formation of aldehydes or ketones or both which then react with the phosphoric acid-vanillin reagent to produce a rose-colored complex. The reaction permits the determination of the amount of ganglioside present in a sample; and, together with the resorcinol reaction to measure the NANA content, it can be used to determine whether a purified ganglioside is a mono-, di-, or trisialoganglioside.

Amino Alcohols↗