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PubMed1977

A neurophysiological basis of developmental dyslexia.

Recent advances in the understanding of the asymmetrical functions of the cerebral hemispheres provide new insight to the mechanisms underlying the developmental language disorders. It is probable that learning to read depends in part upon the ability to establish an association between a seen object (customarily perceived within the right hemisphere) and a verbal symbol (mediated by the left). It is possible that as the reading skill develops, verbal symbol recognition may also become a left hemisphere function. A complex interaction between the two developing hemispheres is involved. A clue to the nature of this problem is that developmental dyslexia is six times more common in boys than in girls. Studies defining differences in cerebral dominance in boys and girls will be reviewed in this context.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of probabilistic judgments on negative moods].

Theory and research on the effects of mood on cognition have shown that persons in a negative mood tend toward analytic effortful processing strategies, whereas individuals in a positive mood prefer simplifying heuristic strategies. A review of the literature shows that (a) mainly the influence of mood on cognition and social behavior (e.g., persuasion) has been investigated; and (b) achievements in memory and cognitive tasks were of central concern (Abele, 1991; Schwarz, Bless & Bohner, 1991). With this background, and based on propositional network models of human information processing, the present study investigates influences in the opposite direction, i.e., the effect of cognitive style on feeling states. The compatibility thesis (Otto & Schmitz, 1993), which postulates that an interaction of feeling state and information processing style is necessary for the continuation of a mood state, is generalized to negative feeling states (anxiety) and analytic information processing style (probabilistic judgments). Equivalent emotional states and cognitive productions have to go together to sustain the mood states. In a 2 x 2 x 4 mixed design, 76 male and female students from introductory classes in psychology served as subjects. Using a 15-minute mood induction procedure (autobiographical recollection methodology), a negative, anxiety-prone, or neutral feeling state was elicited in half of the participants. During the next 10 minutes half of each group worked on a list of future life events (Weinstein, 1980), either with the instruction to rate the chances of the items (probabilistic judgments) or with the instruction to rate the items' general applicability (control condition). Repeated sampling of a measurement repetition factor served as a baseline assessment and as a manipulation check, along with measurements of the feeling states while completing the task. The feeling states were assessed by means of a multifactor instrument (Eigenschaftswörterliste; Janke & Debus, 1978). The results support the generalization of the compatibility thesis to negative feeling states (anxiety). Only the group in which a negative feeling state and a probabilistic processing style interacted reported a negative mood and anxious state throughout the task completion. Neither the induced negative (anxious) mood nor the probabilistic judgments alone could sustain a negative feeling state. Moods seem to be best conceivable as a combination of genuine emotional elements (feeling states) and cognitive elements (probabilistic judgments in the case of anxiety).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of target probability and memory demands on the vigilance of adults with and without mental retardation.

The vigilance of young adults with mild mental retardation and without mental retardation was compared in two experiments in which observers performed two memory demanding, cognitively based, 60-minute tests. In Experiment 1, target probability was 5% or 30% with a 1.5-second event rate. Detection by observers with mental retardation declined more rapidly than did that of observers without mental retardation in both target probability conditions; further, their response criterion became increasingly more conservative. In Experiment 2, target probability was 10% or 30% with an 8-second event rate. Observers with mental retardation detected fewer targets under both target probability conditions. Subjects' response criterion differed as a function of level of intelligence from the onset of the vigil and did not change with time on task. Intelligence-related differences in vigilance were explained in terms of subjects' information-processing abilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Human causal discovery from observational data.

Utilizing Bayesian belief networks as a model of causality, we examined medical students' ability to discover causal relationships from observational data. Nine sets of patient cases were generated from relatively simple causal belief networks by stochastic simulation. Twenty participants examined the data sets and attempted to discover the underlying causal relationships. Performance was poor in general, except at discovering the absence of a causal relationship. This work supports the potential for combining human and computer methods for causal discovery.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1977

[Arrangements for and probabilistic prognosis by schizophrenic patients].

The authors created in experimental conditions different sets: in one case sets for guessing accidental successive stimula, in others--to situations "play with an opponent". It was established that paranoid schizophrenic patients with a short period of the disease create their prognoses on the basis of a probability structure to produced stimula. In a protracted form of the disease the outcome of experience (to win--to lose) becomes more significant. In simple forms of schizophrenia the capability of making a prognosis appears to be more impaired. These disturbances are related either to the ability to catch the probability structure of the succession of stimula, either to use the correct knowledge of it.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human language and the immaturity of the human brain at birth].

Language does not exist because of a specific structure in the human brain. It uses actually specialized areas dedicated to other functions such hearing and oro-pharyngo-laryngeal motricity. Language needs a long apprenticeship which is possible because the human brain is able to learn. This ability to learn is probably due to a "brain immaturity" at birth. This immaturity may be interpreted as the consequence of an "interruption" of the gestation period.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

[Probability and strategy: an event-related potential study of processing syntactic anomalies].

Syntactic ambiguities requiring additional processing usually elicit positive going waveforms with onset latencies between 300 and 600 ms in the event-related potential (ERP). It is still unclear to what extent these components can be viewed either (a) as language specific in nature or (b) as members of the domain-unspecific P300 family of components. The present study investigates this question by means of probability manipulations applied to German sentences with subject-object ambiguities. Non-preferred object-subject (OS) word order requires structural revisions whereas the initially preferred subject-object (SO) word order does not. In the present experiment, the proportions of OS and SO structures were varied across experimental blocks (i.e., .25/.75 vs. .75/.25). The data of 20 participants reveal that ERP components were predominantly influenced when the subjects were explicitly informed about the actual proportions before each single block. In this case an early frontal positive component at about 400 ms and a subsequent posterior positivity were elicited by rare sentence structures irrespective of word order, suggesting that sentence processing was under strategic control. Conversely, participants that were not informed about sentence proportions showed larger positivities to the unpreferred OS sentences. Probability manipulations did not affect this pattern significantly. The data suggest that positivities evoked by syntactic ambiguities respond differently to probability manipulations than the P300 component.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Role of a stimulus filling an action-outcome delay in human judgments of causal effectiveness.

Experiments examined the effect of a stimulus filling a response-outcome delay on human judgments of causal effectiveness. In Experiment 1, subjects rated the effectiveness of 2 concurrently available responses. One response led to the outcome with a 75% probability, the other never led to the outcome. Ratings were higher for the former compared to the latter key, and for immediate compared to delayed outcomes. A signal presented during the delay ameliorated this deficit. Experiments 2 and 3 examined conditioned reinforcement and perceptual catalysis accounts of this effect. In both experiments, 50% of responses on each of 2 keys led to an outcome. Ratings were high, relative to an unsignaled condition, when a stimulus filled the outcome delay, and when the same stimulus followed the response but did not precede the outcome. This result is not consistent with the operation of perceptual catalysis and was shown to be the result of secondary-reinforcement-like processes rather than outcome-confusion or generalization between responses (Experiments 3, 4).

Adolescent↗